ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RCC OVERHEAD WATER

TANK

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

KOWSALYA D ( 822017103005)
SAROJINI S (822017103013)
KARUNAKARAN M (822017103302)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

STAR LION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY MANANGORAI ,THANJAVUR.

ANNA UNIVERSITY:: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2021
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF R.C.C

OVER HEAD TANK” is the bonafide work of “D.KOWSALYA
(822017103005), S.SAROJINI (822017103013), M.KARUNAKARAN
(822017103302) who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PROJECT SUPERVISOR

Civil Engineering, Civil Engineering
Star lion college of Engineering And Star lion college of Engineering And T
Technology, Manankorai, Thanjavur. Technology, Manankorai, Thanjavur.

Submitted for Anna University Design Project examination held on _______

at Star Lion College of Engineering and Technology

Internal Examiner External Examiner

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we express our thanks to almighty, the gracious creator
of the universe, who has blessed as successfully accomplish the project. We extend
our deep-felt gratitude to our chairman Mr. G. MADHANAGOPAL B.Com,
who has providing excellent facilities for us to complete our project as a successful
one.

We convey our kind regards to our Principal Dr.S. JAISANKAR, M.Tech

,Ph.D provided their kind concern for doing this project. We express our sincere
gratitude to our head of the department Mr.S.PRASANNAVENKATESH,
M.Tech (Ph.D), for his valuable support and inspiration.

We express our profound sense of thanks with deeper and gratitude to our
project coordinator Mr.M.ANBARASAN M.E, and our department staffs
Ms.V.PRATHEEBA M.E , and Mr.E.VIJAY M.E for his valuable and precious
guidance for our project.

Finally, a special thanks to our parents, family members and friends for their
moral supports and Non-stop encouragement which helped as to complete this
project in successful manner.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Water tanks are important public utility and industrial structure. The design and construction
methods used in reinforced concrete are influenced by the prevailing construction practices,
the physical property of the material and the climatic conditions. Before taking up the design,
the most suitable type of staging of tanks and correct estimation of loads including statically
equilibrium of structure particularly in regards to overturning of overhanging members are
made. The design is made considering the worst possible combination of loads, moments and
shears arising from vertical loads and horizontal loads acting in any direction when the tank
is full as well as empty. In this project by performing the analysis of Intze tank, deflection
shape due to hydrostatic pressure and stresses, etc. are analyzed.

[i]
 LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Name of table Page no.

2.1 Permissible stress in steel 7
2.2 Permissible stress in concrete 7
5.1 The table presents the projection of population 21

[ii]
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. no. Name Of Figure Page no.

2.1 Classification of R.C.C tank 2
2.2 Tank resting on ground 2
2.3 Elevated Water tank 4
2.4 Circular tank 5
2.5 Rectangular tank 5
2.6 Intze type tank 6
2.7 (a) Complete Contraction joint 9
2.8 (b) Partial Contraction joint 9
2.9 Expansion joint 10
2.10 Sliding Joint 10
2.11 Temporary Joint 11
3.1 A typical shell of revolution 15
5.1 Dimension of water tank 24
5.2 Ring beam at top 27
5.3 Ring beam at bottom dome 32
5.4 Design of the dome section 33
5.5 Details of bottom dome 36
5.6 Section of beam 40
5.7 Analysis of wind force in the column 47
5.8 Details of column section 51
5.9 Wind pressure acting on brace AB 52
5.10 B.M acting on the support section 56
5.11 Details of reinforcement in Intze tank 58

[iii]
 LIST OF NOTATION

1. A = Total area of section

2. Asc = Area of longitudinal reinforcement (comp.)
3. Ast = Area of steel (tensile.)
4. Asv= Total cross-sectional are of stirrup legs or bent up bars within distance Sv
5. AФ = Area of cross-section of one bar.
6. Ac = Area of concrete.
7. b = width.
8. D = depth
9. d = effective depth
10. F =shear characteristic force.
11. Fd= design load
12. f= stress (in general)
13. fck = characteristic compressive stress of concrete.
14. Fy = characteristic tensile strength of steel.
15. H = height.
16. I = moment of inertia.
17. Ie=equivalent moment of intertia.
18. j= lever arm factor.
19. L=length.
20. l = effective length of column or length or bond length.
21. M = bending moment or moment.
22. Mr=moment of resistance or radial bending moment.
23. Mt=torsional moment.
24. Mu=ultimate bending moment
25. Mθ=circumferential bending moment
26. m = modular ratio.
27. n = depth of neutral axis.
28. Pa=active earth pressure.
29. Pp= passive earth pressure.
30. Pt = percentage steel.
31. Pa=active earth pressure intensity.

[iv]
32. Pe=net upward soil pressure.
33. Q= shear resistance
34. q’=shear stress due to torsion
35. R= radius.
36. s= spacing of bars.
37. T=tensile force.
38. Tu=ultimate torsional moment.
39. α = inclination.
40. γ = unit weight of soil
41. σcc = permissible stress in concrete.
42. σcbc = permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending.
43. σsc = permissible compressive stress in bars.
44. σst = permissible stress in steel in tension.
45. µ = co efficient of friction.

[v]
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water, liquid petroleum, petroleum
products and similar liquids. These structures are made of masonry, steel, reinforced concrete
and pre stressed concrete. Out of these, masonry and steel tanks are used for smaller
capacities. The cost of steel tanks is high and hence they are rarely used for water storages.
Reinforced concrete tank is high and hence they are rarely used for water storages.
Reinforced concrete tanks are very popular because, besides the construction and designs
being simple, they are cheap, monolithic in nature and can be made leak proof. Generally no
cracks are allowed to take place in any part of the structure of liquid retaining R.C.C tanks
and they made water tight by using richer mix (not less than M20) of concrete. In addition
sometimes water proofing materials are also used to make tanks water tight. Permeability of
concrete is directly proportional to water cement ratio. Proper compaction using vibrators
should be done to achieve imperviousness. Cement content ranging from 330 Kg/𝑚3 to 530
Kg/𝑚3 is recommended in order to keep shrinkage low.

The leakage is more with higher head and it has been observed that head up to 15m does not
cause leakage problem. Use of high strength deformed bars of grade 415 are recommended
for the construction of liquid retaining structures .However mild steel bars are also used.
Correct placing of reinforcement, use of small sized and use of deformed bars lead to
differential cracks. A crack width of 0.1mm has been accepted as permissible value in liquid
retaining structures. While designing liquid retaining structures recommendation of “ Code of
Practice for the storage of liquids- IS3370 (Part I to IV)” should be considered.

