ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, we would like to praise and thank LORD

ALMIGHTY for showering His blessings for the successful completion of this
project.
We like to express our sincere thanks to our college principal
KARTHIKUMAR.S.K M.E., Ph.D., for his standard support and
encouragement in this project.
We express our sincere thanks to our Professor & Head of Civil
Engineering Department Mr.K.M.BASANTHBABU M.E., Ph.D., for his
constant encouragement throughout this project.
We like to thank our Project Co-ordinator(s) and our class incharge
ANNAPOORNA.M M.E., Professor and Mr.S.P.M.KANNAN,M.E., Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering for their encouragement and
valuable guidance rendered to us through the thick and thin moments of the
project work.
We like to thank Mrs.G.R.Poornima., M.E., Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering for being our Project Supervisor. Her guidance
throughout this project made us to complete the project within the stipulated
time.
In this context, we extend our heartfelt thanks to
Dr.K.R.Yoganathan,M.E.,Ph.D., Professor, Department of Civil Engineering.
for his support in giving suggestions during the project.

We also thank all our teaching and non-teaching faculty members who
directly or indirectly extended their support in completing this project.
We like to thank all our friends who helped in documenting this project
report.
Last but not least we thank our Parents for their untiring and moral love
and support throughout this project.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Structural engineers are facing the challenge of striving for the most

efficient and economical design with accuracy in solution, while ensuring that

the final design of a building must be serviceable for its intended function over

its design lifetime. This project attempts to understand the structural behavior of

various components in the bank building building. Analysis, designing and

estimation of bank building has been taken up for G+2 Building, thereby

depending on the suitability of plan, layout of beams and positions of columns

are fixed. Dead loads are calculated based on material properties and live loads

are considered according to the code IS875-part 2, footings are designed based

on safe bearing capacity of soil. For the design of columns and beams frame

analysis is done by limit state method to know the moments they are acted upon.

Slab designing is done depending upon the type of slab (one way or two way),

end conditions and the loading. From the slabs the loads are transferred to the

beams, thereafter the loads from the beams are taken up by the columns and

then to footing finally the section is checked for the components manually and

using STADD PRO software for the post analysis of structure, maximum shear

force, bending moment and maximum storey displacement are computed. The

quantitative estimation has been worked out.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF SYMBOLS viii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1. GENERAL 1

1.2. SPECIFICATIONS 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1. OBJECTIVE 4

2.2. SOFTWARES USED 5

2.3. CODE BOOKS PREFERRED 5

2.4. LOCATION (SATELLITE VIEW) 5

3 DRAWING DETAILS 6

3.1 PLAN VIEW 6

3.2 ELEVATION VIEW 9

3.3 SECTIONAL ELEVATION VIEW 10

3.4 DETAILS OF PLAN 11

v
4 ANALYSIS 12

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS 12

METHODOLOGY 12

LOAD CALCULATIONS 13

TOTAL BUILDING FRAME 14

RENDERING VIEW 15

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM 16

AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM 17

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM 18

BEAM STAAD RESULT 19

COLUMN STAAD RESULT 22

5 DESIGN OF RC ELEMENTS 31

DESIGN OF RCC STRUCTURES 31

6 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 33

GENERAL 33

METHOD OF ANALYSIS 33

DESIGN OF SLAB 34

DESIGN OF BEAM 40

DESIGN OF COLUMN 51

vi
 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE 54

DESIGN OF FOOTING 59

7 ABSTRACT ESTIMATE 66

8 CONCLUSION 67

REFERENCES 68

vii
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

A Area of the section

B Breadth of the section

c/c Centre to centre distance

D Over all depth of the section

DL Dead load

LL Live load

d Effective depth of the section

fck Characteristic compressive strength of the concrete

fy Characteristic strength of steel

BM Bending Moment

Vb Wind speed (m/sec)

Mu Moment of Resistance

Sv Spacing of Reinforcement

Vu Ultimate shear force

Ast Area of Tension reinforcement

Asc Area of Compression reinforcement

R Rise

T Tread

viii
Pt Percentage of Steel

ix
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
We are planned to design a public sector bank.It is in the control of reserve bank of India
It is a bank which accepts deposits , Deals with gold and silver ,Give loans and advances
and also deals with foreign currencies
SPECIFICATIONS

Site Clearance
The proposed area is to be cleaned off all loose stones, plants, trees,
rubbish, etc.

Marking of Center Line

The side slopes of the pits should be vertical and the depth of excavation for
the varies in according to the depth and width as per the design below the ground
level. Suitable temporary fencing is to be provided around the site of excavation to
avoid any accidental fall into the pits. The excavation soil is to be dumped and
heaped a minimum distance of 1.5m away from the pits so that it does not slide
again into the pits.

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Foundation Concrete
After the excavation of the earth foundation concrete should be laid by using
P.C.C 1:5:10 mix. Over this P.C.C of footing concrete M20 grade for the
superstructure is laid.
Earth Filling
After the laying of foundation and footing the open area is to be filled by the
excavated earth and consolidated as per the requirements.
Sand Filling
The sand filling is done for the depth of 0.45m with river sand for uniform
thickness and with uniform compaction below the leveling coarse.
Flooring Concrete And Floor Finishing
Flooring concrete is of mix 1:5:10 concrete is provided of 0.15m over well
compacted river sand filling in basement on all rooms in ground floor.
Brick Work in Super Structure
Brick work in super structure is done on well rooms for the height of 3.66m
and breadth of 0.23m using CM 1:5.
Column
Columns size provided is 230mmx300mm using M20 concrete and Fe450
steel. They are designed for axial bending with respect to the loads and moment
acting on it.
Footing
Square footing with a size of 2.1mx2.1m is provided with the required depth
of the footing provided. The depth of the footing is checked for flexure, transverse
shear and punching shears.

