Induction Motor EE 307 New

29-10-2015
3 INDUCTION MOTOR (EE 307)
• Constructional differences between the

squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor
• Equivalent circuit
3-Φ INDUCTION MOTOR
• Torque Slip Characteristics
ELECTRICAL MACHINES - EE 307
• Phasor Diagram
• No load and blocked rotor test
Prof. Paresh Kale • Starting

Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
NIT Rourkela. • Speed control
29-10-2015 Induction Motor (EE 307) by Dr. Paresh Kale 2
INDUCTION MOTORS: WHAT ARE THEY ?
• Transforms Electrical energy

into mechanical energy.
• used worldwide in many

residential, commercial,
industrial, and utility
CONSTRUCTION AND PRINCIPLE applications.
• It can be part of a pump or

fan, or connected to some
other form of mechanical
equipment such as a winder,
conveyor, or mixer.
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WHY 3Φ IM ?
• most common and frequently encountered machines in industry
 simple design,
Construction of
Three Phase Induction Motor
 rugged,
 low-price,
 easy maintenance
 wide range of power ratings: fractional HP to 10 MW
 run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full load
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MAIN COMPONENTS OF INDUCTION MOTOR STATOR AND ROTOR CONSTRUCTION
1) Stator:
• Consisting of a steel frame that supports a

hollow, cylindrical core of stacked laminations.
• Slots on the internal circumference of the stator

house the stator winding
• 2) Rotor:
• Two different types:

1. Squirrel cage
2. wound rotor or Slip ring IM
OTHER COMPONENTS OF INDUCTION MOTOR
• Shaft: For transmitting the torque to the load and made up

of steel
• Bearings: For supporting the rotating shaft.
• fan for cooling: To overcome heat during its rotation
• Terminal box : For receiving external electrical connection

is needed
• Air gap : Small distance between rotor and stator, usually

varies from 0.4 mm to 4 mm.
TYPES OF ROTOR SRIM - CUT-SECTION VIEW
Squirrel cage rotor Wound rotor /

Slip Ring IM
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WOUND ROTOR / SRIM
SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR IM WITH CAGE ROTOR
SRIM SCIM
NAME PLATE OF TYPICAL MOTOR
Construction is complicated due to presence
Simple Construction
of slip ring and brushes
The rotor consists of rotor bars which are
The rotor winding is similar to the stator
permanently shorted with the help of end
winding
rings
Rotor resistance can be added Rotor resistance can NOT be added
Due to presence of external resistance high
Staring torque is low and cannot be improved
starting torque can be obtained
Frequent maintenance due to presence of
Less maintenance is required
brushes
more costly Relatively less costly
only 10 % industry uses SRIM widely used
Rotor copper losses are high and hence less Less rotor copper losses and hence high
efficiency efficiency
Speed control by rotor resistance method is Speed control by rotor resistance method is
possible not possible
SRIM are used where high starting torque is
SCIM is used in lathes, drilling machine, fan,
required
blower printing machines etc
i.e in hoists, cranes, elevator etc
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INDUCTION MOTORS OPERATION PRINCIPLE
• Stator is supplied by balanced 3φ voltage that drives an AC

magnetizing current through each phase winding.
• Magnetizing current in each phase generates a pulsating AC

flux.
Working of
Three Phase Induction Motor • The total flux in the machine is the sum of the three fluxes.
• The summation of the three AC fluxes results in a rotating flux,

which turns with constant speed and has constant amplitude.
• The rotating flux induces a voltage in the short-circuited bars of

the rotor. This voltage drives current through the bars.
INDUCTION MOTORS OPERATION PRINCIPLE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Simple stator made of 3 pole pairs of coils around iron pole pieces
• The induced voltage is proportional with the difference of
motor and synchronous speed. (Relative speed) A’
Iron Pole • Current enters coil
C Pieces A and leaves coils A’
• Consequently the motor speed is less than the synchronous
speed Iron • Magnetic flux set
B
Stator up in coils with
Ring North Pole at the
• The interaction of the rotating flux and the rotor current bottom and South
generates a force that drives the motor. (Reducing the effect B’ Pole at the top
of the cause, rotor tries to catch the stator field)
Phase
C’ Coils
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Sequence produces one complete rotation of the magnetic field
1. CC’ & B’B
Rotor cage added in the centre of the stator field
Cage rotor
2. AA’ & B’B
3. AA’ & C’C
4. BB’ & C’C
5. BB’ & A’A
6. CC’ & A’A
7. CC’ & B’B
Copper end ring Cage conductors

Three-Phase supply provides the correct sequence for stator coils
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SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
• Ns = synchronous speed (rpm)

– the speed of the rotating magnetic flux
120 f 
Ns  s 
P P 2
Where,
• fs = frequency of the 3- supply
• P = number of poles formed by the stator
winding
the resultant flux is of constant value =3/2 Φm
i.e. 1.5 times the maximum value of the flux due to any phase
NO. OF POLES VS. SYNCHRONOUS SPEED SLIP
• Ns = synchronous speed of the rotating flux

• Nr = speed of the rotor
Speed (rpm)
P = No. of poles
@ f = 50 Hz @ f = 60 Hz Slip speed = N = Ns-Nr
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800 Slip = s = (Ns-Nr) / Ns
8 750 900
12 500 600
% Slip = s x 100%
EXAMPLE FREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENT

• A 0.5 hp, 6-pole induction motor is excited by a 3-phase, 60 Hz • When the rotor is stationary, the frequency of rotor current is the
source. If the full-load is 1140 r/min, calculate the slip. same as the supply frequency
Known quantities: Slip speed • But when the rotor starts revolving, then the frequency depends
= ns – n upon the relative speed or on slip-speed.
Source frequency = 60 Hz, = 1200 – 1140
number of poles = 6 = 60 r/min • f ′ = frequency of the rotor current at any slip-speed
rotor speed = 1140 rpm

• Ns - N = 120 f ’/ p
Slip: s = (ns - n) / ns
• Ns =120 f / p
Synchronous speed = 60/1200
ns =1200 r/min
= 0.05 or 5% fr = f ‘ = sf
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FREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENT

• speed of rotor field in space = speed of rotor
• Stator is stationary magnetic field relative to rotor + speed of rotor
relative to space
• Polyphase currents in the stator winding produce a resultant
magnetic field, the axis of which rotates at synchronous speed = sNs + N = sNs + Ns (1− s) = Ns
(Ns) relative to the stator.
• no matter what the value of slip, rotor currents and

• the polyphase currents in the rotor winding produce a resultant stator currents each produce a sinusoidally
magnetic field, the axis of which rotates at a speed ‘sNs’ with
distributed magnetic field of constant magnitude and
relative to rotor
constant space speed of Ns
= 120 f’/p = 120 sf / p = sNs
• In other words, both the rotor and stator fields

• But the rotor is revolving at a speed ‘N’ revolutions per second rotate synchronously,
relative to the stator core (Space)
• which means that they are stationary wrt each other.

CHANGING THE DIRECTION OF ROTOR ROTATION
Q: How to change the direction of rotation?
A: Change the phase sequence of the power supply.
• A 4-pole, 3-phase induction motor operates from a supply whose frequency is

50 Hz. Calculate :
(i) the speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating.
(ii) the speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04.
(iii) the frequency of the rotor currents when the slip is 0.03.
(iv) the frequency of the rotor currents at standstill.
(i) Stator field revolves at synchronous speed, given by

Ns = 120 f/P = 120 × 50/4 = 1500 r.p.m.
(ii) rotor (or motor) speed,

N = Ns (1 − s) = 1500(1 − 0.04) = 1440 r.p.m.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
(iii) frequency of rotor current,
f ′ = sf = 0.03 × 50 = 1.5 r.p.s = 90 r.p.m
(iv) Since at standstill, s = 1,

f ′ = sf = 1 × f = f = 50Hz
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THE SINGLE-PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE THREE-PHASE

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF IM
INDUCTION MOTOR
• Similarity with transformer • Rc represents iron loss (Hysteresis and eddy current loss)
• One of IM winding is rotating while T/F is stationary • Xm = Represents magnetizing reactance of the IM
• Friction and windage losses are added
• E2 = the rotor e.m.f. at standstill
• sE2 = magnitude of the e.m.f. wave induced in the rotor
• Air gap is present – Cause large magnetizing current and
magnetic leakage in IM than T/F
• Airgap of the induction motor is represented by the ideal

transformer model
• The equivalent circuit is simplified by making two assumptions:
• Stator and rotor windings have the same number of turns/phase.

• Airgap flux has a constant amplitude and speed.
ALTERNATIVE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF INDUCTION MOTOR The stator winding of the motor is delta-connected with 240
conductors per phase and the rotor winding is star connected
• 𝐼1 𝑁1 = 𝐼2 𝑁2
with 48 conductors per phase.
𝑠𝐸2 𝑠𝐸2 𝐸2
• 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = = = The rotor winding has a resistance of 0.013 Ω/ph and a leakage
𝑍2 𝑅
(𝑅2 2+𝑠𝑋2 2) (( 𝑠2)2+𝑋22 ) reactance of 0.048 Ω/ph at standstill.
• If φ is the phase difference between I2 and E2, the rotor current and The supply voltage is 400 V.
voltage
𝑠𝑋2
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = Calculate:
𝑅2
(a) the rotor e.m.f. per phase at standstill with the rotor on open
circuit;
(b) the rotor e.m.f. and current per phase at 4 per cent slip;
(c) the phase difference between the rotor e.m.f. and current for
a slip of (i) 4 per cent and (ii) 100 per cent.
Assume the impedance of the stator winding to be negligible.

(a) E2 = 400 × =80 V SIMPLIFIED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE INDUCTION MOTOR
(b) Rotor e.m.f. for 4% slip = sE2 = 80 × 0.04 = 3.2 V • moving the magnetizing branch to the machine terminals
impedance Z2 per phase for 4% slip = 0.01314 Ω • removing the ideal transformer by referring the rotor
Rotor current = 244 A impedances to the stator
(c) For 4% slip, tan φ = 0.1477

φ = 8°24′
For 100% slip, tan φ = 3.692

φ = 74°51′
• Slip has a considerable effect upon the phase difference

between the rotor e.m.f. and current Im in an IM can be 30 % of FL current of the machine
– and must be included when estimating machine performance.
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The per-phase parameters of the equivalent circuit for a 400 V,

