CE-415 Technical Report Writing and Civil Engineering Practice

CE-415 Technical Report Writing and Civil Engineering
Practice
Fall Semester – 2012
Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering (CE)
Department of Civil Engineering, UET Main Campus
25120 Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
Course Instructor
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
PhD (Earthquake Engineering, Italy),
MSc (Earthquake Engg. & Engg. Seismology, Italy& France),
BSc (Civil Engineering, Pakistan)
Assistant Professor
Earthquake Engineering Center
University of Engineering & Technology
25120 Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan.
Presentation Contents
1- Main Items of Work
Earthwork
Concrete in Foundation
Damp Proof Course (DPC)
Masonry: Plain Work, Arch Work, Lintels Over Openings
RCC and RB Work
Flooring and Roofing
Plastering and Pointing
Cornice
Pillars
Doors and Windows
Wood Work, Iron Work
White Washing, Colour Washing, Distempering, Painting
2- Deduction for Openings in Estimates

Rectangular
Doors and Windows with Small Segmental Arches
3- Quiz No. 1
Calculation of Quantities and Cost Estimates (Bridge Piers)
CE-415 Technical Report Writing and Civil Engineering Practice

Course Instructor
Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
1 Main Items of Work
Earthwork
Crouching Tiger, hidden archaeologist

Christina excavating the earthwork ditch.
Michigan, MI, USA.

Course Instructor
Earthwork
● Earthwork in excavation and earthwork in filling are
usually taken out separately under different items.
● Quantities are calculated in m3.
● In building construction, foundation trenches are dug to
the exact width of foundation with vertical sides.
● Earthwork calculation = L x W x H
● Filling in trenches (backfilling) is generally neglected,
else calculated by deducting masonry work from the Excavation for a Building
excavation.
● Plinth filling calculation = L x WRoom x hDepth

● Sand filling is calculated separately.
● Excavated earth used in filling and plinth is not paid for
separately, but may be included.
● Extra earth may need to be transported.
● Surplus earth may need to be taken away.
Excavation for a Large project

Course Instructor
Earthwork
● Earthwork in excavation and earthwork in filling are
usually taken out separately under different items.
● In building construction, foundation trenches are dug to
the exact width of foundation with vertical sides.
● Earthwork calculation = L x W x H
● Filling in trenches (backfilling) is generally neglected,
else calculated by deducting masonry work from the Filling in Plinth for a Building
excavation. Broken bricks are also used sometimes.
● Plinth filling calculation = L x WRoom x hDepth

● Sand filling is calculated separately.
● Excavated earth used in filling and plinth is not paid for
separately, but may be included.
● Extra earth may need to be transported.
● Surplus earth may need to be taken away.
Excavation for a Large project

Course Instructor
Concrete in Foundation
● Concrete in foundation is the first to lay below the

foundation.
● The typical mix proportion for building works is 1:4:8 or
1:3:6 over 1:4:8, plain or reinforced concrete
● Concrete work calculation = L x W x dConcrete Thickness
● Length and width of foundation concrete is the same as RCC Foundation for a Building
earthwork excavation.
● Only the depth differs, which is equal to the thickness of
concreting.
PCC Foundation for a Building

Reinforcement for RCC Foundation
Course Instructor
Damp Proof Course (DPC)
● DPC is applied in masonry wall construction at plinth

level.
● Typical thickness of 2cm to 4cm.
● Typical concrete mix proportion 1:2:4 or
● Typical rich cement mortar in mix proportion of 1:2.
● Standard water proofing material is also added, e.g.
bitumen.
DPC in Building Foundation
● It is calculated in m2.
● DPC work calculation = L x tWall
● Thickness is taken equal to the wall thickness
PCC Foundation for a Building