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Beam
The Beam sizes are and 230mmx500mm provided. The beams are designed
as R.C.C work in M20 concrete and Fe415 steel using as per design and drawing.
Slab
Thickness of the slab is 0.23m for all slabs using M20 concrete and Fe415
steel. These slabs are classified into two types.
They are:
• One way slab
• Two way slab

1.2.12 Stair Case

The staircases are provided with M20 grade concrete and Fe145 steel.The
rise and tread in the staircase 0.15m and 0.3m respectively. The steps are
constructed with brick works.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

OBJECTIVES

In this work, a bank building with two storied building are planned. The site
for the bank building has been selected at kalavasal which is located near kaviyan
apartment madurai district. The proposed building consists of ground floor, first
floor, second floor. At present bank building available in kalavasal are not
adequate to satisfy the need of the population. In order to overcome the demand of
bank, we construct the bank building in the proposed area. The building has an area
of 747 sq.m in each floor. The bank building is analysed and designed. The design
calculations are done manually and compared the results with STAAD Pro
software design. The Ground floor, First floor and the second floor plans are
represented in Figures. A structural engineer working in any construction project
must be familiar with planning, analysis and design. Hence we the students made
an attempt to choose a problem, involving analysis and design of multi-storied
framed structures as our project work.
Works done are,

 Planning and analysis of a two storied (G+2) bank building

 Detailed design by Limit state method
 Preparation of Structural drawing for Slabs, Beams, Columns, staircase and
footing.

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Softwares Used

 For Plan and centerline sketch drawing AUTO CAD software is used.
 For Analysis and Design the structural elements STAAD Pro
software is used.
IS Codes
The following I.S. Codes are used for designing of structural elements.
• IS 456-2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete
• IS 875-1987Code of practice for designed loads for building
• SP-16:1980 Code of practice for Reinforced concrete

Location

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 CHAPTER 3

DRAWING DETAILS

PLAN VIEW

Ground Floor Plan

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First Floor Plan

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Second Floor Plan

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Elevation View

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Sectional Elevation View

SECTIONAL ELEVATION ON A-B

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DETAILS OF PLAN

SPECIFICATIONS

DOOR D1 1.2X2.1

DOOR D2 1.0X2.1

DOOR D3 0.9X2.1

WINDOW W 1.05x0.9

VENTILATION,V 0.9x0.5

(all dimesnsions are in meter )

Wall thickness is 0.23m

Bathroom wall thickness is 0.115m

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 CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

The analyses of structural members were done with the help of STAAD Pro.
Different types of loads and load combinations were given as input wherever
necessary in the software.

METHODOLOGY

Loads
1. Dead load
2. Live load
3. Floor finish load
4. Seismic load
5. Wind load

Load Combination

1.5 x (D.L. + L.L.)

where,
D.L. - Dead load
L.L. - Live load
Modelling Input Data

Type of building - G+2 building

Depth of foundation – 2.1m (From ground level)
Size of beam – 230 x 500 mm
Size of column – 230 x 300 mm
S.B.C. of soil – 200 k N/m2

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Floor to floor height – 3.66 m (From Ground level.)

LOAD CALCULATION

Live Load (As Per IS 875-1987 PART 2)

S.NO TYPE OF BUILDING UNIFORMLY

DISTRIBUTED LOAD

1. BANK BUILDING 3 kN/m2

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TOTAL BUILDING FRAME

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SKELETON VIEW

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RENDERING VIEW

3D RENDERING VIEW

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AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM

AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM

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SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

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BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

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BEAM STAAD RESULT

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 COLUMN STAAD PRO RESULT

AXIALLY LOADED

UNIAXIAL

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 DEFLECTION IN BEAM NO.41

Concrete Design
COLUMN STAAD RESULT 4.10.1Uniaxially Loaded Column – Column 64
Shear Bending

SHEAR BENDING IN COLUMN 64

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Deflection

DEFLECTION IN COLUMN 64

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Concrete Design

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24 | P a g e
 SHEAR BENDING IN COLUMN 63

Deflection

DEFLECTION IN COLUMN 63

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Concrete Design

CONCRETE DESIGN FOR COLUMN 63

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AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN – COLUMN 53

Shear Bending

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 SHEAR BENDING IN COLUMN 53

Deflection

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 DEFLECTION IN COLUMN 53

Concrete Design

CONCRETE DESIGN FOR COLUMN 53

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 CHAPTER 5

DESIGN OF R.C. ELEMENTS

DESIGN OF RCC STRUCTURES

Reinforced cement concrete members can be designed by one of the following
methods:
• Working Stress Method
• Limit State Method

Working Stress Method

Stress analysis is a primary task for civil, mechanical and

aerospace engineers involved in the design of structures of all sizes, such as
tunnels, bridges and dams, aircraft and rocket bodies, mechanical parts, and even
plastic cutlery and staples. Stress analysis may be performed through classical
mathematical techniques, analytic mathematical modeling or computational
simulation, through experimental testing techniques, or a combination of methods.

