A

PROGRESS REPORTON
ON
Architectural and Civil Engineering Design of Mixed
Mixed-use
use Development
Project

MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

(Formerly WEST BENGAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY)
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING BY

NAME UNIVERSITY ROLL NO

ARIJIT PAUL 25701321050
BIPLAB MANDI 25701321123
BIDHAN BAUL 25701321100
SUVOM GHOSH

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

SK SHIHAB ISLAM,
ISLAM
HOD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CAMELLIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
CAMELLIA INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGNEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ......................................................................................... ,

B. Tech in Civil Engineering students from our college H.E.T.C. has done his Project
Work titled “Architectural and Civil Engineering Design of Mixed-use Development
Project” in our C.E Department from session 2021-22, 4th year as part of curriculum.
The project report has been approved as it satisfied the academic requirements in respect
of project work prescribed for the said degree. We have noticed that, during the period,
he has shown keen interest and sincere in his project and also regular in attendance.

SK SHIHAB ISLAM
Assistance Professor (C.E)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, wewouldliketothankouresteemed institution CAMELLIA
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT for their major and
unforgettable contribution towards our project work and also for successful
completion of our course.

In this regard, it would be futile to scale the fathom of our heartfelt gratitude
to our guide SK SHIHAB ISLAM, Assistant Professor& HOD of Department of
Civil Engineering for their guidance and co - operation throughout the project
which has helped us to complete the project satisfactorily.

We are grateful to all faculty members of our civil engineering

department for supporting us.

And At last but not the least I like to thank my group members for their
dedication, effort and their contribution to this project.
 ABSTRACT
As we see, Population Density in our country is very much Higher than
other country. So there are shortage of Space, That‟s why we have to maximize
the utilization of space. Also for economic boost for our nation Mixed-use of a
Architectural building can be adopted.

Our city is in the category of „Tier-I‟ Where population is >1, 00,000.

That‟s why we plan for Project where we develop a G+10 building commercial
and residential purpose, which give our city socio-economic development.
Many developers and owners are seeing this facet of mixed-use buildings as an
opportunity. "Energy use, sustainability, LEED certification, and those kinds of
things have to be done carefully so you‟re using resources properly.

The analysis of G+10 building is done as per IS 456:2000 and IS 1893:2002

(for seismic zone III) codal provisions. The software that we have used to carry
out this analysis is Staad pro v8i. The results of this project can further be used
to enhance the seismic strength of buildings using combination of seismic
resistance techniques
 INTRODUCTION
Mixed use developments combine two or more uses within a building, site
or block. They can be organized vertically, horizontally, or a combination of the
two. Shops or other commercial premises at ground floor with apartments or
offices above are a common example of a vertical mixed use development. A
combination of factors, including changing demographics, real estate market,
and slow economic recovery from the Great Recession are driving demand for
high-quality, compact and workable communities. Local governments need to
plan for a diverse range of land uses and development to sustain a diverse
economy. Nowadays, mix-use of buildings is in high demand at urban areas due
to the world population boom & economic boost.

Earlier, modelling and structural analysis of buildings was carried out using
hand calculation method based on simplified assumptions and understanding the
whole behaviour of the structure. But it seems to be time consuming and
complicated for high rise buildings where we could use it for residential and
commercial too. At present, computer hardware‟s and software‟s for modelling
and analysis of structure is widely available. Also it is necessary to have
sufficient knowledge regarding the various software‟s currently used in
planning analysis and design of structure and are not included during the design
process of the primary structure. The software for analysing and designing of
structures with maximum precisions are AutoCAD, Staad.Pro, ETABS,
Prokon, revit structure, etc. such software may also take into consideration
environmental loads such as from earth quakes and wind. Here we will deal
with the software‟s like AUTOCAD and STADpro for analysing and designing
the G+10 multi-storeyed building. Each floor consists of two 2BHK flats except
ground floor and first floor. Where we basement use for commercial parking
and ground floor use for residential par king and also first floor for commercial
purpose. The building have lift facilities and a stair hall .Here we have analysed
the building with respect to IS 456:2000, IS875 (part-I), IS 875(part-II),
IS 875(part-III) codal provisions.
 AIM OF PROJECT
The biggest concerns anybody has about a mixed-use building in this
economy are getting and keeping the space leased. Designing, owning, or
managing a mixed-use facility – especially considering the slowing economy
and an ever-growing concern about the environment – means there‟s an
opportunity for multiple challenges, but also opens the door to multiple
opportunities.
 1 UNDER GROUND PARKING AREA ENTRY
RAMP DESING

1.1 RAMP DESIGN: GRADIENT/SLPOE CALCULATION

Lets, assume height of underground = 2.5m (Excluding beam depth)

Length of building along the direction of ramp = 29m

Width of ramp = 3

Space between beginning of slope & public space = 3m

We will provide two transition slopes of 12% at each end with a 20% straight
run.

