The Islamic University of Gaza- Civil Engineering Department

Sanitary Engineering- ECIV 4325

L5. Storm water Management

Husam Al-Najar
 Storm water management : Collection System Design principles
The Objectives of storm water drainage

•To prevent erosion in hillside areas (paved roads and terracing are needed)

•To prevent land-slides

•To improve the hygienic conditions with regard to the conveyance of wastewater

•To limit inconvenience to people and traffic

•To limit damage to unpaved roads

•Prevent damage to housing, in case the elevation of ground floor is below street level.

•Collection for reuse purposes, Agriculture use, domestic use and recharge the aquifer
 Basic Definitions

• Storm water: Precipitation or rainfall that does not infiltrate into the ground or
evaporate into the air.
• Runoff: Storm water, and associated substances, discharged into streams, lakes,
sewers or storm drains.
• Watershed: Land area from which water drains toward a common surface water
body in a natural basin.
Components of Storm water drainage system

The main components of the storm water drainage system are:

- Pipes
- Channels
- Culverts
- Inlets
- Pumping station
- Manholes
- Gutters
 Methods of Storm Water collection

1. Road Drainage :
a. Roof type roads
b. Channel type roads

2. Open channel drainage Comparison criteria between the

3. Sewer Drainage methods
Circular sewers 1. Efficiency
Elliptical sewers 2. Operation and maintenance
Box culverts 3. Public safety
4. Individual property collection 4. Traffic requirements
Roof collection: 5. Required space
a. Roofs of the buildings 6. Cost
b. Green house roofs (agriculture) 7. Reliability
Box culvert

Open channel

Circular
 Example 1
Two types of concrete storm water drains are compared:
• Pipe, diameter 2.0m, running full
• Open channel, rectangular profile, bottom width 2.0m and water
depth 1.0 m
•The drains are laid at gradient of 1.0%, manning coefficient = 0.013
Determine the velocity of flow and discharge rate for the circular
drain
Determine the velocity of flow and discharge rate for the rectangular
open culvert
 Channel- type roads

hydraulic calculation of road drainage.

0.30 0.32 0.35 0.38 0.38

W 0.70 1.00 1.00 0.60 Road width= 6 m

Width of street gutter= 0.6 m
H 0.31 0.335 0.365 0.38
0.228 Super elevation= 0.08 m or 3%
A 0.217 0.335 0.365
Kerb height= 0.30 m
R 0.217 0.335 0.365 0.38
Road gradient 1%
V 0.571 0.762 0.8075 0.830
Friction factor= 50 (1/n Manning
Q 0.124 0.255 0.295 0.189 equation)
 Roof- type roads

hydraulic calculation of road drainage.

0.265 0.23 m
0.30 0.30

W 0.60 1.20 1.20 Section Road width= 6 m

width
Width of street gutter= 0.6 m
H 0.30 0.2825 0.2475 m
Super elevation= 0.07 m or 3%
A 0.18 0.339 0.297 m2 Kerb height= 0.30 m
R 0.20 0.2825 0.2475 m Road gradient 1%
Friction factor= 50 (1/n Manning
V 0.54 0.6807 0.623 m/s
equation)
Q 0.097 0.231 0.185 m3/s
Channel type Roof type
 Information needed for the design of storm water
drainage system
1. Metrological and hydrological data
• Rainfall intensity
• Storm duration and occurrence
2. Topographical data
• Boundaries of the catchments areas
• Point of collection
3. Classification of catchments areas
• Industrial, domestic, …..
• Build up areas (run-off coefficient)
4. Soil investigations
• Permeability (run-off coefficient)
 Methods of Run-off Computation
Rational method

Q = 0.00278 C i A

Where;

Q = is the run-off in m3/sec

C = is the Run-off coefficient

i = is the average rainfall intensity in mm/hr,

A = is the drainage area in hectare (1 ha = 10,000 m2)