• This is conventional method adopted in the past design of R.C structures

• It is based on the elastic theory in which the materials, concrete and steel are
assumed to be stressed well above their elastic limit under the load

Limit State Design

Limit state design (LSD) refers to a design method used in

structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no

30 | P a g e
larger fulfills the relevant design criteria. A structure designed by LSD is
proportioned to sustain all actions likely to occur during its design life, and to
remain fit for use, with an appropriate level of reliability for each limit state.
Building codes based on LSD implicitly define the appropriate levels of reliability
by their prescriptions.

• Limit state method of design is based on the Plastic theory

• Partial safety factors are used in this method to determine the design loads and
design strength of materials from their characteristics values

• The design aids to IS:456-2000 published by the BIS made by the design by limit
state method is being widely used in practice

• This method gives economical results when compared with the conventional
working stress method.

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 CHAPTER 6

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

GENERAL
A slab is a flat, two dimensional planners, structural element having
thickness small compared to its other two directions. It provides a working flat
surface of covering shelter in buildings. It supports mainly transfers them to
primarily by bending action in one or more directions. The R.C.C slab is
essentially, like a beam, though it differs from beam with respect to following:

• The bending is in more than one vertical plane

• The slab is designed as a strip of 1m wide
• Shear stresses are usually low and shear reinforcement is not provided however it
is Critical in flat slabs
• Direction steel is provided right angles to main flexural reinforcement to take
care of temperature and shrinkage stresses

METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The behavior and strength of slab depends upon, the shape and
geometry, support and boundary conditions, loading level (service load, ultimate
load) the state stress (elastic, in elastic, plastic). It may be noted that analysis of
slabs is extremely difficult due to number of variables stated above with the result
that rigorous or extract method are not available and therefore analytical, semi

32 | P a g e
empirical methods are developed (IS 456-2000) allow design based on
experimental investigations.
DESIGN OF SLAB
I.S. code method which is described in Annex-D of the code IS
456:2000 is selected because of its simplicity and adaptability, limit state method is
used for design of slabs. Clause 24.4, 17.1.2 of IS code states, for analysis of slabs
spanning in two directions at right angles yield line theory or any other acceptable
method may be used. The slabs are classified according to boundary conditions,
ratio of Ly/Lx, loading and span.

DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB

Data:

Room = HALL

Room size = 6.33 X 6.1m

Wall thickness = 0.23m

Using M20 & Fe 415

To find effective length:

Lx= (6.33+6.1)/2 =3.625m
Ly=6.1+0.23 =6.33m
Leff = 3.265m
Ly/Lx= 6.33/3.625
= 2.06 > 2
The given slab designed as one way slab.

Effective depth:
L eff/d = 40 (cl.24.1,pg-39 of IS456)
d= 3265/40
=80mm
Overall depth:
D= d +ce
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 =80+20
=100mm (Page 34 of IS 456)

Load Calculation:
Live load ,wl = 3 kN/m2
Self-weight of slab = 2.5 kN/m2
(1x1x 0.1 x 25)
Floor finish = 0.75 kN/m2
(0.6-1 kN/m2)
Dead load ,wd = 3.25 kN/m2

Moment calculations:

Bending moment calculation:- (as per IS code 456-2000)

Type of panel:- All four edges are discontinuous

Moment calculation:

For end span

M1 =(wd ×Lx2 )/12 + (wl ×Lx2 )/10

= (3.25 ×3.2652 )/12 + (3 ×3.2652 )/10

=6.09kNm

M2 =(wd ×Lx2 )/10 + (wl ×Lx2 )/9

= (3.25 ×3.2652 )/10 + (3 ×3.2652 )/9

=7.01kNm

Factored Moment

Mu1= 1.5× M1 =1.5 × 6.09 = 9.135 kNm

Mu2= 1.5× M2 =1.5 × 7.01 = 10.515 kNm

Mu2 > Mu1

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 Mu2 = 0.87 FyAst [d-0.42xu]

10.515x10^6 = 0.87x 415xAst x [80-0.42x[0.87x415xAstx]/ [0.36x20x1000]

] Ast=407.8 mm2

S = (ast/Ast)x 1000 =(π/4x82x1000)/407.8 = 140mm c/c

Provide 8mm diameter @ 140mm c/c as main reinforcement

Astmin=0.12% × b × D

=(012/100) × 1000 × 100

=120 mm2

S = (ast/Ast)x 1000 =(π/4x82x1000)/120 = 300mm c/c

Provide 8mm diameter @300mm c/c as distribution reinforcement

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DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

Given Data:

Room = GUEST ROOM

Room size = 4.3 X 3.1m

Wall thickness = 0.23m

Using M20 & Fe 415

To find effective length:

Leff = 3.33m
Ly/Lx= 4.53/3.33
= 1.36 <2
The given slab designed as two way slab.