1
 CHAPTER 2
THEORY

2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF R.C.C WATER TANK

Types of Tank

Based on heads Based on shape of tank

1. Resting on ground 1. Circular

2. Under ground 2. Rectangular
3. Elevated 3. Intze

Fig no. 2.1 Types of tank

2.1.1 BASED ON PLACEMENT OF TANK

1. RESTING ON GROUND

These are used for clear water reservoirs, settling tanks, aeration tanks etc. These tanks
directly rest on the ground. The walls of these tanks are subjected to water pressure from
inside and the base is subjected to weight of water inside and soil reaction from underneath
the base. The tank may be open at top or roofed. Ground water tank is made of lined carbon
steel, it may receive water from water well or from surface water allowing a large volume of
water to be placed in inventory and used during peak demand cycles.

Fig 2.2: Tank resting on ground

2
2. ELEVATED WATER TANK

These tanks are supported on staging which may consist of masonry walls, R.C.C tower or
R.C.C column braced together. The walls are subjected to water pressure from inside. The
base is subjected to weight of water, weight of walls and weight of roof. The staging has to
carry the entire load of entire tanks with water and is subjected to wind loads. Water tank
parameters include the general design of the tanks, choice of materials of construction, as
well as following:
i. Location of the water tanks (indoors, outdoors, above the ground or underground)
determines color and construction characteristics.
ii. Volume of water tank will need to hold to meet design requirements.
iii. Purpose for which the water tanks will be used, human consumption or industrial
determines the concerns for materials that do not have side effects for human.
iv. Temperature of area where water will be stored, may create concern freezing and
delivery off setting heat.
v. Delivery pressure requirements, domestic pressure range from 35-60 PSI, the demand
for a given GPM (gallon per minute) of delivered flow requirements.
vi. How the water to be delivered to the point of use, into and out of the water tank i.e.
pumps, gravity or reservoir.
vii. Wind and earthquake design considerations allow a design of water tank parameters
to survive seismic and high wind events.
viii. Back flow prevention, are check valve mechanism to allow single direction of water
flow.
ix. Chemical injection systems for algae, bacteria and virus control to allow long term
storage of water.
x. Algae in water tanks can be mitigated by removing sunlight from access to the water
being stored.

3
 Fig 2.3: Elevated water tank

3. UNDERGROUND WATER TANK

These tanks are built below the ground level such as clarifier’s filters in water treatment
plants, and septic tanks. The walls of these tanks are subjected to water pressure from inside
and earth pressure from outside. The base of the tanks is subjected to water pressure from
inside and earth pressure from outside. The base of the tanks subjected to water pressure from
inside and soil reaction from underneath. Always these are covered at top. These tanks should
be designed for loading which gives the worst effect. The design principles of underground
tank same as for the tanks resting on ground. The walls are subjected to inside a water
pressure and outside earth pressure. The section of wall is designed for the earth pressure
acting separately as well as acting simultaneously,. Whenever there is possibility of water
table to rise, soil becomes saturated and earth. These types of tank are generally constructed
of rectangular or circular in shape.

2.1.2 BASED ON THE SHAPE OF TANK

1. CIRCULAR TANK

Generally circular tank rest on the ground or are elevated ones. Underground circular tanks
are also constructed. The circular tanks may be designed either with flexible base connection
with wall or with rigid connection between walls and base, in the former case the expansion

4
and contraction of side walls are possible but in latter case the walls are monolithic with base.
The walls of tank are subjected to hydrostatic pressure which is maximum at base and zero at
top. Usually for design of circular tanks, the theory of thin cylinders is applied for design of
wall thickness and for calculation of maximum hoop tension. The main reinforcement
consists of circular hoops to take care of hoop tension and is placed on both faces and wall.
The distribution steel is placed vertically and is tied to main reinforcement.

Fig 2.4: Circular tank

2. RECTANGULAR TANK

For smaller capacities circular tanks are uneconomical and their form work is costly.
Rectangular tanks are constructed when small capacity tank are required. These may be
resting on ground, elevated or underground. Tanks should be preferably square in plan and it
is desirable that larger side should not be greater than twice the smaller side and for
rectangular tanks. Walls of tanks either resting on ground or elevated are subjected to water
pressure from inside and when underground they are subjected to internal water pressure and
outside earth pressure. In rectangular tanks the moments are caused in two directions, Hence
exact analysis is rather difficult, they are designed by approximate methods.

Fig 2.5: Rectangular Tank

5
3. INTZE TYPE TANK

This is a very special type of elevated tank used for very large capacities. Circular tanks for
very large capacities prove to be uneconomical when flat bottom slab is provided. Intze type
tank consist of top dome supported on a ring beam which rests on cylindrical wall. The walls
are supported on ring beam and conical slab. Bottom dome will also be provided which also
supported by ring beam. The conical and bottom dome are made in such manner that the
horizontal thrust from the conical base is balanced by that from the bottom dome. The conical
and bottom domes are supported on circular beam which is in turn, supported on a number of
columns. For large capacities the tank is divided in two compartments by means of partion
walls supported on a circular beam.

Fig 2.6: Intze type tank

2.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATION

IS 3370(part 1) recommends the following measures to be considered before the

construction of water tank –

1. Cement content

The concrete used for tank should be minimum of M20 grade mix so as to provide not only
the strength but also higher density to prevent seepage. The cement content should not be less
than 300Kg/𝑚3 to get water tightness and not more than 530Kg/𝑚3 to avoid cracking due to
shrinkage of concrete. A well graded aggregate with a water-cement ratio less than 0.5 is
recommended for making impervious concrete.

6
2. Permissible steel requirement

Plain mild or HYSD steel reinforcement can be used in storage tanks. The permissible stress
in reinforcement is controlled by the strain and crack widths rather by the strength. In view of
complexities associated with crack widths, a simplified approach through the reduced
permissible stress is recommended. The permissible stress in steel is given below:

Types of stress in steel reinforcement Mild steel bars HYSD steel bars
(Mpa) (Mpa)
Tensile stress in member under direct tension 115 150

Tension in steel bending or shear placed within

225mm from water face 115 150
Tension in steel placed beyond 225mm from
water face;
In bending, fst 125 190
In shear, fsv 125 175

Compression in column subjected to direct load 125 175

Table 2.1: Permissible stress in steel

3. Permissible Stresses in Concrete

To ensure uncracks condition, the permissible tensile stress in concrete in reinforcement

concrete members should not exceed the values listed on table 2.2 on the liquid retaining face
and also on the exterior face, for the members less than 225mm thick

Nature of stress M20 M25 M30 M35

Direct tension, fct 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6

Bending tension ,fcbt 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2
Shear Stress,τv 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.5

Table 2.2 Permissible stress in concrete

7
4. Cover of reinforcement

The minimum clear cover or nominal cover to main reinforcement in direct tension shall be
20mm diameter of the bar, whichever is greater. The minimum nominal cover is increased to
25 and 30mm for the case of tension in bending, and in the environment of alternate wetting
and drying, respectively, But minimum cover should be 40mm for the surface in contact with
water.

