Student Number: U2023429

Student Name: Lahiru Weerakkodi

Coursework Title: Design Project

Module Name: Structural Analysis and Design

Module Code: EG 6101

Lecturer Name: Eng. Hafeel Ahamed

 Acknowledgement

In addition, I would like to say few words about British College of Applied Studies Degree
programmed course. I am so satisfied, that I am lucky enough to follow a Degree
programed course like British College of Applied Studies Degree as we can study a lot about
new technologies through the course.

I would like to offer my thanks to my lecturer (Eng. Hafeel Ahamed) at the University
who were so much helpful to get complete qualification in this field.

My heartiest thanks to my friends who helped me in various ways to prepare this report
specially my parents for their vain and effort during my Working period, which I am very
happy to say that I have got a valuable opportunity to complete my Design Project
successfully.

H W Lahiru Weerakkodi (UEL NO 2023429),

British College of Applied Studies,

Mt-Lavinia,
Sri Lanka.
Table of Contents

1.0
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………...1

2.0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1
2.1 Project Title –........................................................................................................1
2.2 Out Line Of Project..............................................................................................1
2.3 Design Brief...........................................................................................................1
2.4 Site Location and Description...................................................................................1

3.0 CLIENT BRIEF............................................................................................................1

3.1 Back Ground..............................................................................................................1
3.2 Architecture................................................................................................................1
3.3 Structure.....................................................................................................................1

4.0 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS..............................................................................1

5.0 Design Data....................................................................................................................1

1.0 LIST OF FIGURES
2.0 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Project Title –

Design of Three story Residential For D M S Dassanayake @

No 227, Rajamahavihara Road, Mirihana, Kotte.

2.2 Out Line Of Project

2.3 Design Brief

The proposed (G+2 ) Reinforced concrete building is intended to be used as an residential

building and ground floor for shop in a populated city of Mirihana, Kotte. AutoCAD,
Sketchup, SAP 2000 and manual calculations used for the preparation of layouts, 3D
modeling, Load evaluation, initial sizing of structural elements and analysis of the results.
2.4 Site Location and Description

Fi
gure 2.4: Site Location

Figure 2.4: Site Plan

 3.0 CLIENT BRIEF

3.1 Back Ground

The development will comprise as three story residential building (G+3) and have total
area of approximately 250m2 to 300m2

The building must specially consider in planning, design, construction and operation the
following criteria and develop balanced responses.

 Reliability and performance

 Ease of maintenance and replacement
 Energy efficiency
 Environmental responsibility
 Cost effectiveness
 Modern technology and standards
 Compliance with building code of Europe

3.2 Architecture

Floor to floor height should be 2.8m - 3.2m

Ground floor will comprise as shop and first second floors will be residential house and
third floor will be roof terrace. All doors and windows, partitions should be aluminum.
Each level is to be provided with toilet facilities. Bed rooms limit to maximum two and
especially TV lobby should be there. Two parking slots should be at ground floor. Pantry,
Dining and Living room must be at single floor. All dimension and specifications should
be as per the rules and regulations of local authorities.

3.3 Structure
All floors will minimize the extent of columns and interface. The structural design shall
take into consideration the possible changing building uses and the local environmental
conditions during the design life. The building structures shall be designed to resist all
loads imposed during construction.
Foundation designs prepared by the structural engineer shall coordinate all geotechnical
design values as recommended by the Geotechnical Engineer.

All building gravity loads, superimposed dead loads and live loads shall be carried by the
structure with adequate factors of safety in accordance with Euro code.
The following superimposed loads need to be included:

 Walls (Brick /Block

 Partitions
 Floor finishes and toppings
 Services
 Plant and Equipment
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
Figure 4.1: Ground Floor Plan
Figure 4.2: First Floor Plan
Figure 4.3: Second Floor Plan
Figure 4.4: Roof Terrace Plan
Figure 4.5: Section A-A
Figure 4.6: Front Elevation
Figure 4.7: Side Elevation
Figure 4.8: 3D View of Building
 5.0 Design Data

The structural design shall take into consideration the possible changing building uses and
the local environmental conditions during the design life. Material selections and
specifications and detailing of the structural elements shall be such as to provide optimum
structure durability.
Total structure modeling and analyzing part was done using SAP 2000 softaware and
initial designing and other member designing part was done by manually.