33 kW, 60 Hz, three-phase, star-connected, four-pole, 1755 rpm induction
motor are: R1 = 0.2 Ω, X1 = j0.5 Ω, Xm = j20 Ω, R′2 = 0.1 Ω, X′2 = 0.2 Ω.
If the mechanical losses (windage and friction) are 650 W and iron losses
are 300 W, determine the following when the motor operates at full load
at rated speed:
• Ns = 1800 rpm
• (a) the synchronous speed;
• Slip = 2.5 %
• (b) the slip;
• (c) the input current and power factor;
• Rotor Impedance at 2.5 % slip
• (d) the input power;
• (e) the useful mechanical output power;
• (f ) the output torque;
• (g) the efficiency of the motor.
• Losses in Motor
Stator impedance: • Stator Copper Loss = 3 I12R1= 1970 W
Zs + Zr = 0.2 + j0.5 + 4 + j0.2 Ω = 4.2 + j0.7 Ω • Rotor Copper loss = 3 I12R2’= 985 W
• Core iron loss = 300 W
Equivalent impedance • windage and friction loss = 650 W
Zt = Zm || (Zs + Zr) = 3.76 + j1.44 Ω = 4.03 < 21

• Output Power = Pin – Losses = 33 KW
Taking the voltage as the reference phasor
I = V / Zt = 57.3 < 21 = 53.5<-j20.5 A • The mechanical speed = ωm = 1755 × 2π/60 = 183.78 rad/s
• Useful O/P torque = T = P/ ωm = 179.6 Nm
Power factor = 0.93 lagging.
• Efficiency = η = Pin / Po = 89.4 %
Input power = Pin = √3VLIL cos θ = 36.918 W
• S.C. voltage/phase = 17.3 V

A 110-V, 3-φ, star-connected induction motor takes 25 A
• Isc = 25 A
at a line voltage of 30V with rotor locked.
• Z01 = 0.692Ω
• Stator and rotor Cu losses = input − core loss
With this line voltage, power input to motor is 440 W = 440 − 40 = 400 W
and core loss is 40 W.
R01 = 0.21 Ω
The DC resistance between a pair of stator terminals is X01 =0.668 Ω
0.1 Ω.
d.c. resistance/phase of stator = 0.1/2 = 0.05 Ω
If the ratio of a.c. to d.c. resistance is 1.6, find the a.c. resistance/phase R1 = 0.05 × 1.6 = 0.08 Ω
equivalent leakage reactance/phase of the motor and R2′ = 0.21 − 0.08 = 0.13 Ω
the stator and rotor resistance per phase. X1=X2’ = 0.334 Ω
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MECHANICAL POWER AND TORQUE
• Assumption: power losses in the iron core of the stator are

neglected
• Power input from supply
Torque and power equation

• power dissipated in the resistance of stator and rotor windings=
• Power = torque (M or T) × angular velocity (ωm)

• mechanical shaft power Pm = Power input - I2R losses
• For a rotor speed of Nr rpm,
• Mechanical torque developed by the motor
• For 3 phases
FINAL PER-PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF IM POWER FLOW IN INDUCTION MOTOR
Friction and windage # 5% – 15%

Iron or core losses # 15% – 25%
Stator losses # 25% – 40%
Rotor losses # 15% – 25%
Stray load losses # 10% – 20%
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• The 415 V, three-phase, 50 Hz, star-connected IM has the

following per-phase equivalent circuit parameters: • Per phase voltage = 230 V (Star connected)
R1 = 1 Ω, X1 = 3 Ω,
Xm = 60 Ω, Rc = 240 Ω,
R′2 = 1 Ω, X′2 = 2 Ω.
Using the final per-phase equivalent circuit of the machine,
• calculate the current drawn from the supply, real power flow
through the machine when running with a slip of 5 per cent. • Impedance of loop 1 = (1.0 + 1.0 + 19) + j(3.0 + 2.0) Ω
= (21 + j5) Ω
• The friction and windage loss in the machine is 200 W. Calculate
the efficiency of the motor. • Current in loop 1 = = 10.81 − j2.57 A = = 11.11∠ −13.4° A
POWER STAGES IN IM
Mechanical power Pm = 7403 − 370 = 7033 W Mech / Gross
Input Power Rotor I/P Out / Shaft
Useful shaft power = 7033 W − 200 W = 6833 W Stator Rotor
(Pin) Power (Pr) Power (Pm) Power (Pout)
Efficiency of motor = 80.5 %
Stator Loss
(Stator Cu loss Rotor Cu loss Friction and
+ Iron Loss) windage losses
Air gap power (Pr) = Input power (Pin) - Stator loss
Mechanical/ Gross output power (Pm) = Pr - Rotor copper loss
Output Power (Pout) = Pm – friction and windage loss
𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑚
𝑇= =
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 2𝜋𝑁𝑟 • Rotor Cu loss = s * Rotor I/P
2𝜋𝑁𝑟 𝑃𝑚
= s * Power across air gap
= = s Pr
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑃𝑟
𝑃𝑚 𝑁𝑟
𝑃𝑟
=
𝑁𝑠 Rotor Gross O/P = Pm
= Pr – Rotor cu loss
𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝑚 𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁𝑟
= = Pr – sPr
𝑃𝑟 𝑁𝑠
𝑹𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒖 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑰𝟐𝟐

