Chapter 8

Scrapers

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
SCRAPERS
The Fresno Scraper
Invented in 1883
A NATIONAL HISTORIC MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING LANDMARK

www.asme.org/history/brochures/h158.pdf
 APPLICATIONS
Dozer: short haul, less than 300ft

Scraper: medium haul up to 3,000 ft

 APPLICATIONS
Zone of application
Shot Rock
Ripped Rock
Earth/Rock Mix
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
CONFIGURATIONS
Conventional (push-loaded)

Single engine
CONVENTIONAL
Conventional (push-loaded)
single engine scrapers become
uneconomical when:

Haul grades > 5%

Return grades > 12%
CONFIGURATIONS

Elevating
CONFIGURATIONS
Elevating scrapers are
good for short hauls
and in favorable
material.

• Can work alone in the cut.

• Cost more initially & to operate
• Elevator adds weight & takes power.
CONFIGURATIONS
Tandem powered

Engine
CONFIGURATIONS
Tandem powered (twin
engine) scrapers are good
for jobs having adverse
grades and poor footing.
Owning and operating cost
are about 25% higher.
CONFIGURATIONS

Push-Pull
CONFIGURATIONS
Push-Pull scrapers can work
as a team or can operate
individually with a pusher.
Tire wear will increase in rock
or abrasive materials because
of more slippage from the
four-wheel drive action.
CONFIGURATIONS
Auger
Auger
CONFIGURATIONS
Auger
CONFIGURATIONS
Auger scrapers can self-
load in difficult conditions,
laminated rock or granular
materials.
The auger adds weight to the
scraper during travel and it is
more costly to own and operate
than a conventional scraper.
 BOWL
The load-carrying part of a scraper.

ejector
 WORK
CYCLE
LOAD
HAUL

RETURN DUMP
 CUTTING AND
LOADING

For maximum production both single- and tandem-

engine scrapers need the assistance of a push tractor.
 CUTTING AND
LOADING
Ejector

Dirt enters horizontally and rolls back to fill corners.

Curved ejector top keeps load “boiling” to heap high.
 HAULING

Apron lowered to capture the material.

Keeping the bowl low enhances stability.
SPREADING THE LOAD

Dumping and spreading is one continuous operation.

SCRAPER SELECTION
Three main factors:
• Job size, volume of material to
move and maneuver room
• Scraper configuration
• Job conditions, grades, rolling
resistance and material type
SCRAPER SELECTION

COST:
Cost is must consider all
hourly cost for the entire
pusher-scraper fleet.
ECONOMIC ZONES OF
APPLICATION

HAUL DISTANCE
PERFORMANCE
CHART
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 1: WEIGHT - three parts:
EMPTY VEHICLE WEIGHT (EVW)
LOAD WEIGHT
GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT (GVW)

Use the manufacturers data for

EVW. Careful about notes
concerning what is included.
 LOAD WEIGHT
LOAD WEIGHT is a
function of the load volume and
the unit weight of the material
being hauled.
The scraper volume is in lcy’s.
Use a LOOSE VOLUME unit
weight or convert the volume to
match the units of the weight.
EMPTY AND GROSS WEIGHT
The EVW of our scraper is 96,880 lb.
It will carry a 24.3 bcy Load. The
material, a clay, has a unit weight of
3,100 lb/bcy
STEP 1:
EVW 96,880
LOAD WT (24.3 X 3100) = 75,330
GVW 172,210
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 2:
ROLLING RESISTANCE (RR)

See TABLE 6.1 (page 144) for

ROLLING RESISTANCE VALUES.
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 2: ROLLING RESISTANCE (%)

Rolling resistance in lb / tn
= RR(%)
20 lb / tn

ROLLING RESISTANCE (RR) can be

expressed either as a (%) or in (lb/tn).
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 2: ROLLING RESISTANCE (lb)
for a loaded scraper
[40 lb / tn + (30 lb / tn × TP)] × GVW(tn) = RR(lb)

for an empty scraper

[40 lb / tn + (30 lb / tn × TP)] × EVW(tn) = RR(lb)
TP = tire penetration in inches
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 3: GRADE RESISTANCE
(GR) or ASSISTANCE (GA) (%)
Haul
The grade (%) of the haul road from
the Excavation to the Dump area.
Return
The grade (%) of the haul road from
the Dump to the Excavation area.
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 3: GRADE RESISTANCE
or ASSISTANCE (lb/tn)
Haul
20 lb / tn × % GR × GVW(tn) = GR (lb)