Lets, divide total Rise into 3 parts,

2.5m = 2500mm 250mm with 12% slope

2000mm with 20% slope

250mm with 12% slope

Assuming, 3 runs with 3 different rises will be R1, R2 and R3.

We know, Slope% = 𝑅i𝑠𝑒 × 100

𝑅𝑢𝑛
12
⸫ = 250 And,
20
=
2000
100 𝑅1 100 𝑅2
Or, R1 = 2084mm = R3 or, R2 = 10000mm

Therefore, Total require length of Ramp = 2084 + 10000 + 2084 =

14168mm = 14.16m
 2 Critical Panel Identification: -
A slab is a structural element that is used to support ceilings and floors. It
is made of concrete and reinforcements are provided to support it. It is
several inches thick and it rests on beams and columns. It is estimated that a
concrete slab lasts for about 30 to 100 years if it is built with good grade of
concrete and steel. Usually for residential purpose M20 is used.

There are two types of slabs-one-way slab and two-way slab. Two-way
slabs are supported on four sides while one-way slabs are supported on two
opposite sides. Two- way slabs carry load in two directions and so
reinforcements are provided in both directions. Whereas in one-way slab the
reinforcement is provided in one direction as it carries load in one direction.
In one way slab the ratio of longer to smaller span is greater than or equal to
2 while in two-way slab the ratio of longer to smaller span is less than 2.

Process of Calculating of B.M. Coefficient & Moment: -

1. Marking Plan on Typical Floor Plan
𝑙
2. Find Out 𝑦 Value
𝑙𝑥
3. Identifying Slab Type
4. Negative 𝛼𝑥, Negative 𝛼𝑦, Positive 𝛼𝑥, Positive 𝛼𝑦.
5. Factored B.M for shorter direction 𝑀𝑥 = 𝛼𝑥𝑤 𝑙𝑥2 × 1.5
6. Factored B.M for longer direction 𝑀𝑦 = 𝛼𝑦𝑤 𝑙𝑥2 × 1.5

Calculation Table of B.M. Coefficient & Moment: -

Panel Dimensions: -
𝑙𝑦
Slab Name 𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝗑 Type of Panel Type of Slab
𝑙𝗑
S1 3 2.95 One Long Edge Discontinuous 1.017 Two way slab
S2 4.15 3.36 One Short Edge Discontinuous 1.235 Two way slab
S3 4.48 4.07 One Short Edge Discontinuous 1.101 Two way slab
S4 2.01 1.03 Interior Panels 1.951 Two way slab
S5 1.76 1.03 Interior Panels 1.709 Two way slab
S6 2.01 0.96 Interior Panels 2.094 One way slab
S7 1.76 1.3 One Short Edge Discontinuous 1.354 Two way slab
S8 1.76 0.96 Interior Panels 1.833 Two way slab
 𝑙𝑦
Slab Name 𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝗑 Type of Panel Type of Slab
𝑙𝗑
S9 4.5 4.07 One Short Edge Discontinuous 1.106 Two way slab
S10 4.47 2.95 One Short Edge Discontinuous 1.515 Two way slab
S11 2.95 1.3 Interior Panels 2.269 One way slab
S12 3.31 1.27 Interior Panels 2.606 One way slab
S13 3.49 1.27 Interior Panels 2.748 One way slab
S14 3.95 1.3 One Long Edge Discontinuous 3.038 One way slab
S15 1.69 1.3 One Long Edge Discontinuous 1.3 Two way slab
S16 3.35 3.31 Interior Panels 1.012 Two way slab
S17 3.49 3.35 Interior Panels 1.042 Two way slab
S18 3.95 3.35 Interior Panels 1.179 Two way slab
S19 4.35 3.31 Interior Panels 1.314 Two way slab
S20 4.35 3.49 Interior Panels 1.246 Two way slab
S21 4.35 3.95 Interior Panels 1.101 Two way slab
S22 4.47 2.82 One Short Edge Discontinuous 1.585 Two way slab
S23 2.82 1.3 One Long Edge Discontinuous 2.169 One way slab
S24 2.95 1.15 Two Adjacent Edges Discontinuous 2.565 One way slab