DPC for One Room Building
Course Instructor
Plain Work
● Masonry work is employed in foundation, plinth and
superstructure.
● Foundation and plinth masonry work is taken under one
item and superstructure (above plinth level e.g. first floor,
second, etc.) masonry work is taken under a separate
item.
● Masonry work is computed in m3. Masonry Work in
● Masonry work calculation = L x tWall x hWall Superstructure
● Wall is considered solid first, deduction is made then for

openings (e.g. doors, windows, etc.) in superstructure.
● Masonry employing different material (brick unit, mortar
type) are taken under separate items.
● Arch type masonry work is calculated separately.
● Splayed and rounded sides of walls are approximated as
rectangular, taking extreme dimensions.
● Random, Regular masonry work (brick, block, stone, Foundation and Plinth Masonry
adobe) are estimated similarly in m 3.
Course Instructor
Arch Work
● Arch Masonry work is employed in earlier time in the
construction of building load bearing walls, churches,
bridges, etc.
● Arch masonry work is computed in m3.
● Arch masonry work calculation = Lmean x tArch x tWall
● Arch masonry is taken under separate items than
ordinary masonry work.
Arch Masonry Work
● Detailed calculations on Lmean estimate will be provided
later.
Roman Arch Masonry Bridge Roman and Medieval Masonry,

Jerusalem
Course Instructor
Lintel Work
● Lintel work is employed in masonry load bearing wall
construction, above openings, to take away and
distribute vertical loads.
● It is typically provided with depth of 100mm to 150mm.
● Lintels comprised of RCC or RB.
● In case of RCC it is lightly reinforced.
● Lintel work is computed in m3. Lintel in Masonry Walls
Discontinuous
● Lintel work calculation = Llintel x tLintel x tWall
● Lintel may be discontinuous or continuous over the
whole wall.
● Lintel work is taken under separate items than masonry
work.
Continuous Lintel in Masonry

Wall

Course Instructor
●RCC
RCC,and RB Workcement concrete, concrete members
reinforced
reinforced with steel bars.
● RB, reinforced concrete employing also bricks.
● RCC is employed in beams, columns, seismic bands, lintels,
foundation, floors and roofs.
● RB is employed to reduce the concrete consumption in RCC
work
● RCC & RB work are computed in m3.
Concrete = Cement+Sand+Gravel
● RCC/RB work calculation = L x W x t RCC = Reinforced Concrete
● The volume computation is performed neglecting the

deduction for reinforcing steels.
● Accurate dimensions can be obtained from the architectural
drawings to work out calculations.
● It may also include: centering, shuttering and fixing, etc.
● Steel reinforcement is taken as separate item.
Approximately 1% of RCC/RB in case of no data.
● Formwork (shuttering,centering) may be considered RB Work
separately.
Course Instructor
Flooring and Roofing
Ground Floor
● Base concrete and floor finishing of CC or stone or marble
or mosaic, are taken as one item. The base work is
computed in m2.
● Base work calculation = LRoom x WRoom

● Base concrete and floor finishing are paid under one item.
1st, 2nd Floor, Roof
● Supporting structure is taken separately e.g. RCC/RB. It is RCC Floors and Roof
computed in m3.
● RCC/RB work calculation = L x W x t, as mentioned.

● Floor finishing (CC, marble, mosaic, etc.) is separately
considered in m2.
● Cushioning, employed between slab and floor, may be
considered with RCC slab or separately.
● Roof comprised of tiled, galvanized iron sheet, etc., it is
taken in m2.
Hatch Roof
● Supporting trusses and members are taken separately.
Course Instructor
Plastering and Pointing
● Plastering is generally applied on masonry wall surface.

● It is employed typically in thickness of 12mm.
● Applied on both faces.
● It is computed in m2.
● Plastering work calculation = WRoom x HRoom
Building Wall Plastering
● Deduction for openings are made.
● Plastering with rich mortar (e.g. for ceiling) may be
considered in separate items.
● Very thin mortar layer on concrete floors, slab for
finishing is not considered additionally.
Gemma McCoyd, 24
City and Guilds Plastering Qualified
Course Instructor
Cornice
● Decorative framework employed to conceal fixtures at

the top of the window, between wall and ceiling.
● It is computed in running length m.
● Cornice work calculation = WRoom / WWindow/etc.

Cornice at Top of The Building
● Other similar items like string course, drip course, core-
belling, coping, etc., are measured in meters.
● These are paid for in running meters
Cornice at Top of The Building

Course Instructor
Pillars
● It is employed to support superstructure.