𝑹𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑰/𝑷
=
𝑹𝟐
=𝒔 Pm = (1-s) Pr
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Input power to rotor = stator input power −stator losses

= 32kW − 1.2 kW
= 30.8 kW
The power supplied to a three-phase IM is 32kW and the
stator losses are1200W. If the slip is 5 %, determine
rotor copper loss = s . Power input to rotor
= 0.05 * 30.8 KW
(a) The rotor copper loss, = 1.54 KW
(b) the total mechanical power developed by the rotor,
(c) the output power of the motor if friction and windage Total mechanical power developed by the rotor
losses are 750W, and = rotor input power − rotor losses
(d) the efficiency of the motor, neglecting rotor iron loss. = 30.8 − 1.54
= 29.26kW
The power input to a 3-phase induction motor is 60 kW. The stator

losses total 1 kW. Find the mechanical power developed and the
Output power of motor rotor copper loss/ phase if the motor is running with a slip of 3%.
= power developed by the rotor−friction and windage
losses Rotor input, Pr = stator input − stator losses
= 29.26 − 0.75 = 60 − 1 = 59 kW
= 28.51kW
Pm = (1 − s)Pr
= (1 − 0.03) × 59
Efficiency
= 57.23 kW
= Output power / Input power
= 89.1 % Total rotor Cu loss = sPr
= 0.03 × 59
= 1.77 kW
Rotor Cu loss/phase = 1770/3 = 590 W

An 8-pole, 37.3-kW, 3-phase induction motor has both stator • Under short circuit, all the power supplied to the motor is
and rotor windings connected in star. The supply voltage is dissipated in the stator and rotor winding resistances.
280 V per phase at a frequency of 50 Hz. • Wsc = V1 Isc cos φsc = 280 × 200 × 0.25 = 14000 W (per phase)
• Isc2 (R1 + R2′) = 14,000
The short-circuit current is 200 A per phase at a short-circuit • R1 + R2′ = 0.35 Ω
power factor of 0.25. The stator resistance per phase is 0.15 Ω. • R2′ = 0.2 Ω
If transformation ratio between the stator and rotor windings
is 3 • K=1/3
• R2′ = R2 /K2
find • R2= 0.022 Ω
(i) the resistance per phase of the rotor winding
(ii) the torque of the motor. • Power supplied to the rotor circuit = 3Isc2 R2′= 24000 W
• Ns = 750 rpm
• torque = 305.6 Nm
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T-N CURVE / EFFECT OF R2
• torque delivered to the mechanical load driven by IM

90 𝑅′2
𝑀= |𝐼 |2
𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑠 1
• Stator current of IM
𝑉1
𝐼1 =
𝑅′
((𝑅1 + 2 )2 +(𝑋1 + 𝑋′2 )2 )
𝑠
Final equation for M
𝟗𝟎 𝑹′𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟏
𝑴= 𝟐
𝝅𝑵𝒔 𝒔 𝑹′
𝑹𝟏 + 𝟐 + (𝑿𝟏 +𝑿′𝟐 )𝟐
𝒔
TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS

 The induced pullout torque :
torque is zero at
% of Full-Load Torque
250 Pull-up Torque Breakdown maximum possible

Locked rotor
torque
Torque
synchronous speed. torque that can’t be
200 exceeded.
150 Full-Load Torque It is 2 to 3 times the

rated full-load torque.
100
Slip (Full load)
50
 The torque of the
motor for a given slip
0 varies as the square of
0 20 40 60 80 100 the applied voltage.
% of Synchronous Speed  Tst is slightly higher than its FL torque, so the motor will start
carrying any load it can supply at FL
T-N CURVE / EFFECT OF R2 EFFECT OF RESISTANCE
 Value of primary resistance (stator winding) is small compared to

rotor winding and hence can be neglected sometimes
𝑹′𝟐 𝑲
𝑴= 𝟐
𝒔 𝑹′ 𝟐
+ (𝑿′𝟐 )𝟐
𝒔
𝒔𝑹𝟐 ′
𝑴=𝑲 𝟐
𝑹𝟐 ′ +(𝒔𝑿′𝟐 )𝟐
𝟗𝟎 𝒔𝑹𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
Considering secondary only 𝑴 =
𝝅𝑵𝒔 𝑹 𝟐 +(𝒔𝑿 )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
Ns is in rpm
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CONCLUSIONS STANDSTILL TORQUE
• Increasing the rotor resistance moves the maximum value 𝟗𝟎 𝒔𝑹𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
of torque towards higher slip values •𝑴=
𝝅𝑵𝒔 𝑹 𝟐 +(𝒔𝑿 )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
• Thus, a higher rotor resistance gives a higher starting

• At standstill
torque.
• s=1
• A higher rotor resistance gives a lower on-load efficiency

but a higher starting torque. 𝟗𝟎 𝑹𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
• 𝑴𝒔𝒕 =
𝝅𝑵𝒔 𝑹 𝟐 +𝑿 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
• A lower rotor resistance gives less starting torque but
higher on-load efficiency
T-S AND T-N CURVE