5. Minimum Steel
A minimum amount of steel shall be provided in two principle directions to minimize
cracking due to shrinkage, temperature etc. The minimum HYSD reinforcement in walls,
floors and roofs should be 0.35% of the surface zone cross section in either of direction of
right angles.

6. Water proofing material

Primary consideration in water tanks, besides, strength is water tightness of tank. Complete
water –tightness can be obtained by using high strength concrete. In addition, water proofing
materials can be used to further enhance the water tightness. To make concrete leak proof or
water tight, internal water proofing or water proofing linings are frequently used. In the
method of internal water proofing, admixtures are used. The objects using them are to fill the
pores of the concrete and to obtain a dense and less permeable concrete. Some of most
commonly used admixtures are hydrated lime in quantity from 8 to 15%, by weight of cement
of powdered iron fillings, which expands upon oxidation and fills in pores of concrete. Other
agents like powdered chalk or talc, sodium silicate, zinc sulphate, calcium chloride etc. are
also used. In water proofing linings, paints, asphalt, coal tar, waxes, resins, and bitumen are
used. These materials have property to repel water.

2.3 JOINTS IN LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES

MOVEMENT JOINTS.: There are four types of movement joints.

(i)Contraction Joint

It is a movement joint with deliberate discontinuity without initial gap between the concrete
on either side of the joint.
8
The purpose of this joint is to accommodate contraction of the concrete. The joint is shown in
Fig.(a)

Fig 2.7: (a) Complete Contraction joint

A contraction joint may be either complete contraction joint or partial contraction joint. A
complete contraction joint is one in which both steel and concrete are interrupted and a partial
contraction joint is one in which only the concrete is interrupted, the reinforcing steel running
through as shown in Fig.(b)

Fig 2.8 : (b) Partial Contraction Joint

(ii)Expansion Joint

It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcing steel and concrete and it is to
accommodate either expansion or contraction of the structure. This type of joint is provided
between wall and floor in some cylindrical tank design.

9
 Fig . 2.9: Expansion Joint

(iii) Sliding Joint

It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete and with special
provision to facilitate movement in plane of the joint. A typical joint is shown in Fig. This
type of joint is provided between wall and floor in some cylindrical tank designs.

Fig 2.10 Sliding joint

(iv) TEMPORARY JOINTS

A gap is sometimes left temporarily between the concrete of adjoining parts of a structure
which after a suitable interval and before the structure is put to use, is filled with mortar or
concrete completely with suitable jointing materials. In the first case width of the gap should
be sufficient to allow the sides to be prepared before filling.

10
 Fig 2.11 Temporary Joint

2.4 POPULATION FORECAST

2.4.1 DESIGN PERIODS & POPULATION FORECAST

This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of the
future. The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is known
as the design period.

Design period is estimated based on the following:

• Useful life of the component , considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.

• Expandability aspect.
• Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial developments &
migration- immigration.
• Available resources.
• Performance of the system during initial period.

2.4.2 POPULATION FORECASTING METHODS

The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below.
The particular method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city Depends
largely on the factors discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the discretion and
intelligence of the designer.

11
1. Incremental Increase Method
2. Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
3. Simple Graphical Method
4. Comparative Graphical Method
5. Logistic Curve Method
6. Arithmetic Increase Method
7. Geometric Increase Method

12
 CHAPTER 3

DESIGN COMPONENTS OF INTZE TYPE TANK

3.1 TANK PORTION

Fig 3.1 shows the components of R.C.C overhead circular tank. The various components
of elevated tank are as follows-

1. Top Roof Dome

The dome at top usually 100mm to 150mm thick with reinforcement along the
meridian and latitudes. The rise is usually 1/5th of the span.

2. Ring Beam
The ring beam is necessary to resist the horizontal component of the thrust of the
dome. The ring beam will be designed for hoop tension induced.

3. Circular Wall
This has to be designed for hoop tension caused due to horizontal water pressure
and to resist bending moment induced to wall by liquid load.

4. Bottom Slab
This will be designed for total load above it. The slab will also be designed for
the total load above it. The slab will also be designed as a slab spanning in both
directions.

5. Bottom Beams
The bottom beam will be designed as continuous beam to transfer all the load
above it to the columns.

3.2 STAGING PORTION

1. Columns & Braces

Columns

These are to be designed for the total load transferred to them. The columns will be braced at
intervals and have to be designed for wind pressure and seismic loads whichever govern.

13
Braces
The braces are the members connecting the columns at intermediate height of columns. It is
provided in slender columns to increase the column’s load carrying capacity.

2. Foundation
As per is11682-1985, a combined footing or raft footing with or without tie beam or raft
foundation should be provided for all supporting columns.

3.3 DOMES

A dome may be defined as a thin shell generated by revolution of a regular curve about one
of its axis. The shape of dome depends on the type of the curve and the direction of axis of
revolution. Domes are used in variety of structures, as in the roof of circular areas, in circular
tanks, in hangers, exhibition halls, auditoriums and bottom of tanks, bins and bunkers. Domes
may be constructed of masonry, steel, timber and reinforced concrete. However, reinforced
domes are most commonly used nowadays, since they can be constructed over large spans.
Membrane theory for analysis of shells of revolution can be developed neglecting effect of
bending moment, twisting moment and shear assuming that loads are carried wholly by axial
stresses. The meridional thrust and circumferential forces are calculated to design the domes.
However, minimum amount of 0.3% of steel should be provided on both direction of the
dome.

MEMBRANE THEORY OF SHELL REVOLUTION

Fig 3.2 shows a typical shell of revolution , on which equilibrium of an element, Obtained by
intersection of meridian and latitude, is indicated. Forces along the circumference are denoted
and are called meridional stresses and forces at right angles to meridian plane and along the
latitude are horizontal and called hoop stresses, denoted by . Neglecting variations in
magnitudes of, since very small, the state stresses in the element is shown in fig:-

14
 Fig 3.2 A typical shell of revolution

Force Nᵠ act tangentially to the surface all around the circumference whereas force Nθ act

radially all around the circumference. The magnitude of hoop stress are meridional stress is
obtained by:-

1
Nθ = WR ( –cosØ)
1+COSØ

WR
Nᵠ =
1+COSØ

Where W = Total load on the dome in KN/m2

R = Radius of curvature
R−1
And, Ø = cos
R

15
3.4 CYLINDRICAL WALL

Circular wall tanks are generally more economical than those having other shape. The tanks
are subjected to uniformly varying load due to hydrostatic pressure increasing from zero at
the free water surface to the water surface to the maximum at the bottom. In the circular tank,
the lateral pressure causes hoop tension in the wall.
The magnitude of the hoop tension depends on nature of joint between wall and bottom slab.
Two types are generally considered in the design:
I. Flexible joint between base and wall in flexible joint, the deflection at the bottom of the
wall is unrestricted. For the height H of the liquid in the tank. The maximum lateral

pressure at the base is γw H. This will cause hoop tension of γw H × D/2.