B.M. Coefficient & Moments: -

Slab Name −𝑎𝗑 +𝑎𝗑 −𝑎𝑦 +𝑎𝑦 +𝑀𝗑 −𝑀𝗑 +𝑀𝑦 −𝑀𝑦

S1 0.038 0.029 0.037 0.028 0.252373 0.330695 0.24367 0.321993

S2 0.049 0.037 0.037 0.028 0.417715 0.5531904 0.316109 0.417715

S3 0.043 0.032 0.037 0.028 0.530077 0.7122907 0.463817 0.612901

S4 0.064 0.048 0.032 0.024 0.050923 0.0678976 0.025462 0.033949

S5 0.059 0.044 0.032 0.028 0.04668 0.0625931 0.029705 0.033949

S6 0.118 0.029 0.108749 0 0.026726 0

S7 0.053 0.04 0.037 0.028 0.0676 0.08957 0.04732 0.06253

S8 0.062 0.046 0.032 0.028 0.042394 0.0571392 0.025805 0.029491

Slab Name −𝑎𝗑 +𝑎𝗑 −𝑎𝑦 +𝑎𝑦 +𝑀𝗑 −𝑀𝗑 +𝑀𝑦 −𝑀𝑦

S9 0.043 0.032 0.037 0.028 0.530077 0.7122907 0.463817 0.612901

S10 0.058 0.044 0.037 0.028 0.38291 0.504745 0.24367 0.321993

S11 0.12 0.024 0.2028 0 0.04056 0

S12 0.122 0.019 0.196774 0 0.030645 0

S13 0.123 0.017 0.198387 0 0.027419 0

S14 0.124 0.014 0.20956 0 0.02366 0

S15 0.057 0.044 0.037 0.028 0.07436 0.09633 0.04732 0.06253

S16 0.033 0.025 0.032 0.024 0.273903 0.3615513 0.262946 0.350595

S17 0.034 0.026 0.032 0.024 0.291785 0.381565 0.26934 0.35912

S18 0.042 0.031 0.032 0.024 0.347898 0.471345 0.26934 0.35912

S19 0.047 0.036 0.032 0.024 0.39442 0.5149367 0.262946 0.350595

S20 0.045 0.034 0.032 0.024 0.414123 0.5481045 0.292322 0.389763

S21 0.037 0.028 0.032 0.024 0.43687 0.5772925 0.37446 0.49928

S22 0.059 0.045 0.037 0.028 0.357858 0.4691916 0.222667 0.294239

S23 0.119 0.026 0.20111 0 0.04394 0

S24 0.122 0.019 0.161345 0 0.025128 0

Critical Slab Identification: -

Panel number S9 is the critical

slab.Span: - 𝑙𝑥 = 4.07 𝑚, 𝑙𝑦 = 4.5

𝑚. Slab type: -
𝑙𝑦
= 1.106.
𝑙𝑥
So, it is a two way slab.
Bending Moment co-efficients: -
Short span BM co-efficients –
So, 𝛼𝑥(+) = 0.032

And, 𝛼𝑥(−) = 0.043

Short span BM co-efficients –

So, 𝛼𝑦(+) = 0.028

And, 𝛼𝑦(−) = 0.037

Bending Moment Calculation: -

Taking unit load for slab.

Along long span,

𝑀𝑢𝑦(+) = 𝛼𝑦. 𝑤. 𝑙𝑥2 = 0.4638 KN-m

𝑀𝑢𝑦(−) = 𝛼𝑦. 𝑤. 𝑙𝑥2 = 0.6129 KN-m

Along short span,

𝑀𝑢𝑥(+) = 𝛼𝑥. 𝑤. 𝑙𝑥2 = 0.5300 KN-m

𝑀𝑢𝑥(−) = 𝛼𝑥. 𝑤. 𝑙𝑥2 = 0.7123 KN-m

 3 Design of Slab: -

Determination of Depth of Slab: -

As the S9 panel is the most critical slab panel so it is considered for Depth
calculation.
𝐿 = 23 × 𝐾 × 𝐾 × 𝐾 ,
𝑑 𝑡 𝑐 ƒ

𝐿 4500
𝑑= = mm,
23×𝐾𝑡 ×𝐾𝑐 ×𝐾ƒ 23×1.8×1×1

So, 𝑑 = 108.69 mm.

We add a clear cover of 20 mm and using 8 mm dia (tor steel) bars.

Minimum overall depth required = 132.69 mm.

So, let us take overall depth(D) for all slabs = 150 mm.

Effective Depth:-
𝑑𝑥 = 126 mm

𝑑𝑦 = 118 mm

Effective Span:-
𝑙𝑥 = 4196 mm

𝑙𝑦 = 4618 mm

Type of Slab:-
𝑙𝑦 4618
= = 1.1 < 2
𝑙𝑥 4196

So, it is a Two Way Slab & in this Slab One Short Edge is Discontinuous.

Bending Moment Co-efficients:-

Long span B.M. co-efficients –

𝛼𝑦(+) = 0.028
 𝛼𝑦(−) = 0.037

Short span B.M. co-efficients –

𝛼𝑥(+) = 0.032

𝛼𝑥(−) = 0.043

Design of Roof Slab: -

Load Calculation: -
i. Self weight of the slab = 3.75 KN/𝑚2
ii. Live Load = 2 KN/𝑚2
iii. Floor finish = 1 KN/𝑚2

Total service load = 6.75 KN/𝑚2

Ultimate Load = 10.125 KN/𝑚2

Bending Moment Calculation:-

Along Long Span,

𝑀𝑢𝑦(+) = 𝛼𝑦 × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑥2 = 4.991 KN-m

𝑀𝑢𝑦(−) = 𝛼𝑦 × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑥2 = 6.596 KN-m

Along Short Span,

𝑀𝑢𝑥(+) = 𝛼𝑥 × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑥2 = 5.704 KN-m