MAXIMUM TORQUE BY THE MOTOR
FOR IM
• differentiating equation for torque wrt slip and equating to zero
𝑠𝑅2 ′
• d/dt {𝑀 = 𝐾 2 }=0
𝑅2′ +(𝑠𝑋′2)2
• At maximum torque R2′ = sX2′ or R2 = sX2
• Mmax = K / 2X2′ or K/2X2
• Mmax is a constant and independent of R2’.
• Condition for max start torque = R2 = X2
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Induction Motor (EE 307) by Dr. Paresh Kale
COMPLETE TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
• when s = 0, T = 0, hence the curve starts from point O.
• At normal speeds, close to synchronism, the term (s X2) is

small and hence negligible w.r.t. R2.
• T α s/R2
• T α s if R2 is constant
• As the slip further increases (i.e. motor speed falls) with

further increase in motor load, then R2 becomes negligible as
compared to (sX2.). Therefore, for large values of slip
• T α 1/ s  If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous speed it will run

as a generator, converting mechanical power to electric power.
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• K = 1/6.5
• A 3-phase, 400-V, star-connected induction motor has a
star-connected rotor with a stator to rotor turn ratio of 6.5. • Standstill rotor e.m.f./phase E2 = K E1/√3 = 35.5 V
The rotor resistance and standstill reactance per phase
are0.05 Ω and 0.25 Ω respectively. • starting torque is maximum when R2 = X2
• R2 = 0.25 Ω
• What should be the value of external resistance per phase
to be inserted in the rotor circuit to obtain maximum torque • External resistance/phase required = 0.25 − 0.05 = 0.2 Ω
at starting and what will be rotor starting current with this
resistance? • Rotor impedance/phase = (0.252 + 0.252 ) = 0.3535 Ω
• Rotor current/phase, I2 = 35.5/0.3535 = 100 A (approx)
• A 3-phase, slip-ring, induction motor with star-connected (i) Rotor current/phase when running short-circuited
rotor has an induced e.m.f. of 120 volts between slip- with 4% slip
rings at standstill with normal voltage applied to the
stator.
Induced e.m.f./rotor phase,
Er = sE2 = 0.04 × (120/ √3 ) = 2.77V
• The rotor winding has a resistance per phase of 0.3 ohm
and standstill leakage reactance per phase of 1.5 ohm.
Rotor reactance/phase, Xr = sX2 = 0.04 × 1.5 = 0.06 Ω
• Calculate
(i) rotor current/phase when running short-circuited with Rotor impedance/phase =√( 0.32 + 0.062) = 0.306 Ω
4% slip and
(ii) the slip and rotor current per phase when the rotor is Rotor current/phase = 2.77/0.306 = 9A
developing maximum torque.
ROTOR TORQUE AND BREAKDOWN/ MAX TORQUE

II ) the slip and rotor current per phase when the rotor is
developing maximum torque. • Sb= slip at maximum or breakdown torque
• For developing maximum torque,R2 = sX2

• s = R2/X2 = 0.3/1.5 = 0.2
• Xr = 0.2 × 1.5 = 0.3 Ω,
• Zr = √(0.32 + 0.32) = 0.42 Ω
• Er = sE2= 0.2 × (120/√3 ) = 13.86 V

• ∴ Rotor current/phase = 13.86/0.42 = 33 A
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FULL-LOAD TORQUE AND MAXIMUM TORQUE
• Let sf = the slip corresponding to full-load torque

• Calculate the torque exerted by an 8-pole, 50-Hz, 3-phase
induction motor operating with a 4 per cent slip which
develops a maximum torque of 150 kg-m at a speed of
660 r.p.m. The resistance per phase of the rotor is 0.5 Ω.
• Tb = 150 kg.m; sb = 0.12, s = 4% = 0.04, T = ?
• T = 90 Kgm
STARTING TORQUE AND MAXIMUM TORQUE

• A 3-phase, 400/200-V, Y-Y connected wound-rotor induction
motor has 0.06Ω rotor resistance and 0.3 Ω standstill
reactance per phase. Find the additional resistance
required in the rotor circuit to make the starting torque
equal to the maximum torque of the motor.
• Ext Resistance = 0.6 Ω
TESTING OF IM
NL AND BR TEST
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DC TEST NO-LOAD TEST
• A variable DC voltage is applied across two terminals of the • IM runs close to Ns as it supplies no torque (other than friction
stator windings. From the measured current and voltage the and rotational losses)
stator resistance per phase R1 is calculated.
• The slip is very small therefore so R2′/s is very large
• Care must be taken with the winding connection.
• No current flows in secondary
• If the motor is star-connected the measured resistance is

the value for two phases connected in series.
• If it is delta-connected the measured resistance is for one

phase connected in parallel with the series combination of
the other two phases.
MEASUREMENT OF FRICTION AND WINDAGE LOSSES LOCKED ROTOR TEST