II. In rigid joint, the wall is rigidly fixed with the base hence; deflection at the bottom of the
joint is not possible. The upper part of the wall will predominantly have a hoop tension,
while the lower part will bend like a cantilever fixed at the base. Thus, a part of the load
will be carried by the hoop tension and a part by cantilever action. Following methods
have been suggested for the design of this type of tank:

i. Reissner’s method
ii. IS: 3370 (Part IV) method
iii. Carpenter’s method
iv. Approximate method

In this project, the method suggested is IS: 3370 (part IV) will be used. This method gives the
hoop tension and bending moment at different heights and shear at base. In this method,
coefficients are given at different height of the wall, from which, we can obtain hoop tension,
bending moment and shear at different height.

16
 CHAPTER 4
STAGING OF TANKS

The overhead tanks are generally supported on space frame staging consisting of reinforced
concrete columns braced together by ring beams at top and bottom and also at a number of
places along the height by braces shown. The arrangement enables effective height of
columns to be taken as the distance between centre of adjacent bracings. Alternatively, the
tower may be a thin walled reinforced shaft, i.e., cylindrical shell

 The design should be based on worst possible combination of loads, moments and
shears arising from gravity and lateral loads in any direction when tank is full as well
as empty.
 In case of lateral load due to seismic and wind action, the permissible stresses for
columns of the staging are increased as per IS;456 provision. However, the increase is
not allowed in the design of braces because seismic and wind loads are primary forces
in them.
 In addition to the entire load of tank(gravity load), the column carry axial load, shear
forces, and bending moment due to lateral forces exerted by the wind, earthquake and
vibration.
 The axial force in the column due to lateral loads acting on all the part of the tanks as
well as towers, should be calculated by equating the moments due to all lateral forces
above the level under consideration to the restraining moment offered by axial forces
in column.
 The vertical spacing rigidly connected horizontally bracings should not exceed 6m.
 For staging in seismic zones where horizontal seismic coefficient exceeds 0.05, twin
diagonal vertical bracings of steel of R.C.C. in additional to horizontal bracing may be
provided.
 For the tower situated in seismic zones where horizontal seismic coffecient is above
in 0.05, all the columns are tied together by a ring beam at the base of the tower.
 The tower foundation is so proportioned that the combined pressure on soil due to
gravity load(with tank full as well as empty) and lateral pressure is within safe bearing
capacity, and in the critical direction the footing does not lift uo at any point.

17
4.1 ANALYSIS OF WIND FORCES
In addition to gravity forces the tower and the tank are subjected to wind and seismic forces
depending upon the location of the tank. The wind pressure at a site is determined as per IS :
875 Part III provision. The wind force on a surface is the product of pressure per unit area
and projected area normal to the direction of wind. Intze tanks offer relatively smaller
resistance and a reduction factor of the order 0.7 is used to arrive at effective pressure. The
nature of forces and analysis procedure are discussed in the following sections.

4.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

The structures are classified into the following three different classes depending upon their
sizes;

Class A – Structures and/or their components such as glazing, cladding, roofing etc., having
maximum dimension(greatest horizontal or vertical dimension) less than 20m.
Class B- Structures and / or their components such as glazing, cladding, roofing etc., having
maximum dimension (greatest horizontal or vertical dimension) between 20m and 50m.
Class C- Structures and/or their components such as glazing, cladding, roofing etc., having
maximum dimension (greatest horizontal or vertical dimension) greater than 50m.

4.1.2 TERRAIN CATEGORY

There are four terrain categories. Terrain in which a specific structure stands shall be assessed
as being one of the following terrain categories:
Category 1- exposed open terrain with few or no objections in which the average height of
any object surrounding the structure is less than 1.5m.
Category 2- open terrain with well scattered obstructions having heights generally between
1.5 to 10m.
Category 3- terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of structure up
to 10m in height with or without a few isolated tall structures.
Category 4- terrain with numerous large high closely spaced obstructions.

18
4.1.3 WIND SPEED

Based on basic wind speed, there are six zones, zone 1 to zone VI. Basic wind speed shall be
modified to include following effects to get design wind velocity at height for the chosen
structure;

a. Risk level
b. Terrain roughness, height and size of structure
c. Local topography

The design wind speed at any height can be mathematically expressed as follows;

VZ = Vb K1 K 2 K 3

Where,

VZ = Design of wind speed at any height z

Vb = Basic wind speed in m/sec
K1 = Risk coefficient
K 2 = Terrain height and structure factor
K 3 = Topography factor

For a given direction of wind, the maximum shear occurs in a brace connecting a column,
while maximum bending moment occurs in a brace connecting a column, while maximum
bending moment occurs in a brace.

4.2 ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC FORCES

The horizontal and vertical components of the seismic forces depend upon the total effective
eight of the tank and stiffness of the staging . thus, the overhead tank located in seismically
active areas should be analyzed and designed for seismic forces both under tank full and tank
empty condition. When empty the effective weight of tank system used in the analysis
Consist of dead weight of tank and one third weight of staging , When full the weight of
contents is to be added to the weight under tank empty condition. The design horizontal
seismic co efficient αh is computed as per the provision of IS : 1893 as follows :

19
αh = β I F0 Sga

Where , F0 = 0.4 (for seismic zone V )

I = 1.5 (for water towers )

β = 1 (for raft foundation )

Sa
= average acceleration coefficient
g

The average acceleration co efficient depends upon the period of free Vibration ( T ). And
damping of concrete structure . For reinforced Concrete ,the damping is assumed to be 5%.

w × h1
T = Ct√
Es Ag

Ct = coefficient depending upon the slenderness ratio , the slenderness Ratio, given in table
6 of IS : 1893

h1 = height of structure above base

A = area of cross section of column

Es = modulus of elasticity of concrete

g = acceleration due to gravity

W = Weight of the structure above base.