𝑀𝑢𝑥(−) = 𝛼𝑥 × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑥2 = 7.665 KN-m

Tensile Reinforcement (𝐴𝑠𝑡) Required & Spacing Required:-

𝐴𝑠𝑡 Required Spacing Required

Location
(𝑚𝑚2) (@ mm c/c)

1. Along Shorter Span

(a) –ve B.M. at support 172.5 291.2
(b) +ve B.M. at mid span 127.6 393.7
2. Along Longer Span
(c) –ve B.M. at support 147.9 339.6
(d) +ve B.M. at mid span 111.4 450.9

Tensile Reinforcement (𝐴𝑠𝑡) Provided & Spacing Provided:-

𝐴𝑠𝑡 Provided Spacing Provided

Location
(𝑚𝑚2) (@ mm c/c)

3. Along Shorter Span

(e) –ve B.M. at support 251.2 200
(f) +ve B.M. at mid span 251.2 200
4. Along Longer Span
(g)–ve B.M. at support 251.2 200
(h) +ve B.M. at mid span 251.2 200

Torsional Reinforcement at Corners:-

4196
Size of Torsional mesh = 𝑙𝑥 = = 839 mm
5 5

Area of Torsional Reinforcement (𝐴𝑠𝑡) = 0.75 × 127.6 = 95.7 𝑚𝑚2

Spacing Required = 525 mm
Check for Deflection:-
Basics 𝐿 = 20, 𝑃 = 100×𝐴𝑠𝑡
=
100×251.2
= 0.167%
𝑑 𝑡 𝑏×𝑑 1000×150
172.5
ƒ𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 × = 165.3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
251.2

∴ 𝐾𝑡 = 2
𝐿
= 20 × 2 = 40
𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
4500
𝐿 = = 30 < 40 (Hence ok).
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣i𝑑𝑒𝑑 150

Check for Shear Stress:-

He Shear Stress is given by –
𝑣u 23.379×103
𝑟 = = = 0.156 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑣 𝑏×𝑑 1000×150

𝑃𝑡 = 0.167 % & grade of concrete = M25

So, 𝑟𝑐 = 0.301𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 & 𝑟𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑟𝑣 < 𝑟𝑐 < 𝑟𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (Hence ok).

Check for Development Length:-

0.87×415×8
𝐿𝑑 = = 515 mm
4×1.4

𝑉 = 23379 𝑁, 𝑀𝑢 = 27 × 106𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
No hook is provided. So, 𝐿0 = 0
𝑀u
= 1154.9 mm > 𝐿 = 515 𝑚𝑚 (Hence ok).
𝑉 𝑑
 Design of Residential Floor Slab: -
Load Calculation: -
iv. Self-weight of the slab = 3.75 KN/𝑚2
v. Live Load = 3 KN/𝑚2
vi. Floor finish = 1.5 KN/𝑚2

Total service load = 8.25 KN/𝑚2

Ultimate Load = 12.375 KN/𝑚2

Bending Moment Calculation:-

Along Long Span,

𝑀𝑢𝑦(+) = 𝛼𝑦 × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑥2 = 6.100 KN-m

𝑀𝑢𝑦(−) = 𝛼𝑦 × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑥2 = 8.061 KN-m

Along Short Span,

𝑀𝑢𝑥(+) = 𝛼𝑥 × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑥2 = 6.972 KN-m

𝑀𝑢𝑥(−) = 𝛼𝑥 × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑥2 = 9.369 KN-m

Tensile Reinforcement (𝐴𝑠𝑡) Required & Spacing Required:-

𝐴𝑠𝑡 Required Spacing Required

Location
(𝑚𝑚2) (@ mm c/c)

5. Along Shorter Span

(i) –ve B.M. at support 211.9 237.1
(j) +ve B.M. at mid span 156.7 320.9
6. Along Longer Span
(k)–ve B.M. at support 181.6 276.6
(l) +ve B.M. at mid span 136.6 367.7
Tensile Reinforcement (𝐴𝑠𝑡) Provided & Spacing Provided:-

𝐴𝑠𝑡 Provided Spacing Provided

Location
(𝑚𝑚2) (@ mm c/c)

7. Along Shorter Span

(m) –ve B.M. at
251.2 200
support
(n) +ve B.M. at mid span 251.2 200
8. Along Longer Span
(o)–ve B.M. at support 251.2 200
(p) +ve B.M. at mid span 251.2 200

Torsional Reinforcement at Corners:-

4196
Size of Torsional mesh = 𝑙𝑥 = = 839 mm
5 5

Area of Torsional Reinforcement (𝐴𝑠𝑡) = 0.75 × 156.7 = 117.5 𝑚𝑚2

Spacing Required = 428 mm

Check for Deflection:-

Basics 𝐿 = 20, 𝑃 = 100×𝐴𝑠𝑡
=
100×251.2
= 0.167%
𝑑 𝑡 𝑏×𝑑 1000×150
211.9
ƒ𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 × = 203.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
251.2

∴ 𝐾𝑡 = 2
𝐿
= 20 × 2 = 40
𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
4500
𝐿 = = 30 < 40 (Hence ok).
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣i𝑑𝑒𝑑 150
Check for Shear Stress:-
He Shear Stress is given by –
𝑣u 28.574×103
𝑟 = = = 0.190 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑣 𝑏×𝑑 1000×150

𝑃𝑡 = 0.167 % & grade of concrete = M25

So, 𝑟𝑐 = 0.301𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 & 𝑟𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑟𝑣 < 𝑟𝑐 < 𝑟𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (Hence ok).