• Applied voltage, line • sufficient voltage is applied to the stator of the machine to
current, and total 3Ph circulate full-load current in the stator windings.
power at rated voltage • With rotor stationary, s=1
and also at a range of
lower applied voltages • For this condition the magnetizing branch impedance (Rc||Xm)
are usually measured. >> the locked rotor impedance (R2′ + jX2′), so the magnetizing
branch can be neglected.
• The friction and windage

loss is obtained by  If no additional
plotting the total input information is known
power against voltage about the design of the
machine it can be
assumed that X1 = X2′.
 Motor Input Power Pm is utilised for stator copper loss,
Core losses, friction and windage loss
• The following measurements were taken on a 5 HP, four- • From DC test, for this star-connected motor
pole, 208 V, three-phase, 60 Hz, star-connected induction • R1 = ½ (20/25) => R1= 0.4 Ω
motor.
• PNL = 250 W
• Stator loss = 3 I12R1= 19.2 W
• Core loss = 230.8 W
• Per phase core loss = 76.93 W = I12Rc
• Rc’ = 4.8 Ω
𝑉
• 𝑍𝑁𝐿 = = 30 Ω
3𝐼
• Determine the full per-phase equivalent circuit

parameters of the induction motor
• X1 + X′m = 29.5 Ω
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• Real power is dissipated in the stator and rotor resistance • From the no-load test:
• R1 + R2’ = 450 / 3* 122= 1.04 Ω • X1 + X′m = 29.5 Ω
• R2’ = 0.64 Ω • X′m = 26.9 Ω
𝑉
• 𝑍𝐿𝑅 = = 1.68 Ω
3𝐼
• X1 + X′2 = 1.32 Ω @ 15 Hz
• Reactance @ 60 Hz = 1.32 * 60/15 = 5.28 Ω
• assumed that X1 = X2′, then X1 = X2′=2.64 Ω.
Starters for SCIM and SRIM
CHARACTERISTICS OF IM STARTING OF IM
 At starting, S=1 and Z= (R1+R2’) + j (X1 + X2’)
Characteristics of Conventional SCIM  At starting, Z is very low
 Low Starting Torque  During running, S = low (near zero) and Z= (R1+R2’/s) + j (X1 +
 High Starting Current i.e. with Low Rotor Resistance X2’)
 Low Operating p.f.  During running, as slip is low, Z is high
 At start, Short circuit condition prevails as secondary resistance is
low
Characteristics Slip Ring Induction Motor
 Thus very high starting currents (~ 5 to 6 times of FL current)
 High Staring Torque
 Low Starting Current Approximate
 High Operating p.f. model for starting
condition
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STARTING METHODS OF 3Φ IM TYPICAL STARTING CURRENT

700
3φ IM employ a starting method not to provide a

600
starting torque at the rotor,
% of Full-Load Current
500
Locked Rotor
but because of the following reasons; (Starting Current)
Full-Load Current
400
• Reduce heavy starting currents

300
• prevent motor from overheating. 200
100
• Provide overload and no-voltage protection
0
Time
COMMON STARTING METHODS DIRECT ON-LINE STARTER (DOL)
• Directly connects the contacts of the

 Direct On-Line Starter (DOL) motor to the full supply voltage.
 Star-Delta Starter
• The starting current is very large,
normally 6 to 8 times the rated current.
 Auto Transformer Starter
 Rotor Impedance Starter • The starting torque is likely to be 0.75 to

2 times the full load torque.
 Power Electronics Starter
APPLICATIONS OF DIRECT ON-LINE STARTER (DOL) DOL STARTER WIRING DIAGRAM
• Usually used for SCIM.
• In order to avoid excessive voltage drops

in the supply line due to high starting
currents, the DOL starter is used only for
motors with a rating of less than 5KW
• Used to start machine tools, ventilators,

polishing machines etc.
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29-10-2015
ADVANTAGES OF DOL DIS-ADVANTAGES OF DOL
 Very high starting current (typically 6 to 8 times the

 Most economical FL current)
 Simple to establish, operate and maintain  Thermal stress on motor thereby reducing its life
 Simple control circuitry  Voltage drop in the system, affecting other customers
connected to the same lines
 Easy to understand and troubleshoot
 Unnecessary high starting torque, even when not
 Inbuilt protections like over current, thermal and required by the load, thereby increased mechanical
stress on mechanical systems such as shaft, gear box
overload protection etc. leading to premature failure and plant downtimes.
STAR-DELTA STARTER STAR-DELTA STARTER
 Another common type of starter
 Uses reduced voltage on starting
 Method achieves low starting current by first

connecting the stator winding in star
configuration
 After motor attains a certain speed, switch

changes the winding arrangement to Delta
STAR-DELTA STARTER DISADVANTAGES OF STAR-DELTA STARTER
 line current drawn at • More complicated than the DOL starter

starting is reduced by 1/3rd
compared to delta • Motor with a star-delta starter may not produce
sufficient torque to start against full load, so output
 At starting, stator phase is reduced in the start position.
gets voltage V/√3
 Torque developed α • The motors are thus normally started under a light
Voltage2 load condition.
 Star delta reduces the

• Switching causes a transient current which may
torque by 1/3rd .
have peak values in excess of those with DOL
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29-10-2015
AUTO TRANSFORMER MOTOR STARTING AUTO TRANSFORMER MOTOR STARTING
 Operation similar to star-delta

 Starting current is limited by reduced initial stator
applied voltage
Disadvantages:
 More expensive
 More complicated in operations
 Bulkier construction
Advantages:
 Suitable for both star and delta motors
 Starting current and torque can be adjusted to
suitable value by adjusting the tapings
AUTO TRANSFORMER MOTOR STARTING AUTO TRANSFORMER MOTOR STARTING

• Operated by a two position switch i.e. manually OR automatically using
a timer to change over from start to run position. • torque T is developed by V2, thus on 50%
tapping, torque at starting is only (0.5V) 2 of the
• In starting position supply is connected to stator windings through an obtained by DOL starting. Hence 25% torque
auto-transformer which reduces applied voltage to 50, 60, and 70% of is produced.
normal value depending on tapping used.
• Starters used in lager industries, it is larger in

