Lakes and Reservoirs

Modelling
Presented by Engr. Asma Imam Khan
Lakes And Reservoirs
 Lakes and Reservoirs are sometimes used interchangeably
 A lake is commonly referred to as a natural water body formed by
geological processes, such as receding glaciers, volcanoes, and
earthquakes.
 A reservoir is often referred to as a manmade water system formed
by a dam or other engineering structures that impound water for
flood control, navigation, recreation, power generation, and/or water
supply.
 Designated uses of reservoir and lakes
 water supply for drinking
 Irrigation, and Industrial use
 Recreation, such as swimming, fishing, and boating;
 flood control
 power generation
Characteristics Of Lakes And Reservoirs
• Relatively low flow velocity
• Relatively low inflows and outflows
• Acting as sinks of nutrients sediments, toxins, and other substances
originating from point and nonpoint sources
Mass Balance of the Lake
Boundary

Inputs Outputs
Accumulation
Decay
Mass Balance of the Lake

(Input rate ) = (output rate) + (Decay rate ) + (Accumulation rate)

 Steady state
 Unsteady state
 Conservative pollutants (TDS, Heavy metals, Carbon dioxide)
 Non conservative pollutants (Radioactive decay, bacterial
decomposition, Organic decomposition, chemical or biological
reactions)
Steady state Conservative Systems

Stream Outflow

Qs, Cs Qm, Cm

Waste stream
Qw, Cw
Steady state Conservative Systems
Zero zero

(Input rate ) = (output rate) + (Decay rate ) + (Accumulation rate)

(Input rate ) = (output rate)

𝑸𝒔 × 𝑪𝒔 + 𝑸𝒘 × 𝑪𝒘 = 𝑸𝒎 × 𝑪𝒎
Design Problem
Solution
1. Sketch the problem
2. Assumptions
3. Mass balance Equation
Assumptions
1. Conservative substance
2. Complete mixing
3. Shallow lake
4. Steady state conditions (No accumulation)
5. Ignore the dynamic behavior of the lake as weather and season
changes
6. No evaporation and water gain or losses
Mass balance Equation
Zero Zero

(Input rate ) = (output rate) + (Decay rate ) + (Accumulation rate)

(Input rate ) = (output rate)

𝑸𝒔 × 𝑪𝒔 + 𝑸𝒘 × 𝑪𝒘 = 𝑸𝒎 × 𝑪𝒎
Steady state systems with Non-conservative
pollutants
Zero

(Input rate ) = (output rate) + (Decay rate ) + (Accumulation rate)

(Input rate ) = (output rate) + (Decay rate )

Where K is reaction rate coefficient with dimensions of time -1

Design problem
Assumptions
1. Nonconservative substance
2. Complete mixing (concentration C is uniform throughout the lake)
3. Shallow lake
4. Steady state conditions (No accumulation)
5. Ignore the dynamic behavior of the lake as weather and season
changes
6. No evaporation and water gain or losses
 Zero

(Input rate ) = (output rate) + (Decay rate ) + (Accumulation rate)

(Input rate ) = (output rate) + (Decay rate )

Step Function Response of the system

The change of concentration with time when there is sudden change in

the amount of pollutants entering the system
Assumptions
1. Non-conservative substance
2. Complete mixing (concentration C is uniform throughout the lake)
3. Shallow lake
4. unsteady state conditions
5. Ignore the dynamic behavior of the lake as weather and season
changes
6. No evaporation and water gain or losses
Mass Balance Equation
(Input rate ) = (output rate) + (Decay rate ) + (Accumulation rate)
A sudden Decrease in the pollutants
discharged into the lake
Contaminant concentration profile
Assignment
Assignment
Assignment
Assignment Deadline: 7 December 2020