20
 CHAPTER 5
DESIGN

5.1 DESIGN DATA

The design data considered are :

5.1.1 POPULATION CALCULATION

Population forecast for Kokrajhar Town

Population decadal Rate of

Year ( Souls) ( Increment) Incremental growth

1961 9489 - - -
1971 17060 7571 - 0.79
1981 21960 4900 (-) 267 0.29
1991 28240 6280 (+) 1380 0.29
2001 50433 22193 (+) 15193 0.79

Total 40944 14622

Average x= 10236 4874 rg = 0.48

Table no. 5.1 : The table presents the projection of population (PHED, Kokrajar)

Population forecast as per Geometrical Progression.

Pn = Po (1 + rg )N

Where, Pn → population in the Nth year

rg → Average decadal growth rate

N → Number of decade.

P2004 = 56727 souls

P2019 = 102137 souls

P2029 = 151164 souls

P2034 = 183999 souls

Population forecast as per Arithmetic Increase Method

Pn = Po + Nx

Where, Pn → population in the Nth year

21
 N → Number of decade

x → Average population increment

P2019 = 68858 souls

P2029 = 79094 souls

P2034 = 84212 souls

Population forecast as per Incremental Increase Method

N ×(N+1)
Pn = Po + Nx + ×y
2

Where, Pn → population in the Nth year

N → Number of decade.

x → Average population increment

y → Incremental increase.

P2004 = 54455 souls

P2019 = 81141 souls

P2029 = 105023 souls

P2034 = 118793 souls

Average of the above methods

P2004 = 54895 souls

P2019 = 84046 souls

P2029 = 111761 souls

P2034 = 125668 souls

Design population

Intermediate period in the year 2029 = 111761 Souls

Ultimate period in the year 2034 = 125668 Souls

Design capacity of plant = (125668 × 115)/2

= 7225910 litre = 7225.91 m3

7225.91
Providing 8 water tank = = 903 m3
8

22
5.1.2 DIMENSION OF TANK

Steel = Fe 415

Concrete grade = M30

Diameter of tank (D) = 15 m

Diameter of lower Ring Beam (D0) = 15 × 0.6 = 9m

Rise of top dome (h1) = 2.5m

Rise of bottom dome (h2) = 1.5m

Height of conical dome (h0) = 2m

Height of cylindrical portion :

Capacity of Tank:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 4 × D2 × h +12 × h0 (D2 + D02 + D ×D0) - 3 × h22× (3R2 – h2)

D 15
( )2 +h2 ( )2 +1.52
2 2
= 7.25 m Where, R2 = =
2 ×h 2 ×1.5
π π π
900 = ( × 152 × h) + × 2 × (152 + 92 + 15× 9) - × 1.52 × (3×7.25 – 1.5)
4 12 3

⇒ h = 4.05 m

Say , h = 4.5 m

23
Fig no. 5.1: Dimension of water tank

24
5.2 DESIGN OF TOP DOME

Provide a thickness of 150 mm for the roof dome

Let 2θ be the angle subtended by the dome of its centre

d
∴Sinθ =
2R1

15
15 ( )2 +2.52
2
θ =Sin ( -1
) where , R1 = = 12.5 m
2×12.5 2 ×2.5

θ = 36.870

5.2.1 LOADS

Dead load = 0.15 × 25000

= 3750 N/m2

Live load of dome = 0.75 – 0.52 y2 (from Table 2, IS : 875 part – 2)

h 2.5
y= =
D 15

2.5
= 0.75 – 0.52 × ( )2
15

= 0.735 KN/m2

= 735 N/m2

Total load (w) = 4485 N/m2

5.2.2 HOOP STRESS AT THE LEVEL OF SPRINGING

𝑤𝑅1 1
f = ( Cos θ - )
𝑡 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃

4485 ×12.5 1
f =
0.15
( Cos 36.870 −
1+Cos 36.870
)

= 91360.5 N/m2 = 0.091 N/mm2

25
5.2.3 HOOP STRESS AT THE CROWN

i.e , at θ = 00
wR 1
f = (1- )
t 1+1
4485 ×12.5
= × 0.5
0.15

= 186875 N/m2= 0.18 N/mm2

Meridional thrust at the level of the springing , per meter run :

wR 4485 ×12.5
T1 = =
1+Cosθ 1+Cos 36.870

= 31145 N/m
31145
∴ Meridional stress =
150 ×1000

= 0.21 N/mm2

These stresses are very small . Provide nominal reinforcement

∴ Provide nominal reinforcement (0.3%)

0.30
∴ Ast = × 1000 × 150 = 450 mm2
100

∴ Provide 8 mm ϕ @ 110 mm c/c

26
5.3 RING BEAM AT TOP

Horizontal component of T1 = T1 Cos θ

= 31145 × Cos 36.870 = 24915 N

15
Hoop tension in the ring beam =24915 × = 186862 N
2

186862
∴ Area of steel required for hoop tension = = 1245 mm2
150

Provide 6 bars 18 mm diameter ( 1526 mm2 )

5.3.1 SIZE OF THE RING BEAM

Let the area of the ring beam section = A mm2

Equivalent concrete area = A + (m-1) Ast

T
σct = ( IS : 456 _ 2000 , Cl B-1.3)
A + (m−1) Ast

A + (m − 1)Ast = A + (13.33 – 1) × 1526 = A +18815 mm2

Limiting tensile stress on the equivalent concrete area to 1. 2 N/mm2

T
σct =
A + (m−1) Ast

186862
= = 1.2
A+18815

A = 136903 mm2

Provide 350 mm × 400 mm section

Shear reinforcement

Provide 8 φ – 2 legged stirrups

IS : 456 – 2000 , Cl – 26 .5.1.6

1) 0.7 D + 0.75 × 400 = 300

2) 300 mm , and

0.87 × fy × Asv
3) Sv =
0.4 ×b

27
 π
Asv = 2 × × 82 = 100 mm2
4

0.87 × 415 ×100

∴ Sv = = 257.89 mm
0.4 ×350

Provide, Sv= 250 mm

∴ Provide 8 φ– 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 250 mm 𝑐⁄𝑐

Fig. no. 5.2 Ring beam at top

28
5.4 CYLINDRICAL WALL

Pressure intensity at the bottom of cylindrical wall = 4 × 10000

= 40000 N/m2

Consider bottom strip of the wall as 1 m.

Pd 15
Hoop tension = = 40,000 ×
2 2

= 30,00,000 N
3000000
∴ Ast= = 2000 mm2
150

Spacing of 12 mm diameter bars

π
4
× 122 ×1000
Spacing = = 56 mm
2000

Provide 12 mm φ bars @ 110 mm centers near each face

Thickness of wall
T
Ct = N/mm2 < 1.2
1000 t+(m−1)Ast

γw ×h ×D 10 ×4.5 × 15
T= = = 337.5 KN = 337500 N
2 2
π
∴Ast = × 122 × 110 = 1028 mm2
4

337500
< 1.2 N/mm2
1000 ×t (13.33−1)×1028

∴ 268.57 < t

∴ Provide t = 300 mm

Thickness of the wall may be kept as 300 mm.

