Student’s name: Lina Abukwik

Student’s No.: 1171067

Partner’s name: Layan wael

Partners No.: 1191882

Section:22
Instructor: Shayma salama
Date: 14/4/2021

Exp 1: Linear and nonlinear Elements

Abstract:
The goal of the experiment is to find the volt and current for different
elements (carbon resistor, si diode, light bulb) by reading different
measurements of the current and the voltage passing through the circuit and
determine if they are linear or nonlinear circuit components.
The result: resistor is a linear component but the diode and the light bulb not
linear
R for carbon resistance = ± Ω

Theory:

the relation between the current passing through a circuit and the voltage difference
between its terminals called I-V characteristic.
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of
proportionality, the resistance, mathematical equation that describes this relationship
(I=V/R),
if ohm’s law does apply that mean the voltage across the component V=I*R therefore the
graph of V vs. I is a straight line, such components are linear components for example
(Carbon Resistor), and which components doesn’t apply ohm’s law are called non-linear
components and in this case the graph of V vs. I is not a linear, Diodes and light bulb are
an example of non-linear components.
The light bulb have tungsten wire that converts the electrical wire to heat energy. so The
resistance of the conducting material and thus the receptivity, depends on the temperature
of that material

R=R 0 {1+α ( T −T ❑
0 )}

And since the temperature of the tungsten increases by increasing the current passing
through it so the light bulb have a non-linear component. and a resistance that depends on
the value of the current.

Data and results:

 I VS V For Carbon resistor
2.5

2
f(x) = x − 0.01
R² = 1
1.5
I(mA)

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
V(volts)

Fig1: I VS Carbon resistor

Calculations:
1-Carbon Resistance:
R for the carbon resistance = ΔV/ΔI = 1/ (slope of I vs. V) = 1/ 0.9971=
1.05 Ω
I avg = 1.20 mA; V avg = 1.21 volts
 V VS I For si Diode
8
7
6
5
I(mA)

4
3
2 1.9
1
0.73
0
0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
V(Volts)

Fig 2: V VS I For Si Diode

2- si Diode
Slop of the tangent = 13
R = 1/13= 0.076 Ω

V VS I(mA) For light bulb

250

200 197
182.6
162.6
150 142.6
131.4
I(mA)

100
88.7

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
V(volts)

Fig3: V VS I for light bulb

3) light bulb
Discussion:

from the (fig1)and the results We can note that the carbon resistance applied
ohms law ,is a linear component and R = ,and from (fig2) and The
diode does not act as a linear component and R for diode R= , the
diode’s resistance seems to approach infinity as the current increases, the
resistance seems to decrease , and from (fig3) The light bulb acts as a linear
component until just before light begins to glow then the line become
nonlinear and when the bulb glow at maximum the line becomes linear and
R=
.so fig 2 and 3 don’t applied Ohm’s law.
Temperature is one of the most effective factors that affect the resistance.
Which changes inversely proportional with it.
When connecting a circuit its preferred to connect the resistors and instruments that
should be connected in series and We can increase our certainty by using finer scales on
the multi meter
.

Conclusion:
1- Carbon Resistance:

2- Diode:

3-Light Bulb:

We can Conclude that the carbon resistance is a linear component while the bulb is linear
only on certain intervals because of the increase of temperature, and then obtains a linear
resistance after a while. and the diode is non linear.