Design of Slabs:
All slabs are designed as solid slabs restrained at supporting beams. The moments
And shear forces resulting from both distributed and concentrated loads are
Considered for the design.

Maximum design ultimate load (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk) is considered to obtain design forced
and moments.

Design of Floor Beams:

 All spans loaded with the maximum design ultimate load (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)
 Alternate spans loaded with the maximum design ultimate load
(1.35Gk+1.5Qk) and all other spans loaded with the minimum design ultimate
load (1.0Gk)

Design of Columns:
The column which takes load are:
(a) Slab loads (b) Beam loads (c) Wall loads
 6.0 STRUCTURAL ALTERNATIVES

Before doing any construction or design, we must find our alternative. There for we pay
our attention for alternatives to construct a building.

6.1 Alternative One

Advantage Disadvantage

1. Stable structure 1. Disturb to the vehicle parking

2. 2. Construction cost is high due to various
column size.
3 This doesn’t match with the Client
requirement

Table 6.1: Alternative one

6.1 Alternative Two

Advantage Disadvantage
1.0 Easily Construct; Because column size is 1.0 Cost is higher than alternative one
same 2.0
2.0 Same size of column formwork; No
additional cost
3.0 Fulfil the client requirement
4.0 Match with the architectural view
5.0 Less obstruction due to proper column
placing

Table6.2: Alternative two

 7.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

7.1 Initial design

Proposed three story building @ Mirihana Page of

Job Code :

Feature : Check Date

University of East
by
London, Department Comments :
Of Civil Engineering

Reference Calculations Output

Find type of Slab

Ly/Lx ˃ 2 ( One way Slab )

Ly/Lx ˭˂2 ( Two way Slab )

5885/5117 = 1.15

Two way slab

Hence design this slab as a two way slab

Find Slab thickness

ISE manual for

Assume, Clear Cover = 25mm
EC2
Bar Dia = 10mm
( Table 4.2 )

l/d = 27
d = 5885/27
d = 217mm
217 + 25 + 5 = 247 = 250mm
Slab
Slab thickness is 250mm thk=250mm
 Proposed three story building @ Mirihana Page of

Job Code :

Feature : Check Date

University of East
by
London, Department Comments :
Of Civil Engineering

Reference Calculations Output

Find Beam Size

ISE manual Assume; Beam width = 225mm

(Table 4.2)
Beam depth = 5885/21 = 280mm
= 300mm
Beam size is

Beam size is (225*300) (225*300)

Loadings

DL of slab
Self-weight of slab – 25*0.25* = 6.25 KN/m
Finishes - 1.75 KN/m
Demountable partitions - 1.0 KN/m
Gk = 9.0 KN/m

Live Load – Say Residential - 2 KN/m

Building ( Qk )

Total ultimate design floor load =

= 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
= 1.35*9 + 1.5*2
= 15.15 KN
 Proposed three story building @ Mirihana Page of

Job Code :

Feature : Check Date

University of East
by
London, Department Comments :
Of Civil Engineering

Reference Calculations Output

Force on Column due to Slab = 15.15*2.93*4

= 177.55 KN

Forces on column due to beam = 25*.225*.3*(4+2.93)

= 11.69 KN
Block work load on beam = 20*.225
4.5 KN

Total forces on Column = 193.75 KN

ISE manual for

N = N1 + N2 +( N3 * Factor of safety )
EC2
N = 193.75*2 + 193.75* 1.5
( Clause 4.7.4 )
= 678.15 KN

ISE manual for

ρ
EC2 Stress = 0 .44 f ck + ¿
100
( Table 4.3)

Say 25/30 and 2% RF area

2
= 0 .44∗25+ ¿
100
= 11.45 KN/mm2
σ =F / A
A = 678.15*103 / 11.45 300mm
= 59227 225mm
√ 59227 = 243 * 243