0.3
Distribution steel = 100× (300 × 1000) = 900 mm2

50 ×1000
Spacing of 8 mm φ bars = = 55 mm
900

Provide 8 mm φ bars @ 100 mm centers near each face.

29
Check for compressive stress at the bottom of the cylindrical wall.

Vertical component of T1 = V1 = T1 sin θ

= 31145 × sin 36.870

= 18687 N/m

Weight of the wall = 0.3 × 4.5 × 25000

= 33750 N/m.

Weight of ring beam = 0.35 × 0.4 ×25000

= 3500 N/m.

V2 = Total vertical load per ֜m ֨ = 18687 + 33750 + 3500

= 55937 N/m.
55937
Compressive stress =
300 ×1000

= 0.18 N/mm2

This stress being low profile nominal vertical stress at 0.3 % gross area
0.3
∴ Vertical steel = ( 300 × 1000 )
100

= 900 mm2
π
× 82 ×1000
4
Spacing of 8 mm φ bars =
900

Provide of 8 mm φ bars @ 100 mm c/c near each face.

30
5.5 RING BEAM AT B

Let T2 be the thrust per meter run exerted by the conical slab at the junction B.

Resolving vertically at B,

T2 Sin α = V2 = 55937 N/m.

2
tan α = = 0.67 , α = 33.690
3

T2 = 55937 N/m.

Resolving horizontally at B,

H2 = T2 cos α = V2 cot α
55937
= = 83488 N/m
0.67

This horizontal load H2 will produce a hoop tension in ring beam B

d 15
Hoop tension due to H2 = H2 × = 83488 ×
2 2

= 626160 N

Let the ring beam be 1000mm deep.

900
Water pressure on the ring beam = 1000 × 4.5 ×
1000

= 40500 N/m
15
Hoop tension due to water pressure = 40500 ×
2

= 303750 N

∴ Total hoop tension = 626160 + 303750

= 929910 N
929910
∴ Steel for hoop tension =
150

= 6199 mm2
6199
Provide 24 mm φ bars , number of bars required = π = 13.7 bars
4
× 242

Provide 14 bars of 24 mm diameter.

31
Let the area of the ring beam section be A.

Equivalent concrete area = A+(m-1) × Ast

= A+(13.33-1) × 6333

= A+ 78085
929910
Limiting the tensile stress on the equivalent concrete area to 1.2 N/mm2 = = 1.2
A+78085

A= 696840 mm2

Provide,750 mm × 950 mm section

Fig. No. 5.3 Ring beam at bottom dome

32
5.6 DESIGN OF CONICAL SLAB

The Conical slab should be designed for

a) Hoop tension

b) Bending as it spans on a sloping slab from the ring beam at֜B֨ at the ring girder at ֜C֨.

5.6.1 DESIGN FOR HOOP TENSION

W w + Ws Ww
The hoop tension on the conical slab is given by = + tan α
2π 2π

Where,

Ww = weight of water resting on the conical slab.

Ws = weight of the conical slab.

α = inclination of the conical slab with the horizontal.

Fig no.5.4: Design of the dome section

33
 3
Area of water section standing on the conical slab = ( 4.5 + 6.5) = 16.5 m2
2
3 ×2
(4.5 ×3)+( )
3
x̅ = = 0.94 m
16.5

∴ Weight of water resting on the conical slab

9
Ww = γw × A × 2π × ( + x̅ )
2

9
= 1000 × 16.5 × 2π × ( + 0.94 )
2

= 5639787 N

Length of sloping slab = √32 + 22

= 3.6055 m

Thickness of sloping slab = 300 mm.

15 9
∴ Weight of the conical slab Ws = 3.6055 × 0.3 × 25000 × 2π × ( + )/ 2
2 2

= 1019431 N.
5639787+1019431 5639787 2
∴Hoop tension = + × = 1658247 N
2π 2π 3

1658247
∴ Hoop steel on the entire section =
150

= 11054 mm2

Provide 35 bars of 20 mm diameter

These bars may be distributed near both the faces of conical slab.

5.6.2 DESIGN FOR BENDING MOMENT

Ww + Ws
Load per meter width of the conical slab =
2 π × mean radian

5639787+ 1019431
=
2π×6

= 176641 N.

wl
Maximum bending moment =
8

34
 176641 ×3
= = 66240 Nm.
8

v2 55937
Axial compression T2 = =
sin α sin 33.690

= 100842 N.

Providing 20 mm diameter bar at clear covers of spacing 25 mm.

Effective depth = 300−25− 10 = 265 mm.

Distance between centre of section and centre of steel

𝑡
x = d−2 = 265 - 150

= 115 mm

Resultant bending moment = M + T2 x

= 66240n×103 + (100842 × 115)

= 77836830 Nmm.
M
Ast =
σst ×j ×d

77836830
=
190 ×0.86 ×265

= 1797 mm2
π
4
× 202 ×1000
Spacing of 20 mm dia bar =
1797

= 174 mm

provide 20 mm φ bars @ 170 mm c/c

35
5.7 THE BOTTOM DOME

Span of the dome = 9 m

Rise of the dome = 1.5 m

Let R be the radius of dome

D
( )2 + h2
2
R=
2 ×h
9
(2)2 + 1.52
R= = 7.5 m
2 ×1.5

Let 2θ be the angle subtended by the dome Fig no.5.5 : Details of bottom dome
D/2
Sinθ = = 0.6
R

θ = 36.860

Thickness of dome = 300 mm

5.7.1 LOADS

Dead load = 25000 × 0.3 = 7500 N/m2

Weight of water resting on the dome
π π × hc
= γ w [ × d2 × h − ]( 3R – hc )
4 3
π π ×1.5
= 1000 [ × 92 × 6.5 − ] ( 3 × 7.5 – 1.5 )
4 3

= 3805254 N

Area of dome surface = 2 π × R × h = 2 × π × 7.5 × 1.25 = 70.68 m2.

3805254
Load intensity due to weight of water = = 53838 N/m2.
70.68
Total load intensity = 53838 + 7500 = 661338 N/m2.

WR
Meridional thrust =
1+cosθ

61338 ×7.5
=
1+cos36.860

= 255560N/m.

36
 255560
Meridional compressive stress =
300 × 1000

= 0,85 N/mm2
WR 1
Hoop stress =
t
( cosθ − 1+cosθ )
61338 ×7.5 1
=
0.3
( cos36.860 − 1+cos36.860 )

= 0.375 N/mm2.
Hoop stress at the crown , i.e at θ = 00

WR 1
Maximum hoop stress =
t
( cos θ − 1+cosθ )
61338 ×7.5 1
= ( 1 −2 )
0.3

= 0.767 N/mm2

These stresses are low and hence provide nominal 0.3% steel.