Check for Development Length:-

0.87×415×8
𝐿𝑑 = = 515 mm
4×1.4

𝑉 = 28574 𝑁, 𝑀𝑢 = 33 × 106𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
No hook is provided. So, 𝐿0 = 0
𝑀u
= 1154.9 mm > 𝐿 = 515 𝑚𝑚 (Hence ok).
𝑉 𝑑
 Design of Commercial Floor Slab: -
Load Calculation: -
vii. Self weight of the slab = 3.75 KN/𝑚2
viii. Live Load = 4 KN/𝑚2
ix. Floor finish = 1.5 KN/𝑚2

Total service load = 9.25 KN/𝑚2

Ultimate Load = 13.875 KN/𝑚2

Bending Moment Calculation:-

Along Long Span,

𝑀𝑢𝑦(+) = 𝛼𝑦 × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑥2 = 6.840 KN-m

𝑀𝑢𝑦(−) = 𝛼𝑦 × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑥2 = 9.039 KN-m

Along Short Span,

𝑀𝑢𝑥(+) = 𝛼𝑥 × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑥2 = 7.817 KN-m

𝑀𝑢𝑥(−) = 𝛼𝑥 × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑥2 = 10.500.0 KN-m

Tensile Reinforcement (𝐴𝑠𝑡) Required & Spacing Required:-

𝐴𝑠𝑡 Required Spacing Required

Location
(𝑚𝑚2) (@ mm c/c)

9. Along Shorter Span

(q)–ve B.M. at support 238.5 210.6
(r) +ve B.M. at mid span 176.0 285.4
10.Along Longer Span
(s) –ve B.M. at support 204.3 245.9
(t) +ve B.M. at mid span 153.5 327.2
Tensile Reinforcement (𝐴𝑠𝑡) Provided & Spacing Provided:-

𝐴𝑠𝑡 Provided Spacing Provided

Location
(𝑚𝑚2) (@ mm c/c)

11.Along Shorter Span

(u)–ve B.M. at support 251.2 200
(v) +ve B.M. at mid span 251.2 200
12.Along Longer Span
(w) –ve B.M. at
251.2 200
support
(x) +ve B.M. at mid span 251.2 200

Torsional Reinforcement at Corners:-

4196
Size of Torsional mesh = 𝑙𝑥 = = 839 mm
5 5

Area of Torsional Reinforcement (𝐴𝑠𝑡) = 0.75 × 176.0 = 132 𝑚𝑚2

Spacing Required = 381 mm

Check for Deflection:-

Basics 𝐿 = 20, 𝑃 = 100×𝐴𝑠𝑡
=
100×251.2
= 0.167%
𝑑 𝑡 𝑏×𝑑 1000×150
238.5
ƒ𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 × = 228.5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
251.2

∴ 𝐾𝑡 = 2
𝐿
𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 20 × 2 = 40
4500
𝐿 = = 30 < 40 (Hence ok).
𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣i𝑑𝑒𝑑 150
Check for Shear Stress:-
He Shear Stress is given by –
𝑣u 32.037×103
𝑟 = = = 0.156 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑣 𝑏×𝑑 1000×150

𝑃𝑡 = 0.167 % & grade of concrete = M25

So, 𝑟𝑐 = 0.301𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 & 𝑟𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑟𝑣 < 𝑟𝑐 < 𝑟𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (Hence ok).

Check for Development Length:-

0.87×415×8
𝐿𝑑 = = 515 mm
4×1.4

𝑉 = 32037 𝑁, 𝑀𝑢 = 37 × 106𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
No hook is provided. So, 𝐿0 = 0
𝑀u
= 1154.9 mm > 𝐿 = 515 𝑚𝑚 (Hence ok).
𝑉 𝑑
 4 Design of Residential Staircase:-

4500

1300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

250MM WIDE BEAM

2900
300
10

1300
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

250 1125 2250 1125 250

Given data,

Span Measuring = 2.9𝑚 × 4.5𝑚

Floor to floor height = 3.0 m

M-25 grade concrete; ƒ𝑐𝑘 = 25 N/mm²

Fe 500 steel; ƒ𝑦 = 500 N/mm²

Total available width & length = 2.9 m and 4.5 m

Proportioning of Dimension: -
Considering 2 flights per storey,

Let us assume width of each flight = 1.3 m.

Space between two flights = 2.9 - (2×1.3) = 0.3m = 300 mm.

Each flights will have a height = 3000 = 1500 mm.