Column Size is 300mm * 225mm

 Proposed three story building @ Mirihana

Job Code :

University of East Feature :

London, Department Comments :

Of Civil Engineering

Reference Calculations

7.2 Modeling and Analysis

Figure 7.2.1: Define Frame Sections

Figure 7.2.2: Define Area Section

Figure 7.2.3: Joint Restraints

Figure 7.2.4: Load Combination

Figure 7.2.5: Area Loading

Figure 7.2.6: Frame Loading

Figure 7.2.7: Assign Automatic Area Mesh

Figure 7.2.8: Deformed Shape

 Figure 7.2.9: Analyzed Result of building

As per the SAP 2000 analyzed result; there is no failure member. All members are
satisfied with the initial member sizing.

7.3 Structural Analysis Report

Project: CET-04 Design Project BCAS mount Campus Page of

Element :
Drwng Reference- Date – 30.06.2020
Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Calc by: Lahiru Weerakkodi Chec Date
Structural Design k by
Comments -

Reference Calculations Output

7.4 Design of Slab

Slab thickness = 250 mm

Clear Cover = 25mm
Bar diameter = 10 mm
Slab Self weight = 6.25 kN/m2
Finishes = 1.8 kN/m2
Demountable Partitions = 1.00 kN/m2
Total DL = 9.0 kN /m2
Initial Design
Slab Live load = 2.0 kN/m2 (Residential)
Total ultimate design floor load = 15.15 KN

Bending Moment Coefficients ( Two adjacent edges

discontinues slab panel)
IStructE
manual
(Table 5.4) Short span coefficient at continues edge 0.047
Short span coefficients at mid-span 0.036
Long span coefficients at continues edge 0.045
Long span coefficients at mid-span 0.034

Maximum design moment per unit width

Msx = B sx n l x2

Msy = Bsy n l x2

Project: CET-04 Design Project BCAS mount Campus Page Of

Element :
Faculty of Civil Drwng Reference- Date – 30.06.2020 Chec Date
Engineering and Calc by: Lahiru Weerakkodi k by
Structural Design
Comments -

Reference Calculations Output

Short way edge = 19.77 kNm/m

Short way span = 15.14 kNm/m
Long way edge = 18.93 kNm/m
Long way span = 14.30 kNm/m

Design of reinforcement
Choose 10 mm f and 25 mm cover

Effective depth = 220 mm

fcu = 30 N/mm2

Short way, mid span (bottom r/f)

K =0.0125
K = M/bd2 fcu
=15.14*106/1000*2202*25
= 0.0125< 0.167

Z = [0.5 + √0.25−𝑘/1.134 ] d
<=0.95d

Z = [0.5 + √0.25−.0125/1.134 ] d <=0.95d

Z = 214.58

0.99d ˃ 0.95d
Z = 214.58 mm

As , req = M/(0.87 x fyk x z )

As , req = 15.14*106/(0.87 x 460 x 214.58

As , req = 176.30 mm2

 No.of bars required = 176.30 / π *52= 2.24 brs
Hence take 3 bars
Suggested space = 1000/ 3 = 300 mm
As , req =

Used T10 @ 300mm ( 236 mm2) 176.30 mm2

(As) provided = 236 > 176.3 = (As, required)

Clause
9.3.1.1(3

Maximum spacing between bars < 3d

3d = 642 > 300 mm OK

Minimum reinforcement area,

As , min = 0.26 fctm bd/fyk > 0.0013b bt d

= 0.26 x 2.6 x 1000 x 217 / 460 >0.0013 x 1000 x 217
Clause = 318.89 > 282.1
9.3.1.1(3)
Hence , As , min = 318.89 mm2
As , min =
As , prov = 236 mm2
318.89 mm2
As , prov ˂ As , min

No.of bars required = 318.89 / π *52= 4.04 brs

Hence take 3 bars
Suggested space = 1000/ 4.05 = 250 mm

Used T10 @ 250mm ( 236 mm2)