∴ Provide 8 mm bars @ 100 mm spacing.

37
5.8 CIRCULAR GIRDER

The total load acting on the circular girder will be from the following loads: -

Weight of water, w1 = weight of water on (conical slab + dome)

= 5639787 + 3805254

= 9445041 N

Weight of top dome and side wall, w2 = v2× 2π× D/2

= 55397 × 2π× 15/2

= 2610522 N

Weight of ring beam at B, w3 = 0.75 × 0.95 × 25000 × 2π × 4.5

= 503636 N

Weight of conical wall, w4 = 1019431 N

Weight of lower dome, w5 = 25000 × 0.3 × 70.68

= 530100 N

Total load, W = w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5

= 14108730 N

Providing 8 no.s of columns: -

Max. –ve bending moment = 0.0083Wr = 0.0083 × 14108730 × 4.5

= 526961 Nm

Max. +ve bending moment = 0.00416Wr = 0.00416 × 14108730 × 4.5

= 264115 Nm

Max. torsion = 0.0006Wr = 0.0006 × 14108730 × 4.5

= 38093 Nm

W
Shear force at support =
2 ×Number of columns

14108730
= = 881796 N
2×8

38
5.8.1 DESIGN AT SUPPORT SECTION

Equating the moment of resistance to the B.M at support

0.913 bd2 = Mmax

= 0.913 × 750 × d2 = 526961 × 1000

∴ d = 880 mm
Overall depth of beam = 905 mm

Actual effective depth = 880 mm [ (905 – 25 ) → 25 mm = clear cover]

T
Equivalent shear force = Se = S + 1.6 ×
b

38093 × 103
= 881796 + 1.6 ×
750

= 963061 N.

Equivalent nominal shear stress

Se 963061
τvc = = 750 × 880
bd

= 1.46 N/mm2

Maximum shear stress τmax > τv

τmax = 2.2 N/mm2 ( for M30 concrete )

∴ Hence safe.
Provide longitudinal and transverse reinforcement according to - B – 6.4 ( IS : 456 – 2000 )

Longitudinal reinforcement

Me = M + M1
D
T ( 1+ )
b
M1 =
1.7

905
38093 × 103 ( 1+ )
750
=
1.7

= 49446207 Nmm
M
Ast =
σst ×j ×d

39
 576907207
=
230 × 0.9 ×880

= 3164 mm2

∴ Provide 12 bars of 20 mm Ø ( 3770 mm2 )

Transverse reinforcement

T × Sv V × Sv
Asv = +
b1 × d1 × σsv 2s× d1 × σsv

Distance between centers of corner bars parallel to the width

b1 = 750 - 2 × 40 = 670 mm

Distance between centers of corner bars parallel to the depth

d1 = 905 - 2 × 40 = 825 mm

Area section of stirrups

38093 × 103 963061

Asv = [ + ] Sv
670 ×825 ×230 2.5 × 825 ×230

∴ Provide 4 legged 10 mm stirrups.

𝜋
Asv = 4 × × 102 = 316 mm2
4

Sv = 136 mm

Provide , Sv = 100mm Fig no.5.6 : Section of beam

Transverse reinforcement shall not be less than

(τvc − τc )×b Sv
σsv

1.46−0.3 ×750
 × Sv = 315
230

Sv = 83 mm

Provide 80 mm spacing

Steel for sagging moment

40
 M
Ast =
σst × j × d

264115 × 103
=
230 ×0.9 ×880

= 1449.9 1̴ 450 mm2

Provide 6 bars of 18 mm diameter

Ast= 1527 mm2

Hoop stress

Tc = Thrust exerted by the conical slab on the girder.

Tc sinα × 2πr = Ww+ Ws+ weight of cylindrical wall and upper dome.

Tc sinα ×2πr = 5639787 + 1019431 + 2610522

Tc sin33.690 × 2π 4.5 = 9269740

= 591041 N

Horizontal component of Tc= 591041 ×cos 33.69°,

H1 = 491777 N

Horizontal component due to dome T’= 255560 × cos36.860

H2 = 204475 N

∴ Net Horizontal force =H1 – H2

= 287302 N.

∴ Hoop force = 287302 × 4.5

= 1292859 N
1292859
Hoop compressive stress = 750 ×905

= 1.90 N/mm2

41
5.9 COLUMNS

Columns should be designed for direct loads coming upon them and for

Bending moments caused by wind load.

14108730
Vertical load on one column at top = = 1763592 N.
8

Let α be the inclination of the column with the vertical.

1
tan α = 12 , α = 4.760

sin α = 0.83 , cos α = 0.99

Actual length of column = 1 sec α

= 12.04 m.

Providing 500 mm diameter column.

π
Weight of column = × 0.52 × 12.04 × 25000
4

= 59102N

Total vertical load = 1763592 + 59102 N

= 1822694 N
1822694
∴ Corresponding axis load =
0.995

= 1830014 N

Weight of water in tank = 9445041

9445041
Weight of water transmitted to one column = 8

= 1180631 N

Vertical load on one column when the tank is empty

= 1822694 − 1180631

= 642064 N
642064
∴ Corresponding axial load =
0.996

= 644643 N

Ignoring wind load effect if the steel requirement is A sc

42
Then,

C ( A – Asc ) + Asc = 1830014

𝜋
 8 ( 4 × Asc ) + 190 × Asc = 1830014

Hence, Asc = 1424 mm2

Minimum Requirement of steel = 0.8%

0.8 𝜋
= × ( 4 × 5002 )
100

= 1571 mm2

Provide 7 bars of 20mm diameter = 2199 mm2

(More steel has been subjected since the column is subjected to bending moment caused by
wind load )

43
5.10 STAGING AND GRAVITY LOAD

Height of column = 12.04m

No. of column = 8, Dia. of column = 500 mm

No. of braces = 4, Size of braces = 300 × 500 mm

5.10.1 GRAVITY LOADS

a) from container

When full = 14108730 N

When empty = 4663689 N

π
b) Weight of column = 8 × × 0.52 × 12.04 × 25
4

= 472809.7 N

c) Weight of braces
10.5
Clear length of braces between two column = 2 × × sin 22.50 – 0.5 = 3.518 m
2

Weight of braces = 3.518 × 0.3 × 0.5 × 25 ×4 × 8 = 422160 N

Total weight of staging = 472809.7 + 422160

= 894969.7 N

44
5.11 LATERAL FORCES

5.11.1 SEISMIC FORCES

Consider 1.5 percent longitudinal steel in column

π
Equivalent area of column = × 5002 × (1 + ( 13.33 – 1 ) × 0.015) = 232665 mm2
4