Effective depth:
L eff/d = 40 (cl.24.1,pg-39 of IS456)
d= 3330/40
=80mm
Overall depth:
D= d +ce
=80+20
=100mm (Page 34 of IS 456)

Load Calculation:
Live load = 3 kN/m2
Self-weight of slab = 2.5 kN/m2
(1x1x 0.1 x 25)
Floor finish = 0.75 kN/m2
(0.6-1 kN/m2)
Total = 6.25 kN/m2

Factored load W = 6.25x1.5 = 9.375kN/m2

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Moment calculations:

Bending moment calculation:- (as per IS code 456-2000)

Type of panel:- Two adjacent edges are discontinuous

αX = 0.071αY = 0.047

Moment calculation:

Mux = (αX)x(W)x(LX)2

=0.071×9.375×3.12 =6.4kNm

Muy= (αY)x(W)x(LX)2

=0.047×9.375×3.12 =4.23 kNm

Mux = 0.87 FyAst [d-0.42xu]

6.4x10^6 = 0.87x 415xAstx x [80-0.42x[0.87x415xAstx]/ [0.36x20x1000] ]

Astx=236.26mm2

Sn = (ast/Ast)x 1000 =(π/4x102x1000)/236.26 = 300mm c/c

Provide 10mm diameter @300mm c/c along shorter direction

Muy = 0.87 FyAst [d-0.42xu]

4.23x10^6 = 0.87x 415xAsty x {80-0.42x[0.87x415xAsty]/ [0.36x20x1000]}

Asty=152.57mm2

Sn = (ast/Ast)x 1000 =(π/4x82x1000)/152.57 = 300mm c/c

Provide 8mm diameter @300mm c/c along longer direction

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Astmin=0.12% × b × D

=(012/100) × 1000 × 100 =120 mm2

Astmin < Ast

TWO WAY SLAB REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

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DESIGN OF BEAM

INTRODUCTION
Beam may be defined as an element in which one dimension is much greater
than the other two and the applied loads are usually normal to the main axis of the
element. Beams and columns are called line elements and are often represented by
simple lines in structural modelling.
• Cantilevered (supported at one end only with a fixed connection)
• Simply supported (supported vertically at each end;horizontally on only
one to withstand friction, and able to rotate at the supports)
• Fixed (supported at both ends by fixed connection;unable to rotate at the
supports)
• Continuous (supported by three or more supports)
• A combination of the above (ex. supported at one end and in the middle)
Beams are elements which carry pure bending only.Bending
causes one part of the section of a beam (divided along its length) to go into
compression and the other part into tension.The compression part must be designed
to resist buckling and crushing, while the tension part must be able to adequately
resist the tension.

Types of Beam
• Singly Reinforced Beam
• Doubly Reinforced Beam

Singly Reinforced Beam

Singly reinforced section the reinforcement is provided to
care tension in the bottom of beam further singly reinforced members or beam are
classified as under reinforced section, balanced section and over reinforced section.

39 | P a g e
If the moment of resistance of the section is equal to the bending moment than it a
balanced section, moment of resistance of the section is more than that of bending
moment than it an over reinforced section and if the moment of resistance of the
section is less than the bending moment than it under reinforced section.

Doubly Reinforced Beam

Doubly reinforced section is to be designed to restrict the depth of beam

(section) in case of head room condition or if the bending moment is more than
25% of moment of resistance of the section doubly reinforced section is to
designed. In doubly reinforced beam or section the reinforcement is to be provided
both in compression and tension zones
.
BEAM LAYOUT

40 | P a g e
ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAM

Self weight of the beam = 0.23 x 0.3 x 1 x 25

= 1.725 kN/m

Brick work = 0.23x3.66x1

= 16.67 kN/m

Slab

((4.3/2)+(6.33/4))x7.25x1 = 27.06 kN/m

Total = 45.455 kN/m

Factored load = 1.5x45.455

= 68.18 kN/m

Step1 :Fixed end moment

MFAB = -(Wl2/12) = -(68.18x3.332/12) = -63 kNm

MFBA = (Wl2/12) = (68.18x3.332/12) = 63 kNm

MFBE = -(Wl2/12) = -(68.18x3.232/12) = -59.28 kNm

MFEB = (Wl2/12) = (68.18x3.232/12) = 59.28 kNm

MFEC = -(Wl2/12) = -(68.18x3.332/12) = -63 kNm

MFCE = (Wl2/12) = (68.18x3.332/12) = 63 kNm

MFCD = -(Wl2/12) = -(68.18x3.932/12) = -87.75 kNm

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MFDC = (Wl2/12) = (68.18x3.932/12) = 87.75 kNm

Step 2 : slope deflection equation

Span AB: l = 3.33m, θA = 0, θB ≠ 0, I = I, ∆ = 0

MAB = MFAB + {(2EI/l)(2 θA+ θB−(3∆/l))}

= -63+0.6EI θB

Span BA: l = 3.33m, θA = 0, θB ≠ 0, I = I, ∆ = 0

MBA = MFBA + {(2EI/l)(θA+ 2θB−(3∆/l))}

= 63+1.2EI θB

Span BE: l = 3.23m, θB ≠0, θE ≠ 0, I = I, ∆ = 0

MBE = MFBE + {(2EI/l)(2 θB+ θE−(3∆/l))}

= -59.28+0.62EI θC+1.24EI θB

Span EB: l = 3.23m, θB ≠0, θE ≠ 0, I = I, ∆ = 0

MEB = MFEB + {(2EI/l)(θB+ 2θE−(3∆/l))}

= 59.28+0.62EI θB+1.24EI θE

Span EC: l = 3.33m, θC ≠0, θE ≠ 0, I = I, ∆ = 0

MEC = MFEC + {(2EI/l)(θC+ 2θE−(3∆/l))}

= -63+0.6EI θC+1.2EI θE

Span CE: l = 3.33m, θC ≠0, θE ≠ 0, I = I, ∆ = 0

MCE = MFCE + {(2EI/l)(2θC+ θE−(3∆/l))}

= 63+0.6EI θE+1.2EI θC

Span CD: l = 3.93m, θC ≠0, θD = 0, I = I, ∆ = 0

MCD = MFCD + {(2EI/l)(2θC+ θD−(3∆/l))}

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 = -87.75+1.02EI θC

Span DC: l = 3.93m, θC ≠0, θD = 0, I = I, ∆ = 0

MDC = MFDC + {(2EI/l)(θC+ 2θD−(3∆/l))}

= 87.75+0.51EI θC

Step 3 : Joint equilibrium equation

Joint B:

MBA+MBE = 0

63+1.2EI θB-59.28+0.62EI θC+1.24EI θB = 0

2.44EI θB+0.62EI θC = -3.72 ………(1)

Joint E:

MEB+MEC = 0

59.28+0.62EI θB+1.24EI θE-63+0.6EI θC+1.2EI θE = 0

0.62EI θB+1.84EI θC+1.2EI θE = 3.72 ………(2)

Joint C:

MCE+MCD = 0

63+0.6EI θE+1.2EI θC+-87.75+1.02EI θC = 0

2.22EI θC+0.6EI θE = 24.75 ………(3)

From equation (1),(2),(3) we get,

EI θB = -5.66

EI θC = 16.26

EI θE = -18.91

Step 4 : Final end moment

MAB = -66.4kNm
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MBA = 56.21kNm

MBE = -56.21kNm

MEB = 75.93kNm

MEC = -75.93kNm

MCE = 71.17kNm

MCD = -71.17kNm

MDC = 96.04kNm

Step 5:Simply supported moments : (wl2/8)

BM at AB = 94.51kNm

BM at BE = 88.91kNm

BM at EC = 94.51kNm

BM at CD = 131.63kNm

To find reactions :

Span AB: ∑ MA = 0

-RB1x3.33+(68.18x3.33x3.33/2) – 66.4 = 0

RB1 = 93.58kN

RA+RB1 = (68.18x3.33)

RA = 133.46kN

Span BE: ∑ MB = 0

-RE1x3.23+(68.18x3.23x3.23/2) – 56.21 = 0

RE1 = 92.71kN

RE1+RB2 = (68.18x3.23)
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 RB2 = 127.51kN

Span EC: ∑ ME = 0

-RC1x3.33+(68.18x3.33x3.33/2) – 75.93 = 0

RC1 = 90.72kN

RE2+RC1 = (68.18x3.33)

RE2 = 136.32kN

Span CD: ∑ MC = 0

-RDx3.93+(68.18x3.93x3.93/2) – 71.17 = 0

RD = 115.86kN

RD+RC2 = (68.18x3.93)

RD = 152.09kN

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SECTION ALONG COLUMN C2 DIRECTION (page-41)

46 | P a g e
Design of Continuous Beam (B2-B7-B11-B16) {page 41}

M1 = 96.04 kNm

M2 = 48.02 kNm

Beam size as 230×500mm

MU = 96.04 kNm

Moment Calculations

At Support

MU MAX = 0.138fckbd2

= 0.138×20×230(500-40)2

MU MAX = 134.32 kNm (MU MAX > MU)

The section is under reinforced.

MU = 0.87×fY×AST[d-0.42XU] {d = 500-40 = 460mm}

96.04×106 = 0.87×415×AST[460-0.42XU]

AST = 666.64mm2

No. of bars = AST/aST

= 666.64/(π×162/4)

= 4 nos

Provide 4×16mm∅ at top

At Mid Span
MU = 48.02kNm (MU MAX > MU)

The section is under reinforced.

MU = 0.87×fY×AST[d-0.42XU] d = 500-40 = 460mm

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48.02×106 = 0.87×415×AST[460-0.42XU]

AST = 308.02mm2

No. of bars = ASt/aSt

= 308.02/(π×162/4)

= 2 nos

Provide 2×16mm∅ at soffit

Design of Shear Reinforcement

%ASt = 100ASt/bd

= 100×666.64/(230×460)

%AST = 0.68%

𝜏C = 0.48+(0.08/0.25)×0.18

= 0.5376 N/mm2

LEFF = 3.1+(0.23/2)+(0.23/2)

= 3.33m

MU = WU×LEFF2/12

96.04×103 = WU×3.332/12

WU = 103.93 kN

VU = WU×LEFF/4

= 103.93×3.33/4

VU = 86.54kN

𝜏V = VU/bd

= 86.54×103/230/460

𝜏V = 0.818 N/mm2
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𝜏C = 2.8 N/mm2 (From table 20)
𝜏V >𝜏C <𝜏CMAX
Need design for shear reinforcement,
VUS = VU - 𝜏Cbd
= 86.54×103-(0.5376×230×460)
= 29.64 kN

SV = 0.87 fY×ASV×d/VUS
𝜏 2
)×460
0.87×415×(2×4×8
=
29.64×1000
= 310mm

1. SV = 310mm
2. 0.75d×d = 0.75×460 = 345mm
3. 300mm
Provide 8mm ∅ 2 legged stirrups at 300mm c/c as shear reinforcement.

BEAM REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

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COLUMN LAYOUT

(All dimensions are in meter)

DESIGN OF COLUMN

Introduction

Columns are elements that carry only axial force- compression- or both axial
force and bending (which is technically called a beam-column but practically, just
a column) The design of a column must check the axial capacity of the element,
and the buckling capacity.