Maximum reinforcement area,

As , max = 0.04 AC =0.04 x250x 1000
= 10000 mm2
As , prov = 236 mm2
As , max > As , pro

K=0.016

Short way, support (top r/f)

K = M/bd2 fcu = 0.035
= 19.77/1000*2202*25
Z = 209.93
K = 0.016˂0.167

Z = [0.5 + √0.25−0.016/1.134 ] d <=0.95d

.95d = 0.95d
Z = 209.93

As = M /0.87 fy Z = 400 mm2

T10 @
= 19.77*106/0.87*460*209.93
300mm
= 204.73mm 2

Number of bars = 204.73/ π *52 = 3

Suggested space = 1000/ 03 = 300 mm

Used T10 @ 300mm ( 236 mm2)

K=0.156

Long way, mid span (bottom r/f)

Effective depth = 220mm-10 = 210mm
Z = 200.48
 K=14.3/1000*2102*25 = 0.0129 < 0.156

Singly reinforced section

Z = [0.5 + √0.25−0.0156/1.134 ] d <=0.95d

0.954d<=0.95d

As , req = M/(0.87 x fyk x z

= 14.3/(0.87*460*200.48) T10 @ 300mm

183.6 mm2

As , min = 0.0013b bt d
= 0.0013*1000*210
= 273
K = 0.017

T10 @ 300mm spacing – As(prov) = 236

Z = 200.18

Long way, support (top r/f)

K= M/bd2 fcu
K = 18.93/1000*2102*25 = 0.017 < 0.156
Singly reinforced section

Z = [0.5 + √0.25−0.017/1.134 ] d <=0.95d

0.953d<=0.95d
T10 @ 300mm
As , req = M/(0.95 x fyk x z
= 18.93/(0.87*460*200.18)
= 216.39 mm2

As , min = 0.0013b bt d
= 0.0013*1000*210
Table 3.9 of
= 273
BS 8110-1
T10 @ 300mm spacing – As(prov) = 236
Check For deflection

Actual Span/ d = 5266/220 = 23.93

Allowable Span/ d = Basic span * Modification factor

d

Basic span * Modification factor = 26

d

Modification Factor

2
477− F y AsReq / As Prov
MF = 3
.55+
120 ¿¿

2
477− ∗460∗176.3/236
= 3
.55+
120 ¿ ¿

Allowable Span/ d = 1.787 * 26= 46 ˃

So deflection is satisfactory
Initial Design

7.5 Design Beam

Depth of the Beam = 300mm

SAP 2000 Width of beam = 225mm
Analysis Concrete Strength = 25/30

Assume moderate exposure conditions, for outdoor exposure

Assume a fire resistance of 2 hours

Cover of the Beam = 25mm

Assume a link diameter 10mm and reinforcement size of 25mm

 Effective Depth of the Beam = 300-(25+10+25/2) = 252.5mm

Clause
5.3.2.1(3)

Figure 7.5: Bending moment diagram

Effective width ;
b1 = b2= (2633 – 225)/2 = 1204 mm
lo = 0.85l = 0.85 x 5266 = 4476.1mm ; end span
beff1 = beff1= 0.2 b1+0.1 lo <=0.2 lo
=( 0.2 x 1204)+(0.1 x 4476.1) <=0.2 x 4476.1
=688.41<=1020
beff1 = beff1<= b1
=688.41<=1020
beff1 = beff2=688.41
beff=1601.82
beff = beff1+ beff2+ bw<=b
mm
=688.41+688.41+225<=3000
=1601.82<=2633
Hence beff =1601.82mm
K = 0.011
𝑘= 𝑀/𝑏𝑑2𝑓𝑐𝑢
K = 26.89 / 1601.82*252.52*25
K = 0.011 < 0.167 (k’)
Hence singly reinforced

Clause Z = 239.88
9.2.1.1(1) Z = [0.5 + √0.25−K/1.134 ] d <=0.95d
Z = [0.5 + √0.25−0.011/1.134 ] d <=0.95d mm