232665
Equivalent size of column = √ π
4

= 544.3 mm, say 550 Mm

𝜋
Ir = × 5502 = 4.4918 × 109 mm4
64

E = 500√30 = 2.7386 × 104 MPa

Stiffness of the staging

n(12 E I)
K=
∑h2i

8 ×12 ×2.7386 × 102 ×4.4918 × 109

= = 1.0826 × 105 N/mm
4 ×3.013 × 109

Case – I : When tank is full

894969.7
Wf = 14108730 +
3

= 14407054 N

wf
T f = 2π √
gk

14407054
= 2π √ = 0.732 sec
9810 ×1.0826 × 105

From fig- 2 of IS : 1893 – 1984 , for Tf = 0.732 sec and 5 % damping (assumed)
sa
= 0.13
y

β = 1, from table – 3 of IS : 1893 – 1984

I = 1.5, from table – 4 of IS : 1893 – 1984

F0 = 0.4, from table – 2 of IS : 1893 – 1984

45
 𝑠𝑎
αh = β I F0 𝑦
= 0.081

Seismic force = 0.081 × 1440705 = 116971.3 N

Case – 2 : When tank is empty

894969.7
Wf = 4663689 + = 4962012 N
3

wf
Tf = 2π √
gk

4962012
= 2π √ = 0.430 sec
9810 ×1.0826 × 105

From fig- 2 of IS : 1893 – 1984 , for Tf = 0.430 sec and 5 % damping (assumed)
sa
= 0.16
y

s
αh = β I F0 a = 0.096
y

Seismic force = 0.096 × 4962012

= 4763254 N
1166971.3
Shear force per column = = 145871.4 N
8

Maximum bending moment for the column

3.01
= 145871.4 × = 219536.4 Nm
2

5.11.2 WIND FORCES

Terrain category – 2

Type of structure – class A

Basic wind speed of North – East Indian,Vb = 50 m/sec

Design wind speed, Vz = Vb K1 K2 K3

Rise coefficient K1 = 0.9 ; from table -1 of IS : 875 -1987 part – 3

Terrain height factor K2 = 1, 124 ; fr0m table -2 of IS : 875 -1987 part – 3

Topography factor, K3 = 1 ; for slope < 30 , as per cl.5..3.1 of IS : 875 -1987 part – 3

46
Design speed, Vz = 50 × 0.9 × 1.124 ×1

= 50.58 m/sec

Design wind pressure , Pz = 0.6 V = 1535 N/m2

Reduction factor = 0.7

Fig no.5.7 : Analysis of wind force in the column

Now, wind force on the top dome and cylindrical walls

2.5
= ( 4.5 + ) × 15.6 × 1535 × 0.7 = 96383 N
2

47
Acting at 16.9 m above the base .
15.6+10.5
Wind force on the circular wall = ( ) × 2 × 1535 × 0.7
2

= 28045 N

Acting at 13.04 m above the base

Wind force on circular girder = 0.905 x 10.5x 1500x 0.7

= 9978N

Acting at 12.04m above the base

Wind force on column and braces

= 0.7 × ( 5 × 0.5 × 12.04 + 7 × 10.5 ) × 1535 = 71831 N

Acting at 6.02 m above the base

Total moment of wind pressure about the base

= ( 96383 × 16.9 ) + ( 28045 × 13.04 ) + ( 9978 × 12.04) + ( 71831 × 6.02)

= 2547137 Nm
M.x
Vertical load on any column due to wind load =
∑x2

π
∑𝑥 2 = 2r2 + 4( r sin ( ))2 = 2 × 5.52 + 4( 5.5 sin 450)
4

where r= radius column circle = 5.5 m

∑𝑥 2 = 121 m2

Maximum wind load force in most leeward and the most windward side
2547137 ×5.5
= = 115779 N
121

Maximum wind load force in column marked 5

2547137 ×5.5 5.5
= ×
125 √2

= 81868 N

Consider the windward column 1

Vertical load due to load and wind load = 1822694 + 115779 = 1938473 N

48
 1938473
Corresponding axial load =
0.996

= 1946258 N

Since the column are inclined the horizontal component of the axial force caused by wind
action reduce the horizontal shear in column.

Horizontal component of axial force caused wind action

1
= 2 × 115779 × 0.0996 + 4 × 81868 × 0.0996 ×
√2

= 46127 N

∴ Actual horizontal force at the base

= (96383 + 28045 + 9978 + 71831 ) – 46127

= 160110 N

∴ Horizontal shear per column

160110
= = 20013.75
8

∴ Maximum bending moment for the column

3.01
= 20013.75 × = 30121 Nm
2

The effect of lateral forces due to seismic load is greater than those due to wind load;
therefore seismic forces govern the design of staging.

49
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

Storage of water in the form of tanks for drinking and washing purposes,
swimming pools for exercise and enjoyment, and sewage sedimentation tanks
are gaining increasing importance in the present day life. For small capacities
we go for rectangular water tanks, while for bigger capacities we provide
circular water tanks. Intze tank is a modified circular tank. Intze tank is
constructed to minimize the project cost because lower dome in this
construction resists the horizontal thrust.
Design of Intze water tank is a very tedious method. The whole structure is
designed manually considering M30 grade concrete.
Detailed drawings have been prepared in the AutoCAD software, which are
shown in necessarily. The staging has been designed with maximum safety and
effects due to seismic force and wind force are also taken into account.
So, overall, this project can be implemented in the mention area, i.e., Kokrajhar.

59
 APPENDIX A

BASIC WIND SPEED IN INDIA

60
 APPENDIX B

SEISMIC ZONES IN INDIA

61
 REFERENCES

• I.S 456:2000, “Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete”, I.S.I., New
Delhi

• I.S 875 (Part II): 1987, “Code of Practice for Imposed Load”, I.S.I., New Delhi

• I.S 875 (Part II): 1987, “Code of Practice for Wind Load” , I.S.I., New Delhi

• I.S 1893: 1984, ”Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures”, I.S.I.,
New Delhi

• I.S 3370 (Part I): 2009, “Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for

Storage of Liquid”, I.S.I., New Delhi

• I.S 3370 (Part IV): 1967, “Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for Storage of
Liquid”,

I.S.I., New Delhi

•SP 16 (1980), “Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456: 1978”

• 2010 17th edition of S. Ramamrutham, “Design of Reinforced concrete structures”,

Dhanpat
Rai Publications.
• 2008 edition of M.L Gambhir “Design of Reinforced concrete structures”,

PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

62