● It is constructed in concrete (RCC) or plain masonry
work.
● The shape may vary from rounded, to rectangular, to
hexagonal, octagonal etc.
● Pillar work calculation = Asection x HPillar
● Deduction for reinforcement may be neglected.
● Plastering with rich mortar (e.g. for ceiling) may be
considered in separate items.
● Very thin mortar layer on concrete floors, slab for
finishing is not considered additionally.

Course Instructor
Doors and Windows
Chowkhat or Frame
● Doors and Windows are provided with Chowkhats
(Wooden Frame, Steel/Iron Frame)
● It is prepared of good quality seasoned wooden posts

(horizontal and vertical members) or
● It is prepared of steel members welded at corners.

● Frame work calculation = Asection x LFrame Doors and Windows
Door or Window Leaves or Shutters

● Window covering consisting of a frame of vertical stiles
and horizontal rails (top, centre and bottom).
● It is employed to mount solid panels, fabric, glass, etc.,

within a frame.
● Shutter work calculation = WShutters x HShutters
● Rebate in the chowkhat should be considered in
calculating width and height of shutter. Window Shutters
Course Instructor
Doors and Windows
● The name of the timber used,
● The thickness and type of shutters,
● The nature of fittings (iron, brass, etc.)
● These should be noted in the item

Doors and Windows
● Shutters of various material should be
considered in separate items
Window Shutters
Course Instructor
Wood Work, Iron Work
Wood Work
● Wooden members may be used in the construction of
floors (e.g. beams, burgahs, posts, wooden roof trusses,
chowkhat, etc.),
● Vertical and lateral loading resisting framing systems.

● Excellent performance in lateral loading due to high
flexibility and deformability of wooden material and pin-
connection characteristics. Wooden Roof
● Wooden work may be employed also in finishing works.
Iron Work
● Window covering consisting of a frame of vertical stiles
and horizontal rails (top, centre and bottom).
● It is employed to mount solid panels, fabric, glass, etc.,

within a frame.
● It is computed in weight or kg.

● Iron work calculation = Unit WeightSteel Members x LSteel Steel Roof Trusses
Course Instructor
White Washing, Colour Washing, Distempering, Painting
● It is used to provide building interior/exterior walls

surface with attractive colour over rough plastering.
● The inside of a building is generally white-washed or
distempered.
● The outside of a building is generally colour-washed.
● These items need to be calculated separately.
● The number of coats are not considered for additional White Washing
cost.
● Coloring work calculation = Wwall x Hwall
● Deduction for openings are made.
● Painting is employed for door windows chowkhats,
iron bars, grills, etc.
Distempered House
Course Instructor
2 Deduction for Openings in Estimates
Rectangular and Doors and Windows with Small Segmental Arches

Course Instructor
3 Quiz No. 1
Calculation of Quantities and Cost Estimates Section A
Irregular Bridge
10 Mins. To Solve
Target Estimates
 Calculate quantities for bridge piers (Pillars) only.
 Provide Estimate for concrete work and reinforcement work,
including labour cost.
 Assume HA = 5.57m ; HB = 9.40m; HC = 3.0m; For students

having calculator.

having no-calculator. Points are lost 
 Unit cost of 1:2:4 Concrete = 21,653.84 Rs/m3;

Unit cost of Reinforcement = 113,714.91 Rs/Ton;
Cost is obtained from Pakistan Institute of Cost & Contracts
Course Instructor
3 Quiz No. 1
Calculation of Quantities and Cost Estimates Section B
Irregular Bridge
10 Mins. To Solve
Target Estimates

having calculator.

having no-calculator. Points are lost  NO Worries, You
Have Mobile Phones
Course Instructor
3 Quiz No. 1
Calculation of Quantities and Cost Estimates Section C
Irregular Bridge
10 Mins. To Solve
Target Estimates

having calculator.

having no-calculator. Points are lost  NO Worries, You
Have Mobile Phones
Course Instructor
Many Thanks for Your Attention
Questions,
Comments,
Remarks,
are
welcome!!

End of Lecture 2 Course Instructor See You in The Next

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CE-415 Technical Report Writing and Civil Engineering

2- Deduction for Openings in Estimates