• Reduced voltage reduces current in motor windings
size and expensive.
• with 50% tapping used, motor current is halved and supply current will
be half of the motor current. • Switching from start to run positions causing
transient current, which can be greater in
• Thus starting current taken from supply will only be 25% of the taken value than those obtained by DOL starting.
by DOL starter.
EXAMPLE ON STARTING OF IM USING STARTERS EXAMPLE ON STARTING OF IM USING STARTERS
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EXAMPLE ON STARTING OF IM USING STARTERS EXAMPLE ON STARTING OF IM USING STARTERS
SPEED CONTROL OF 3-PH IM
• 3-ph IM is basically a constant speed motor
• Somewhat difficult to control its speed.
• Entire speed variation is only in the range Ns to (1

− s)Ns
SPEED CONTROL OF IM
• The speed control of IM is done at the cost of
decrease in efficiency and low electrical power
factor.
BASIC FORMULAE SPEED CONTROL CLASSIFICATION
• Speed of motor
N = Ns(1-s)
Speed
control
𝟐
𝟗𝟎 𝒔𝑹𝟐 𝑽 𝟐
• 𝑻 𝒐𝒓 𝑴 = 𝝅𝑵
𝒔 𝑹𝟐 𝟐 +(𝒔𝑿𝟐 )𝟐 Stator Side Rotor Side
Injecting
• At starting, s=1 V/f control
Supply
voltage
Changing
no. of poles
Adding
resistance
Cascade
control
slip
frequency
control
in rotor side
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29-10-2015
V / F CONTROL OR FREQUENCY CONTROL E/F CURVES

• E or V = K ϕNf
• Φ α V/f
• achieved by using power electronic circuits ( inverters:

convert dc to ac of desired frequency)
• Changing frequency alone changes Ns but causes flux

saturation increasing NL current (I0)
• Both V and f are changed

• V/f ratio is kept constant
• For a fixed V , E changes with operating slip (rotor branch impedance
changes) and further due to the stator impedance drop.
PRACTICAL V/F CURVES
• At low frequencies (or at low voltages) the curves show a

considerable reduction in peak torque.
• At low frequencies ( and hence at low voltages) the drop across

the stator impedance prevents sufficient voltage availability
• Therefore, in order to maintain sufficient torque at low

frequencies, a voltage more than proportional needs to be given
at low speeds.
• Another component of compensation that needs to be given is

• if we approximate E/f as V/f, the resulting torque-speed due to operating slip.
characteristic shown
VOLTAGE BOOST IN V/F CONTROL CONTROLLING SUPPLY VOLTAGE
• In low slip region R2>> (sX)2, T α sE22/R2

• Since R2 is constant, T α sE22
• Or T α sV2
• To keep Torque constant, slip increases if voltage is

decreased
• best suited for loads that require very little starting torque,
• Rarely used method
• Reason: Small change in speed requires large reduction in
voltage
• It increases the current drawn causing overheating
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29-10-2015
SPEED CONTROL FOR FAN POLE CHANGING METHODS
• Sometimes IM have a special stator winding capable of

T / ω2 being externally connected to form two different number of
pole numbers.
• Ns = 120f/P
• After changes if air gap flux remains constant  Constant

torque connections
• If air gap flux changes that are inversely proportional to the

Ns  constant power connections
POLE CHANGING METHOD THREE PHASE CASE
• Coil A and B can be

connected in two
A2 to C2 • The current directions shown in C1 & C2 correspond to the case where
ways A2 to C1
T1, T2, T3 are supplied with three phase excitation and Ta, Tb & Tc are
Four pole shorted to each other (STAR point).
• A2 to C1 Two pole arrangement
arrangement
• A2 to C2 • If however the excitation is given to Ta, Tb& Tc with T1, T2, T3 open, then
current through one of the coils (C1 & C2) would reverse.
CHANGING THE NUMBER OF STATOR POLES ADDING RHEOSTAT IN THE STATOR CIRCUIT
• Multiple stator winding method • Rotor Resistance Control

• the stator is provided by two separate winding
• Rheostat is added in the stator circuit due to this
• Using switching arrangement, at a time , supply voltage gets dropped
is given to one winding only
• T ∝ sV22
• smooth speed control is not possible
• Slip increases to keep the torque constant
• method is more costly and less efficient as two
different stator winding are required.
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29-10-2015
ADDING EXTERNAL RESISTANCE ON ROTOR SIDE ADDING RHEOSTAT IN THE STATOR CIRCUIT
• In low slip region term (sX)2 << R2. Starting Max Torque
Torque
• So, it can be neglected and E2 is constant.
• So the equation of torque after simplification
becomes, T α s/R2
• Slip changes when R2 is changed
• addition of external resistance starting torque

increases
ADDING EXTERNAL RESISTANCE ON ROTOR SIDE CASCADE CONTROL METHOD
• Disadvantages: • Power drawn from the rotor terminals could be spent more
usefully.
• speed above the normal value is not possible.
• Large speed change requires large value of resistance
• Slip ring output could be connected to another IM
• which cause large copper loss and hence reduction in
efficiency. • The stator of the second machine would carry slip
• Presence of resistance causes more losses. frequency currents of the first machine which would
• method cannot be used for squirrel cage induction generate some useful mechanical power.
motor.
• Better option: Two 3-Ph IM are connected on common shaft
: Main and Auxiliary
CASCADE CONTROL METHOD CASCADE CONTROL METHOD
• NS1 = synchronous speed of main motor. For main motor

• S1 = Ns1 – N / Ns1
• F1=S1F
• NS2 = synchronous speed of auxiliary motor.
For auxiliary motor, supplied with same frequency
• F1=F2
• P1 = number of poles of the main motor.
• Ns2 = 120 F2/P2 = 120 S1F/P2 = 120 F (Ns1-N) / P2Ns1
• P2 = number of poles of the auxiliary motor.