2

Assuming, height of rises = 150 mm.

No. of Rises 1500

= 10
150

No. of treads = 10 - 1 = 9
 Let width of each tread = 250 mm.
Total going = 9 x 250 = 2250 mm.
4500−2250
Width of each landing = = 1125 mm.
2

Effective span:-
Effective Span of flight,

Span𝑙 𝑒ƒƒ
= 4.5 + 0.25 + 0.25 [Cl. 33.1(c); IS 456:2000]
2 2

= 4.75 m = 4750 mm.

Thickness of Waist slab: -

Thickness (d) = 𝑙
of span. (approx) [Cl. 23.2.1(a); IS 456:2000]
20

= 4750 = 237.5 mm.

20

Let us take, d = 250 mm

And D = 250 + 20 + 5[Nominal cover for Stair = 20 mm and using 10 ɸ

as Main bar]

= 275 mm.

Loads:-
For Going Portion
Weight of waist slab in plan
𝑅2 1502
= D √1 + X 25 = 0.275√1 + X 25 = 8 KN/m
𝑇2 2502

Weight of steps = 25𝑅 = 25 K 0.15 = 1.875 KN/m

2 2

Total Dead load = 8+1.875 = 9.875 KN/m

Live load = 1 m x 3.0 KN/m² [Table 1; IS 875(Part 2):2000]

= 3.0 KN/m
 Total Load = 12.875 KN/m

Factored Load = 12.875 X 1.5 = 19.31 KN/m [Cl. 36.4.2.1; IS 456:2000]

For Landing Portion

Dead Load = 0.275 X 1 X 25 = 6.875 KN/m

Live Load = 1 X 3.0 = 3.0 KN/m

Total Load = 9.875 KN/m

Factored Load = 14.81 KN/m

Load Diagram:-

19.31 KN/m
14.81 KN/m 14.81 KN/m

A B
C

1250 2250 1250

Design Moment
(2 X 14.81 X 1∙250) + (19.31 X 2.25)
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝐵 = 2
= 40.23 KN

Bending Moment at mid span,

𝑀 = +(40.23 x 4.75 ) – {14.81X1.25X (1.25 + 2.25) } – (19.31 x 2.25
x
2.25
)
𝐶 2 2 2 4
= 50.93 KN-m = 𝑀𝑈
𝑀 = 0·36 Ku 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 - 0.42 Ku 𝑚𝑎𝑥)b𝑑2ƒ [Annex G-1.1(b); IS
𝑢 𝑙i𝑚 𝑑 𝑑 𝑐𝑘
456:2000]

= 0.36 x 0.46 (1-0.42× 0.46) x 1000 x 2502 x 25

= 208.75 KN-m > 50.93 KN-m

Hence, section can be designed as singly reinforced.

Area of Reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑡ƒ𝑦
𝑀𝑈 = 0·87 ƒ𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d (1 - ) [Annex G-1.1(b); IS 456:2000]
𝑏𝑑 ƒ𝑐𝑘

⸫ 50.93 x 106 = 0·87 × 500 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 X 250 (1 - 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑥 500 )

1000 X 250X25

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 487.31 mm² [Required]

Using 10mm ɸ bars,

⸫ n x 𝜋 x 102 = 487.31 mm²

4

Or, n = 6.20 ≈ 7

Now, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 7 x 𝜋 x 102 = 549.5 mm² [Provided]

4

Spacing = 78.5
x 1000 = 142.9 mm
549.5

Providing 10 ɸ bars @ 140 mm c/c as main reinforcement.

Distribution Steel 0.12% of area.
0.12 x 1000 x 275 = 330 mm²
100

Spacing of 8 ɸ bars = 50.3 x 1000 = 152.42 mm

330

Providing 8 ɸ bars @ 150 mm c/c as distribution bar.

Minimum area of reinforcement,

𝐴𝑠𝑡, 𝑚i𝑛 = 0.12% of = 0.12 x 1000 x 275 = 330 mm² < 549.5 mm²
100
𝐴g𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠
[Hence ok]

Check for Shear

𝑉𝑢= 40.23 KN = 40230 N
40230
Nominal shear stress, 𝑟𝑣 = = 0.16 N/mm²
1000 X 250

100 K 549.5
𝑃𝑡 = = 0.22%.
1000 X 250
 For, 𝑃𝑡 = 0.22 and M20 Concrete, 𝑟𝑐 = 0.329 N/ mm² [Table 19; IS
456:2000]

⸫ 𝑟𝑣 < 𝑟𝑐 Hence OK.