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 The buckling capacity is the capacity of the element to withstand the
propensity to buckle. Its capacity depends upon its geometry, material, and the
effective length of the column, which depends upon the restraint conditions at the
top and bottom of the column. The effective length is K*l, where l- is the real
length of the column.
The capacity of a column to carry axial load depends on the degree of
bending it is subjected to, vice versa. This is represented on an interaction chart
and is a complex non-linear relationship.

Types of Column
• Long Column

• Short Column

• Axial Column

• Uni- axial Column

• Bi- axial Column

DESIGN OF COLUMN
COLUM DESIGN (UNI-AXIALLY LOADED)

STEP 1:PARAMETERS
Pu/ (Fck.b.D) = (1941.5 x 10^3)/(25x300x300) = 0.863

e =(L/500)+(D/30) = (3.6/500)+(300/30) = 10.01 mm < 20mm

Mu / (Fck.b.D²) = (1941.5 x 10^3) / (25 x 300 x 300²) = 0.003

d’ / D = 40/300 = 0.13

STEP 2: SELECT CHART 33 OF SP-16 PG.NO 118:

P/Fck = 0.12//

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 P = 0.12 x 25 = 3%
Asc = 3/bxD = 3/100 x 300 x 300 = 2700mm ²

STEP 3:
NO OF BARS= (ASC/asc) =(2700/(∏/4 x 20²) = 8.5nos = 9nos

STEP 4: DESIGN OF LATERAL TIES

Øt< 6mm (or) ØL/4 = 20/4 =5mm
Øt= 6mm (or) 5mm
Øt= 6mmØ
PITCH OF LATERAL TIES
i) b =300mm
ii) 16Øl =16x20 =320mm
iii) 48Øt =48x6 =288mm
iv) 300mm
PITCH = 300mm C/C

RESULT:
provide 9nos OF 20mm dia bars as longitudinal reinforcement.
provide 6mm dia lateral ties @ 300mm C/C pitch

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53 | P a g e
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

INTRODUCTION
A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs is a
construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller
vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two
or more straight pieces connected at angles. In the proposed Shopping Complex a
staircase is provided to serve communication between the floors.

TYPES OF STAIR AND MATERIAL USED

Dog legged stairs are provided. M20 concrete mix and steel grade Fe 415 are
used. For the stairs brick steps are provided. Hand rails with grill work are
provided.

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Design of Staircase Data
Height b/w the floors=3.66m
Tread=300mm
Rise=150mm
Landing width=0.8m
Live load=3kN/m2
Floor finishing=0.6 to 1 kN/m2
Wall thickness=230mm
Materials:M20& Fe415
Dimensions
R=150mm;T=300mm

X =√3002 + 1502
=335.41~335mm
Based on riser,the number of steps is found.
Based on tread,the length of staircase is found.
Number of steps=3660/150 = 24 steps
In case of staircase,12 number of steps for 1st flight & other 12 number of steps for
2nd flight.
Effective span = 0.23/2+4.9+0.23/2
= 5.13m
Waist slab thickness = Leff/20
= 5015/20
=270mm
Assume cover 15mm

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D = 270+15

D = 285mm
Load Calculation
Load on Going
Self weight of slab = {25×0.285×(0.335/0.3)}
= 7.96 kN/m2
Self weight of step = {25×(1/2)×0.15×0.3}
= 0.563kN/m2
Tread finish = 0.75 kN/m2
Live load = 3 kN/m2
Total load = 12.273 kN/m2
Factored load = 1.5×12.273
= 18.41 kN/m2

Load on Landing
Self weight of slab = (25×0.285)
= 7.125kN/m2
Live load = 3 kN/m2
Floor finish = 0.75 kN/m2
Total load = 10.875kN/m2
Factored load = 1.5×10.875
= 16.313kN/m2

56 | P a g e
To find RA and RB
Taking Moment at A
3.3
R ×4.9- ⌊ 16.313 × 0.8 × (4.1 + 0.8 )⌋ - ⌊ 18.41 × 3.3(0.8 + )⌋ -
B ( )
2 2
0.8
⌊ 16.313 × 0.8 × ( 2
)⌋ = 0

4.9RB = 212.79

RA = 43.43kN RB = 43.43kN

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 0.8 3.3 3.3 3.3
MMAX = RB×4.9/2 - ⌊ 16.313 × 0.8 × ( + )⌋ - ⌊ 16.313 × ( )( )⌋
2 2 2 4

MMAX = 54.59kNm
0.87×415×Ast
To find AST XU =
0.36×20×1000
MC = 0.87×fY×AST[d-0.42XU]
54.59×106 = 0.87×415×AST[270-0.42XU]

AST = 586.84mm2

SPACING
Sn = 1000×ast/AST
= π/4×102×1000/586.84
= 130 mm c/c
Provide 10mm ∅ at 130 mm c/c as longitudinal reinforcement
Distribution Reinforcement
ASTmin = 0.12%bD
ASTmin = 0.12×1000×285/100
= 342mm2
Spacing
Sn = 1000×π/4×82/342
= 140 mm c/c
Provide 8mm ∅ at 300mm c/c as distribution reinforcement.

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DESIGN OF FOOTING

INTRODUCTION
A Foundation is that part of a structure which is in direct contact with the
earth. It transfers the load of the structure to the soil below so as to avoid over
loading of the soil beneath. It prevents the differential settlement by evenly loading
the sub-strata.