At NL, Speed of Aux. motor ~ Its Synch speed i.e. N = Ns2
N = 120 F (Ns1-N) / P2Ns1
• F = the supply frequency.
Rearranging the equation
• F1 = frequency of rotor induced emf of main motor. N = 120 F / (P1 ± P2)
• -Ve sign when second machine is connected in opposite phase
sequence to the first
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29-10-2015
CASCADE CONTROL METHOD INJECTING SLIP FREQUENCY EMF INTO ROTOR SIDE
In this method of speed control of 3-ph IM, four different speeds • After adding resistance in rotor circuit, some part of power
can be obtained (slip power) is lost as I2R losses
• When only main IM work, having speed corresponds to NS1 =

120 F / P1. • Reduces efficiency
• When only auxiliary IM work, having speed corresponds to NS2 = • This slip power loss can be recovered and supplied back to
120 F / P2.
improve the overall efficiency
• When cumulative cascading is done, then the complete set runs
at a speed of N = 120F / (P1 + P2). • slip power recovery scheme
• When differential cascading is done, then the complete set runs

• done by connecting an external source of emf of slip
at a speed of N = 120F / (P1 - P2).
frequency to the rotor circuit.
INJECTING SLIP FREQUENCY EMF INTO ROTOR SIDE REFERENCE BOOKS FOR THIS CHAPTER
• The injected emf can either oppose the rotor induced emf
or aids the rotor induced emf.
• If it oppose the rotor induced emf, the total rotor resistance

increases and hence speed decreases
• if the injected emf aids the main rotor emf the total
resistance decreases and hence speed increases.
• Wide range of speed control (above and below rated

speed)
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29-10-2015

3 INDUCTION MOTOR (EE 307)

• Constructional differences between the

• No load and blocked rotor test

Prof. Paresh Kale • Starting

29-10-2015 Induction Motor (EE 307) by Dr. Paresh Kale 2

INDUCTION MOTORS: WHAT ARE THEY ?

• Transforms Electrical energy

• used worldwide in many

• It can be part of a pump or

• most common and frequently encountered machines in industry

 wide range of power ratings: fractional HP to 10 MW

 run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full load

MAIN COMPONENTS OF INDUCTION MOTOR STATOR AND ROTOR CONSTRUCTION

• Consisting of a steel frame that supports a

• Slots on the internal circumference of the stator

• Two different types:

OTHER COMPONENTS OF INDUCTION MOTOR

• Shaft: For transmitting the torque to the load and made up

• Bearings: For supporting the rotating shaft.

• fan for cooling: To overcome heat during its rotation

• Terminal box : For receiving external electrical connection

• Air gap : Small distance between rotor and stator, usually

TYPES OF ROTOR SRIM - CUT-SECTION VIEW

Squirrel cage rotor Wound rotor /

WOUND ROTOR / SRIM

SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR IM WITH CAGE ROTOR

INDUCTION MOTORS OPERATION PRINCIPLE

• Stator is supplied by balanced 3φ voltage that drives an AC

• Magnetizing current in each phase generates a pulsating AC

• The summation of the three AC fluxes results in a rotating flux,

• The rotating flux induces a voltage in the short-circuited bars of

INDUCTION MOTORS OPERATION PRINCIPLE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

3. AA’ & C’C

4. BB’ & C’C

5. BB’ & A’A

6. CC’ & A’A

7. CC’ & B’B

Copper end ring Cage conductors

• Ns = synchronous speed (rpm)

NO. OF POLES VS. SYNCHRONOUS SPEED SLIP

• Ns = synchronous speed of the rotating flux

EXAMPLE FREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENT

rotor speed = 1140 rpm

FREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENT

• no matter what the value of slip, rotor currents and

• In other words, both the rotor and stator fields

• which means that they are stationary wrt each other.

CHANGING THE DIRECTION OF ROTOR ROTATION

Q: How to change the direction of rotation?

A: Change the phase sequence of the power supply.

• A 4-pole, 3-phase induction motor operates from a supply whose frequency is

(i) Stator field revolves at synchronous speed, given by

(ii) rotor (or motor) speed,

(iv) Since at standstill, s = 1,

THE SINGLE-PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE THREE-PHASE

• Airgap of the induction motor is represented by the ideal

• The equivalent circuit is simplified by making two assumptions:

• Stator and rotor windings have the same number of turns/phase.

Assume the impedance of the stator winding to be negligible.

(a) E2 = 400 × =80 V SIMPLIFIED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE INDUCTION MOTOR

(c) For 4% slip, tan φ = 0.1477

For 100% slip, tan φ = 3.692