Check for Deflection

𝑃𝑡 = 0.22 %

ƒ𝑠 = 0·58 x 500 x 487.31 = 257.18 N/ mm²

549.5

For 𝑃𝑡 = 0.22 % and ƒ𝑠 = 257.18 N/ mm²

From Fig-4, IS 456: 2000 we got, 𝐾𝑡 = 1.6

𝑙
⸫ ( )𝑚𝑎𝑥= 20 x 1.6 = 32 [Cl23.2.1(c); IS 456:2000]
𝑑
𝑙
And, ( 𝑒ƒƒ) 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣i𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 4750 = 19
𝑑 250
𝑙
⸫ ( )𝑚𝑎𝑥 > ( 𝑙𝑒ƒƒ )𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣i𝑑𝑒𝑑 [Hence ok]
𝑑 𝑑

4.7 Check for Development Length

ɸ(0.87ƒ𝑦) 12 K 0.87 K 500
𝐿𝑑 = =
4 X 1.6 X 1.4
= 582 mm² [Cl26.2.1; IS 456:2000]
4 K 𝑐𝑏𝑑

Providing 600 mm length of bars at points where 𝐿𝑑 is required.

 5 Design of Commercial Staircase
4125

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2000
250 MM WIDE BEAM
9

4550
550
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

2000
250 2400 1725 250

Given data,

Span Measuring = 4.125𝑚 × 4.550𝑚

Floor to floor height = 3.0 m

M-25 grade concrete; ƒ𝑐𝑘 = 25 N/mm²

Fe 500 steel; ƒ𝑦 = 5.00 N/mm²

Total available width & length = 4.55 m and 4.125 m

Proportioning of Dimension: -
Considering 2 flights per storey,

Let us assume width of each flight = 2 m

Space between two flights = 4.55 - (2×2) = 0.55 m = 550 mm.

Each flights will have a height = 3000 = 1500 mm.

2

Assuming, height of rises = 165 mm.

No. of Rises 1500 = 9

165

No. of treads = 9 - 1 = 8
 Let, width of each tread = 300 mm.

⸫ Total going = 8 x 300 = 2400 mm.

Width of landing = 4125 - 2400 = 1725 mm.

Effective span:-
Effective Span of flight,
0.25
Span𝑙 𝑒ƒƒ
= 4.125 + 0.25 + [Cl. 33.1(c); IS 456:2000]
2 2

= 4.375 m = 4375 mm.

Thickness of Waist slab : -

Thickness (d) = 𝑙
of span. (approx) [Cl. 23.2.1(a); IS 456:2000]
20

= 4375 = 218.75 mm.

20

Let us take, d = 220 mm

And, D = 220 + 20 + 10 [Nominal cover for Stair = 20 mm and using 10

2
ɸ as Main bar]

= 245 mm.

Loads:-
For Going Portion
Weight of waist slab in plan
𝑅2 1652
= D √1 + X 25 = 0.245√1 + X 25 = 6.99 KN/m
𝑇2 3002

Weight of steps = 25𝑅 = 25 K 0.165 = 2.06 KN/m

2 2

Total Dead load = 6.99 + 2.06 = 9.05 KN/m

Live load = 1 m x 5.0 KN/m² [Table 1; IS 875(Part 2):2000]

= 5.0 KN/m
 Total Load = 14.05 KN/m

Factored Load = 14.05 X 1.5 = 21.075 KN/m [Cl. 36.4.2.1; IS

456:2000]

For Landing Portion

Dead Load = 0.245 X 1 X 25 = 6.125 KN/m

Live Load = 1 X 5.0 = 5.0 KN/m

Total Load = 11.125 KN/m

Factored Load = 16.68 KN/m

Load Diagram:-

21.075 KN/m
16.68 KN/m

A B

2525 1850
4375

Design Moment
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = (21.075 x 2.525) + (16.68 x
1.85) = 84 KN

Taking moment at point A,

2
⸫ 4.375 x 𝑅𝐵 = 21.075 x
2.525
+ 16.68 x
2
1.85 (1.85/2 + 2.525)

Or, 𝑅𝐵 = 39.69 KN

And, 𝑅𝐴 = 84 – 39.69 = 44.31 KN

 Shear Forces,

𝐹𝐴 = 44.31 KN

𝐹𝐶 = 44.31 – (21.075 x 2.525) = - 8.90 KN

𝐹𝐵 = 39.69 KN
Bending Moments,

𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐵 = 0 KN-m
2
𝑀𝐶 = 44.31 x 2.525 – (21.075 x
2.525 ) = 44.69 KN-m
2
2
𝑀 = 44.31 x 2.10 – (21.075 x 2.10 ) = 46.58 KN-m = 𝑀 (Maximum
𝐷 2 𝑈
Bending Moment)
𝑀 = 0·36 Ku 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1-0.42 Ku 𝑚𝑎𝑥)b𝑑2ƒ [Annex G-1.1(b); IS
𝑢 𝑙i𝑚 𝑑 𝑑 𝑐𝑘
456:2000]

= 0.36 x 0.46 (1-0.42× 0.46) x 1000 x 2202 x 25

= 161.66 KN-m > 46.58 KN-m

Hence, section can be designed as singly reinforced.