Types of Footing

Footing requirements are generally covered in the building code and sized in
accordance with the bearing capacity of the soil and the weight of the building. In
areas subject to seasonal frost, the bottom of the footing must be placed below the
frost line to prevent damage to the footing and structure due to frost heave.
Typical footing types include
• Spot footing
• Continuous spread footing
59 | P a g e
 • Grade beam footing

Spot Footing

A spot or pad footing is used to support a single point of contact, such as

under a pier or post. A spot footing is typically a 2’ by 2’ square pad, 10” to 12”
thick, and made with reinforced concrete rated to 3,000 to 5,000 pounds per square
inch (psi) in compression.
Continuous Spread Footing

A continuous spread footing is commonly used to provide a stable base

around the entire perimeter of a structure. Buildings with spread footings often
include interior spot footings. A spread footing supports the weight (load) from the
exterior or foundation walls. The footing thickness provides the strength needed to
support the weight. The wider width of the footing base creates a large area to
transfer this weight to the ground and to prevent settlement.

Grade Beam Footing

A grade beam footing is a continuous reinforced-concrete member used to
support loads with minimal bending. Grade beams are capable of spanning across
non load bearing areas, and are commonly supported by soil or pilings. A
continuous grade beam is frequently constructed by digging a trench at least 8”
wide to the depth needed to span the distance between supports. Grade beam
footings differ from continuous spread footings in how they distribute loads. The
depth of a grade beam footing is designed to distribute loads to bearing points,
while the width of a continuous spread footing is designed to transfer loads to the
ground.
• Isolated Footings
• Rectangular Footing
60 | P a g e
 • Square Footing
• Combined Footing
Requirements in Foundation Design

The pressure on the soil should not exceed the bearing capacity of the
soil.The settlement of the structure should be within the permissible limits. Further,
there should be no differential settlement. Safe Bearing capacity of the soil is at the
site is at the site is assumed as 200 k N/m2.
DESIGN OF FOOTING
Data
Working load,P=749.28k N
Unit weight of soil,γ=18 k N/m3
Internal friction,Ø=30°
Grade of concrete:M20
Strength of steel:Fe415
Dimensions
Area = (1.1XP/SBC)

= 1.1X728.43/200 = 4m2

A = (230+2x)×(300+2x) = 4×106
x = 900mm
L = 2(900)+230 = 2.03m~ 2.1m
Area of footing = 2.1m X 2.1m
Net upward pressure = 1.1x728.43/4.41 =181.69<(SBC of soil)

Minimum Depth Of Foundation

D = (SBC/γ)((1-sinØ)/(1+sinØ))2
= (200/18)((1-sin30)/(1+sin30))2

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 = 1.23m> 0.5m hence okay.

Depth required,

Mulim = 0.138 fckbd2

79.42 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x d2

d = 169.63 ~ 170mm
The depth need to be increased 2 times considering shear requirements (one way
&two way slab).

Adopt effective depth, d =340 mm (cover = 60 mm)

Overall depth , D =400mm

Mu max(x) = (Wx LX2)/2

= 181.69x{((2.1-0.23)/2)2}/2

= 79.42knm

Mu max(y) = 181.69x{((2.1-0.3)/2)2}/2

= 73.58knm

Check For One Way Shear

Vu
𝜏= ( as per clause 34.2.4.1 IS 456 – 2000)
𝜏𝜏

Vu = W×L

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Vu =181.69× (0.9– 0.34)
= 101.75 kN
101.75×103
τv= = 0.299 N/mm2
1000×340
τc (shear strength of concrete ):
%Ast = 100Ast/bd
= 100×675.19/(1000×340)
Pt = 0.2%
τc= 0.34 N/mm2

τv<τc
Hence,the section is safe against one way shear.
Check For Two Way Shear

The critical section for two way shear is at a distance of alround the face of the
column .Therefore, shear force along punching shear line.

VU =181.69{((2.1-(0.23+0.34)) + (0.67-(0.3+0.34))}

= 630.9KN
630.9×103
τv = = 0.767N/mm2
[2×(570)+2(640)]×340

𝜏 𝜏′ = 𝜏c×k
63 | P a g e
𝜏c = 0.25×√20 = 1.12N/mm2 (k=1)
𝜏 𝜏′ = 1.12×1 = 1.12N/mm2

τv< 𝜏 𝜏′
Hence safe against two way shear or punching shear.
Reinforcement Calculation
Mu = 0.87 fyAst( d – 0.42XU)
0.87×415×Ast
79.42x106 = 0.87×416×A stx(340- 0.42× )
0.36×20×1000
Ast X = 675.49mm2
Provide 12 mm Ø @180mm c/c in shorter direction
Mu = 0.87 fyAst( d – 0.42XU)
0.87×415×Ast
73.58x106= 0.87×416×A sty(420- 0.42× )
0.36×20×1000
Ast Y = 623.5mm2
Provide 12mm Ø @ 180mm c/c in longer direction

64 | P a g e
FOUNDATION REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

65 | P a g e
 CHPTER 7
ABSTRACT ESTIMATE

S.NO DETAIL AREA RATE AMOUNT

(m2) (per m2)
1. Area of building 294.09 21,500 63,22,935 /-
(ground floor)
2. Area of building 209.54 19,000 39,81,260 /-
(first floor)
3. Area of building 209.54 19,000 39,81,260 /-
(second floor)
4. Total construction - 1,42,85,455/-
cost(civil work)
5. Water supply+sanitary
installations at 5% of 5/100× 1,42,85,455 7,14,272.75/-
construction cost
6. Electrical work at 2% of
construction cost 2/100× 1,42,85,455 2,85,709.1 /-
7. Services(drainage, water
supply) at 6% of 6/100× 1,42,85,455 8,57,127.3/-
construction cost
8. TOTAL COST 1,61,42,564.15/-