 Runoff Coefficient (C)
Only a part of the precipitation upon a catchments area will appear
in the form of direct runoff.
The runoff coefficient depends on: Development Coefficient
• The slope of the area
• Type of roofs (flat or sloping roofs) ,Pavement 0.9
• Type of soil, absorption capacity of the soil Parking/Road
• Intensity of rain fall, duration of rain fall, Public /Commercial 0.7
previous rain fall. lots
Composite runoff coefficient: Residential 0.6
When a drainage area consists of Communities
different surface types (or land use), a Unimproved /Parks 0.3
composite runoff coefficient is used by Areas
applying the weighted average method. Irrigation Areas 0.2

Natural Zones 0.05

 Example 2:
A catchments area has a total area of 0.2 Km2. The land use of this area is
distributed as follows:
Area Code Area (m2) Land Use Runoff- coefficient (C)
A1 3000 Buildings 0.70-0.95
A2 5000 Paved driveways and walks 0.75-0.85
A3 2000 Portland cement streets 0.80-0.95
A4 190,000 Soil covered with grass 0.13-0.17

Find the composite runoff coefficient for this catchment area.

Solution
A *C + A *C + A *C + A *C
C com = 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
A
total
Take the lower value for the range of the C:
3000* 0.7 + 5000* 0.75 + 2000* 0.8 +190000* 0.13
Ccom = = 0.16
200000
Take the higher value for the range of the C:
3000* 0.95 + 5000* 0.85 + 2000* 0.95 +190000* 0.17
Ccom = = 0.21
200000
(For conservative design use the higher value of Ccom .)
 Drainage area

The drainage area is determined according to the topography.

The boundaries of each drainage area (catchment's area) are
called watershed lines.
 Precipitation and evapotranspiration
Rainfall can occur in several ways from very short rains with high
intensity (tropical storms) to rains even during several days with
low intensity (drizzle)
In hydrologic studies the following aspects are important:
• Annual rainfall and distribution over the year
• Short term intensity
• Arial rainfall
• Quality of rainfall

Measurement of rainfall: Rain gauges: The ordinary rain gauge

for manual observation is normally standardized within a
country.
 Analysis of rainfall data

Estimating areal rainfall from point rainfall:

6.5
10
Arithmetic mean 20
19.2 28.2
Thiessen method: depends on the area 14.6
30
Isoyetal method: depends on the area 10 26.9
15.4 20
Effective Rainfall 45.0 40

Assessments of effective rainfall provide an indication of 30 29.8 50.0

how much of the rainfall over an aquifer outcrop actually 19.5

contributes to the recharge of groundwater . 40

The effective rainfall from year 1982 till year 2004 is 17.5

calculated based on the FAO general formula for effective

rainfall (Pe.) :
Pe. = 0.8 * P - 25 for average rainfall (P) > 75 mm/month
Pe. = 0.6 * P - 10 for average rainfall (P) < 75 mm/month
 Intensity return period

I=aTb
Where; I is the rainfall intensity (mm/min),
T is the duration time (min),
and a, b are constants and related to the number of return years.
This equation is fit for Gaza Strip rainfall condition

Design frequency of rainfalls

• sewers in residential areas: T= 1 to 2 years

• sewers in business areas: T= 2 to 5 years
• flooding caused by rivers: T= 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 years
 Return Period: 2 years – a: 4.06 – b:-0.636

5 15 30 Pj= p24h X
Duration 1h 2h 3h 6h 12 h 18 h 24 h
min min min 0.875

Rainfall
7.3 10.9 14 18 23.2 26.9 34.6 44.5 51.6 57.3 50
(mm)

Return Period: 5 years – a: 6.18 – b: 0.649

5 15 30 Pj= p24h X
Duration 1h 2h 3h 6h 12 h 18 h 24 h
min min min 0.875

Rainfall
10.9 16 20.4 26 33.2 38.2 48.8 62.2 71.7 79.4 69
(mm)