Area of Reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑡ƒ𝑦
Mu = 0·87 ƒ𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d (1 - ) [Annex G-1.1(b); IS 456:2000]
𝑏𝑑 ƒ𝑐𝑘

46.58 x 106 = 0·87 × 500 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 X 220 (1 - 𝐴𝑠𝑡 X 500 )

1000 X 220 X 25

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 510.43 mm² [Required]

Using 10mm ɸ bars,

⸫ n x 𝜋 x 102 = 510.43 mm²

4

Or, n = 6.49 ≈ 7

Now, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 7 x 𝜋 x 102 = 549.5 mm² [Provided]

4

Spacing = 78.53
x 1000 = 142.9 mm
549.5
 Providing 10 ɸ bars @ 140 mm c/c as main reinforcement

Distribution Steel 0.12% of area.

0.12 x 1000 x 245 = 294 mm²
100

Spacing of 8 ɸ bars = 50.3 x 1000 = 171.1 mm

294

Providing 8 ɸ bars @ 170 mm c/c as distribution bar.

Minimum area of reinforcement,

𝐴𝑠𝑡, 𝑚i𝑛 = 0.12% of = 0.12 x 1000 x 245 = 294 mm² < 549.5 mm²
100
𝐴g𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠
[Hence ok]

Check for Shear

𝑉𝑢= 44.31 KN = 44310 N
44310
Nominal shear stress, 𝑟𝑣 = = 0.20 N/mm²
1000 X 220

100 K 549.5
𝑃𝑡 = = 0.25%.
1000 X 220

For, 𝑃𝑡 = 0.25 and M25 Concrete, 𝑟𝑐 = 0.36 N/ mm² [Table 19;

IS 456:2000]

⸫ 𝑟𝑣 < 𝑟𝑐 (Hence OK.)

Check for Deflection

𝑃𝑡 = 0.25 %

ƒ𝑠 = 0·58 x 500 x 510.43 = 269.38 N/ mm²

549.5

For 𝑃𝑡 = 0.25 % and ƒ𝑠 = 269.38 N/ mm²

From Fig-4, IS 456: 2000 we got, 𝐾𝑡 = 1.45

𝑙
⸫ ( )𝑚𝑎𝑥= 20 x 1.45 = 29 [Cl23.2.1(c); IS 456:2000]
𝑑
𝑙𝑒ƒƒ
And, ( ) 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣i𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 4375 = 19.88
𝑑 220
 𝑙
⸫ ( )𝑚𝑎𝑥 > ( 𝑙𝑒ƒƒ )𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣i𝑑𝑒𝑑 [Hence ok]
𝑑 𝑑

Check for Development Length

ɸ(0.87ƒ𝑦) 12 K 0.87 K 500
𝐿𝑑 = =
4 X 1.6 X 1.4
= 582 mm² [Cl26.2.1; IS 456:2000]
4 K 𝑐𝑏𝑑

Providing 600 mm length of bars at points where 𝐿𝑑 is required.

 6 Conclusion:-
The use of computer aided tools in structure analysis and design have been
proven to be effective from the results output. It was observed that the time of
performing the design work is significantly reduced.

 Short term deflection of all horizontal members is very less.

 The structural components of the building are safe in shear and
flexure.
 Amount of steel provided for the structure is economic.
 There is no such large difference in analysis results of STAAD Pro.
 Proposed sizes of the elements can be used in the structure.

1) Architectural features that are detrimental to earthquake and wind

response of building should not be avoided. They must be properly
designed with high care.
2) Decisions made at the planning stage on the building configuration are
more important, and are known to have made greater difference, hence
architects and structural engineers has to work together.
3) If the existing building is built with architectural problem, they should be
properly retrofitted.
 7 References:-

USED IS CODES:
IS-875(Part 1) 1987, Dead Loads on Building and Structures.

IS-875(Part 2) 1987, Live Loads on Building and Structures.

IS-875(Part 5) 1987, Load Combination Details.

IS-875(Part 5) 1987, Wind Loads on Building Structure.

IS1893, (Part 1)-2002, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant

Design (5th Revision).

IS13920-1993, Indian Standard Code of practice for Ductile Detailing of

Reinforced Concrete structure subjected to Seismic forces structure

IS13935-1993, Indian Standard Code for repair and seismic strengthening

of structure.

IS-456: 2000, Design of Reinforced Cement Concrete and Detailing

SP 34(1987), Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing

Journals:-
1) Analysis and design of a multi-storey building by using staad pro.
2) STUDY ON SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGH RISE BUILDING
BY USING PRO: A REVIEW(Adhiraj A. Wadekar and Ajay G.
Dahake) SOFTWARE (Bhalchandra P. Alone and Dr. Ganesh
Awchat)
3) "Seismic Analysis of Building Using Staad-Pro" Prof. Komal S.
Meshram1, Samiksha Kumbhare2, Sagar Thakur3, Diksha Mate4,
Amit Moundekar5, Raksha Waghmare6.
4) Earthquake Resisting Techniques on A G+10 Storey Building with
the Help of Shear Walls & Bracings, using Software Shahzeb Khan,
Vishal Yadav, Sandeep Singla.

Websites:
google.com, youtube.com