Z = 0.99d <= 0.95d

 Z = 0.95 x 252.5 = 239.88 mm

𝐴𝑠= 𝑀/0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘𝑧= 26.89/0.87 𝑋 460 𝑋 239.88 =280.10 mm2

Provide 2 nos of T16 bars

As (Prov) = 402.12mm2

Minimum reinforcement requirement

.26 f ctm
As,min = bd , But not less than 0.0013btd
f yk

0.26∗2.6 As,min
As,min = ∗225∗252.5
460
=83.48 mm2

As,min = 83.48 mm2

0.0013btd = 0.0013*225*252.5 = 73.85

As,min > 0.0013btd ; Hence OK

This is the simple support beam Hence min reinforcement

provide top side

Maximum reinforcement requirement

SAP 2000 As,max = 0.04Ac

Analysis = 0.04 x 225 x 300
= 2700 mm2
As,max
So As,min < As,prov < As,max
Hence OK.

Shear check at support

 5266mm
Figure 7.5: Shear force diagram
BSEN-1991-
1-1 Maximum shear ( VEd) = 53.33 KNm
:2004
Assumed as T10 bars provided for shear link
Clause
6.2.2(1) 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥=13
6.37
Eq 6.2.a V Rd ,max =∝ cwbwzvfcd /¿cot𝜃+tan𝜃

Eq 6.2.b V1 = 0.6[1-25/250] = 0.54

z = 0.9d = 0.9 x252.5 = 227.25
fcd = 25 x 0.567 = 14.175
∝𝑐𝑤= 1 (for non-prestressed member)
Assume 𝜃=220
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1.0)(225)(0.9 𝑋 252.5)(0.54)(14.175)
cot22+tan22
= 136.37
VRd,c < VEd Hence OK

Shear check at ‘d’ distance from the support

Maximum shear = 86.067/3000 = VEd/ /(3000-112.5-445)
( VEd ) = 70.07KNm

Without shear links VRd,c

VRd,c= [CRd,c k (100 ϱ1 fck )1/3 + k1 Ϭcp ] bw d > (Vmin
+k1 Ϭcp) bw d
Ϭcp = 0 ; no axial tension
fck = 25 N/mm2

VRd,c= [CRd,c k (100 ϱ1 fck )1/3] bw d > (0.035k3/2 fck1/2) bw

 d
Clause CRd,c = 1.60/ɤc = 1.18/1.5 = 1.06 VRd,c
9.2.2.2(6)
k = 1 + √200/252.5 = 1 + √200/252.5 = 1.89 < 2 =295.5KN
ϱ1 = Asl/bwd = 402.2 / (225 x252.5) = 0.007< 0.02 Shear is ok

Clause 9.2.2. VRd,c = [1.06x 1.89x (100 x 0.007 x 25 )1/3] x 225 x 252.5
(6) Eq 9.6
= 295.5 KN > (0.035k3/2 fck1/2) bw d
295.5 KN > 25.832 KN
VRd,c =295.5 KN
VEd = 53.3KN
VRd,c < VEd

Hence Shear is ok & no need to provide shear reinforcement.

But provide vertical shear reinforcement for binge it.

Asw/s = VRd,max / 0.87 x z fyk cotθ

= 53.3 x103 / 0.87 x 227.25 x 460 x cot 22 = 0.237
Asw = (π(102/4 ) x 2 = 157.07 mm2
s = 157 / 0.237 = 662.44mm

Maximum spacing
Smax = 0.75d(1 + cotα) = 0.75 x 252.5 = 189.38mm
Smax < s
provide spacing 150 mm
SAP 2000

BS EN 1992-
1-1 Figure
5.2

7.6 Design Column

Fire resistance will take as 1.5 hours

Cover to reinforcement to be 25mm
Square column used = 225*400
Total Load from Slabs beam and column = 721 KN

Effective height l0 = 0.75 l ( Column is fully strained at both ends)

= 0.75 * 3
= 2.25m
Slenderness λ = l/i
=