Return Period: 10 years – a: 7.95 – b: 0.660

5 15 30 Pj= p24h X
Duration 1h 2h 3h 6h 12 h 18 h 24 h
min min min 0.875

Rainfall
13.7 20 25.3 32 40.5 46.5 58.8 74.4 85.5 94.2 82
(mm)
 Design Periods of storm water facilities

• Drains: 30-100 years

• Sanitary sewers:
concrete, asbestos cement pipes: 10-60 years
glazed stone ware pipes: 40-100 years
Plastic (PVC, PE): 20-30 years
• Pumping Stations:
buildings, concrete works: 20-80 years
equipment (pumps, drives, etc.,) 10-20 years
 Time of Concentration (Tc)
The time of concentration is the time associated with the travel of run-off
from an outer point, which best represents, the shape of the contributing
areas.
The Kirpich formula will be suitable to be used in determining the
concentration time for over land run-off flows:
Tc = (L) 1.15 / ( 52 (H) 0.38 )
Where; Tc is the Concentration time in minutes,
L is the Longest path of the drainage area in meter,
H is the Difference in elevation between the most remote point and the
outlet in meters.
If the duration of the rainfall (tr) is equal to the time of
concentration (tc), then the total run-off gradually increase to the
peak discharge.

Q Q

tc=tr tc tr
 Example 3
Triangular basin of 20 km2 surface area.
A1= 2 km2 Run-off coefficient= 0.8 A4 0.5 hr

A2= 4 km2 constant rainfall intensity= 0.1m/hr A3 0.5 hr

A3= 6 km2 Time of concentration= 2 hours

A2
A4= 8 km2 0.5 hr

Time in hr. A1 A2 A3 A4 Total A1

0.5 hr

0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 0.16 0 0 0 0.16
1.0 0.16 0.32 0 0 0.48
1.5 0.16 0.32 0.48 0 0.96
2.0 0.16 0.32 0.48 0.64 1.60
2.5 0.16 0.32 0.48 0.64 1.60
3.0 0.16 0.32 0.48 0.64 1.60
 Example 4
Use the rational method to find the 10 –years design runoff A1= 30 du
for the are showing in the figure. C1= 0.3
T1= 15 min
• Time of concentration: Tc = t1 + t2 = 15+5 = 20 min
• Runoff coefficient: C = {(3x0.3)+ (4x0.7)}/7 = 0.53
A2= 40 du

• Rainfall intensity: I = 65.1 mm/hr. C2=0.7

T2= 5 min
• Design peak runoff: 0.00278 CIA= 0.00278 x 0.53 x 65.1
x 7= 0.67 m3/s.
5 15 30
Duration 1h 2h 3h 6h 12 h 18 h 24 h
min min min
Rainfall
13.7 20 25.3 32 40.5 46.5 58.8 74.4 85.5 94.2
(mm)

From the table: intensity at 20 minute = 21.7 mm/20 min = 65.1mm /hr
 Example 5
A storm water line is used to collect storm water from three
catchment areas (A1, A2, and A3) as shown on the figure. Find the
storm water quantities at the three inlets (I 1, I 2, I 3). Assume the
velocity in the pipes as 1 m/s.

L=90 m L=70 m, S=0.17%,

L=50 m I1 I2 I3
C=0.7
S=1%, C=0.4
S=0.9% 25 m 25 m
20 m
C=0.5 M1 M2
50 m
M3 M4
M5

A1= 2 ha A2= 3 ha A3= 4 ha

 Time of Concentration I Q
Inlet Area
C (minutes) m33/s
mm/h m /h
Code Code
Tinlet T travel TC
I1 A1 0.50 11.90 ----- 11.90 74 740
0.21
I2 A1& A2: Ccom = 0.44
*A1+pipe For: 11.9 70/60=1.17 13.10
*A2 A1,A2 15 15 66 0.40
1452
I3 A1+ A2+ A3: Ccom = 0.56
*A1+pipe For: 11.9 120/60=2 13.9
*A2+pipe A1,A2 A3 15 50/60=0.83 15.83 64 3226
0.90

*A3 15.5 ----- 15.5

Q = 0.00278 C i A