9. Contingencies(incidental
and miscellaneous 3/100× 1,61,42,564.15 4,84,276.92/-
expenses) at 3% of total
cost
10. Supervision charges at 8/100× 1,61,42,564.15 12,91,405.1/-
8% of total cost
11. GRAND TOTAL 1,79,18,246.17/-

66 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

From the analysis and design of the slabs and beams it was found that the
check for deflection and shear was safe.The Columns were designed using SP-16
and was checked for interaction formula and was found to be safe.The footing
were designed and checked for one way shear and two way shear was found to be
safe and the load was found to be less the safe bearing capacity of the soil.In the
present scenario, a structural engineer cannot afford to generate the results
manually as it involves tedious procedures and complicated calculations, which
requires considerable time and patience. Thus there is always a need of a simpler
alternative like the use of various; Computer Aided Software’s which would offer
great flexibility and efficiency.In this project, analysis and design of structure was
done with the aid of software called STADD PRO which is quiet feasible in using
and offers more efficient designs and flexibility.Different load combination can be
applied easily.Load combination can be altered easily.Time is saved for structural
design work, so that work can start very quickly.We can conclude that there is a
difference between the theoretical and practical work done as the scope of
understanding will be much more when practical work is done as we get more
knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the practical
work.

67 | P a g e
REFERENCES

1. Dr. N. KRISHNA RAJU-“DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES”-CBS Publishers & Distributors Private Limited,New
Delhi-110 002
2. IS 456:2000-CODE OF PRACTICE FOR PLAIN & REINFORCED
CONCRETE-Bureau of Indian Standards,New Delhi
3. SP 16-DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE TO IS:456-1978-
Bureau of Indian Standards,New Delhi
4. IS 875(PART 1 &2)-CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS-
Bureau of Indian Standards,New Delhi
5. National building code – 1983
6. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)

68 | P a g e
PROGRAM OUTCOMES

PO1 Engineering Knowledge:

Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals

and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

PO2 Problem Analysis:

Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex

engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.

PO3 Design/Development of solutions:

Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system

components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal and
environmental considerations.

PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems:

Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of

experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5 Modern Tool Usage:

Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and modern

engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex

69 | P a g e
 engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6 The Engineer and Society:

Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,

health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7 Environment and Sustainability:

Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal

and environmental contexts and demonstrate the knowledge of and need for
sustainable development.

PO8 Ethics:

Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9 Individual and Team Work:

Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse

teams and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10 Communication:

Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations and give and receive clear instructions.

70 | P a g e
PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply
these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
project and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12 Lifelong learning:

Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

PO1: ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE

Justification: We applied the knowledge of engineering fundamentals, engineering

specification. Hence it is highly correlated with this outcome.

PO2: PROBLEM ANALYSIS

Justification: We have identified the problem, formulated, analyzed and designed

the structure. Hence it is highly correlated with this outcome.

PO3: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOLUTIONS

We have given a design solution for complex engineering problem like design of

residential building which we hope it will meet the specified needs with

appropriate consideration for the safety, and the cultural, societal and

71 | P a g e
environmental considerations. Hence our project is highly correlated with this

outcome.

PO4: CONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS OF COMPLEX PROBLEMS

We used research-based knowledge and research methods including data

collection, review of past reports, arriving at aim and objectives, analysis and

design of structure, interpretation of data in the form of reports/presentations to

provide valid conclusions. This justifies for a high correlation with this outcome.

PO5: MODERN TOOL USAGE

Justification: We have used modern softwares like Staad Pro and AutoCAD in our

project. Hence it is highly correlated.

PO6: THE ENGINEER & SOCIETY

Justification: This project involves the contextual knowledge to assess societal ,

safety, legal.

PO7: ENVIRONMENT & SUSTAINABILITY

Justification: This project comprises the impact of professional engineering

solutions in society and environmental context and need for sustainable

development. For example we studied about design of residential building in this

project which may have impact in soceital sustainability for future generation.
72 | P a g e
PO8: ETHICS

Justification: We acquired the knowledge and understood the responsibility and

norms of engineering practice liking writing reports, communicate and interpret the

report to the engineering society, non-plagriasm. Hence it is highly correlated.

PO9:INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM WORK

We did individual as well as team work related to various topics of this project.

Hence our project is highly correlated with this outcome.

PO10: COMMUNICATION

We had a chance to communicate effectively on our project activities with the

engineering community and non-engineering community and with society at large,

such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design

documentation which ultimately resulted to learn how to make effective

presentations. Hence our project has high correlation with this PO.

PO11: PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND FINANCE

Our project has low correlation with this outcome since our project do not involve

any project management and financial aspects, except the approximate estimation

part.

73 | P a g e
PO12:LIFELONG LEARNING

Justification: The knowledge we gained from this project work/activities will

definietly be helpful to learn more and more - both in academic as well as in non-

academic. So, a high level of correlation exists between our project and the last

outcome of the Civil Engineering Program.

Project – PO Mapping

PO10

PO11

PO12
PO1
PO2

PO3

PO4

PO5

PO6

PO7

PO8

PO9

CE
6712
3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3
Design
Project

3 – Highly Correlated, 2 – Moderately Correlated, 1 – Low Correlation,

- No Correlation.

74 | P a g e