Return
20 lb / tn × % GR × EVW(tn) = GR (lb)
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 4: TOTAL RESISTANCE
(TR) (%)
Haul
RRHAUL(%) + GRHAUL(%)= TRHAUL(%)

Return
RRRETURN(%) + GRRETURN(%)
= TRRETURN(%)
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 4: TOTAL RESISTANCE
EXPRESSED AS RIMPULL
REQUIRED (lb)
Haul
RRHAUL(lb) + GRHAUL(lb)= RPHAUL(lb)
Return
RRRETURN(lb) + GRRETURN(lb)= RPRETURN(lb)
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 5: TRAVEL SPEED
HAUL and RETURN

PERFORMANCE or RETARDER
Chart (Fig. 8.9 & 8.10).

Performance chart for POSITIVE
TOTAL RESISTANCE.

Retarded chart for NEGATIVE
TOTAL RESISTANCE
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 6: TRAVEL TIME HAUL
AND RETURN (min)
HAUL DISTANCE (ft)
TTHAUL =
88 × TRAVEL SPEEDHAUL (mph)

RETURN DISTANCE (ft)

TTRETURN =
88 × TRAVEL SPEEDRETURN (mph)
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP STEP STEP STEP STEP
2 3 4 5 6
DISTANCE RR GR TR SPEED TIME

FT % % % MPH MIN

HAUL

RETURN
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 7: LOAD TIME
With the proper size push-
tractor a good average load
time for a scraper is 0.85 min.
STEP 8: DUMP TIME
See Table 8.7, page 241
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP STEP STEP STEP STEP
2 3 4 5 6
DISTANCE RR GR TR SPEED TIME

FT % % % MPH MIN

HAUL

RETURN

STEP 7 LOAD TIME

STEP 8 DUMP TIME
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 9:
TURN TIME @ DUMP
Average turn time at the fill is 0.21
min.
TURN TIME @ CUT
Average turn time in the cut is
0.30 min.
STEP 10: TOTAL CYCLE TIME
 PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
HAUL

RETURN

STEP 7 LOAD TIME

STEP 8 DUMP TIME
STEP 9 TURN TIME @ DUMP
STEP 9 TURN TIME @ FILL
STEP 10 TOTAL TIME
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 11: PUSHER TIME
= (1.4 X Load Time) + 0.25

STEP 12: BALANCED FLEET

Total Scraper Time (min)
No. Scrapers =
Pusher Time (min)
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 13: EFFICIENCY FACTOR
STEP 14: PRODUCTION
If the number of scrapers is less
than the balance Number
calculated in STEP 12 the
scrapers control production..
PRODUCTION ESTIMATING
STEP 14: PRODUCTION
If the number of scrapers is
GREATER than the balance
Number calculated in STEP 12
the pusher will control
production..
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
Given the following conditions
what is the maximum scraper
production?
• Performance charts chap. 8
• One push tractor
• 50 min-hour efficiency
• Dry clay
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
• RR is 40 lb/tn
• The scraper load will be 28.3 lcy
• Haul is 3,200 ft long
600 ft @ +3% and 2,600 ft @ -6%
• Acceleration/deceleration for 200ft
@ 5mph at each end of haul and
return
EMPTY AND GROSS WEIGHT
STEP 1:
Scraper EVW is 96,880 lb. p.
232
• The scraper load is 28.3 lcy
• Dry clay

Dry clay 2,700 lb/BCY Table

4.3
EMPTY AND GROSS WEIGHT
STEP 1:
• The scraper load is 28.3 lcy
Load Volume in bank
measure?
Swell factor (dry clay)
Table 4.3

28.3 LCY x 0.74 x 1.1 = X bcy

EMPTY AND GROSS WEIGHT
STEP 1:
Load Volume in bank measure?
page 227 push-loaded scraper

28.3 LCY x 0.74 x 1.1 = x BCY

= 23.0 BCY
EMPTY AND GROSS WEIGHT
STEP 1:
Dry clay 2,700 lb/BCY
Load weight =
23.0 BCY x
2,700lb/BCY

⇒ 62,100 lb
EMPTY AND GROSS WEIGHT

STEP 1:

EVW
96,880
LOAD WT 62,100
GVW 158,980
ROLLING RESISTANCE
STEP 2: • RR is 40
lb/tn
or 40 lb / tn = 2%
20 lb / tn
 GRADE RESISTANCE
STEP 3: • Haul is 3,200 ft
long
600ft @ +3% and 2,600ft @
-6%
Haul
200 ft acceleration 3%
400 ft 3%
2,400 ft -6%
200 ft deceleration -6%
 GRADE RESISTANCE
STEP 3: • Haul is 3,200 ft
long
600ft @ +3% and 2,600ft @ -
6%
Return
200 ft acceleration 6%
2,400 ft 6%
400 ft -3%
200 ft deceleration -3%
 TOTAL RESISTANCE
STEP 4: TR Haul
HAUL STEP STEP STEP STEP STEP6
2 3 4 5
DISTANCE RR GR TR SPEED TIME
FT % % % MPH MIN
200 2 3 5
400 2 3 5
2,400 2 -6 -4
200 2 -6 -4
 TOTAL RESISTANCE
STEP 4: TR Return
RETURN STEP STEP STEP STEP STEP
2 3 4 5 6
DISTANCE RR GR TR SPEED TIME
FT % % % MPH MIN
200 2 6 8
2,400 2 6 8
400 2 -3 -1
200 2 -3 -1
Haul
Empty
Loaded
Haul
Haul
 Haul

Speed ≈ 9 mph
Return

Speed ≈ 31 mph
 TRAVEL SPEED
STEP 5: Travel Speed Haul
Haul Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6
RR GR TR Speed Time
ft % % % mph min
200 2 3 5 5
400 2 3 5 16
2,400 2 -6 -4 33
200 2 -6 -4 5
 TRAVEL SPEED
STEP 5: Travel Speed Return
Return Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6
RR GR TR Speed Time
ft % % % mph min
200 2 6 8 5
2,400 2 6 8 17
400 2 -3 -1 33
200 2 -3 -1 5
 TRAVEL TIME
STEP 6: TRAVEL TIME
HAUL Haul Distance (ft)
TTHAUL =
88 × SpeedHAUL (mph)

TTHAUL = 200 ft ⇒ 0.45 min

88 × 5 mph

TTHAUL = 400 ft ⇒ 0.28 min

88 × 16 mph
 TRAVEL TIME
STEP 6: TRAVEL TIME
HAUL
2,400 ft
TTHAUL = ⇒ 0.83 min
88 × 33 mph

TTHAUL = 200 ft ⇒ 0.45 min

88 × 5 mph
 TRAVEL TIME
STEP 6: Travel Time Haul
RR GR TR Speed Time
ft % % % mph min
200 2 3 5 5 0.45
400 2 3 5 16 0.28
2,400 2 -6 -4 33 0.83
200 2 -6 -4 5 0.45
Total Haul time 2.01
 TRAVEL TIME
STEP 6: TRAVEL TIME
RETURN
TTReturn = 200 ft ⇒ 0.45 min
88 × 5 mph

2,400 ft
TTReturn = ⇒ 1.60 min
88 × 17 mph
 TRAVEL TIME
STEP 6: TRAVEL TIME
RETURN
TT Return = 400 ft ⇒ 0.14 min
88 × 33 mph

TTReturn = 200 ft ⇒ 0.45 min

88 × 5 mph
 TRAVEL TIME
STEP 6: Travel Time Return
RR GR TR Speed Time
ft % % % mph min
200 2 6 8 5 0.45
2,400 2 6 8 17 1.60
400 2 -3 -1 33 0.14
200 2 -3 -1 5 0.45
Total Return time 2.64
PRODUCTION ESTIMATE

Time min
Step 6 Haul time 2.01
Step 6 Return time 2.64
Step 7 Load time 0.85
Step 8 Dump time 0.37 Table
Step 9 Turn @ dump 0.21 8.7
Step 9 Turn @ cut 0.30
Step 10 Total cycle time 6.38
 PUSHER TIME
STEP 11: PUSHER TIME
= (1.4 X Load Time) +
0.25

(1.4 X 0.85) + 0.25 = 1.44

min
 BALANCED FLEET
STEP 12: BALANCED
FLEET
Total Scraper Time (min)
No. Scrapers =
Pusher Time (min)

6.39 min
No. Scrapers = ⇒ 4.4 scrapers
1.44 min
 BALANCED FLEET
STEP 12: BALANCED
FLEET 6.39 min
No. Scrapers = ⇒ 4.4 scrapers
1.44 min
Therefore need to investigate
using:
⌦ 4 scrapers
⌦ 5 scrapers
EFFICIENCY FACTOR

STEP 13:
• 50 min-hr efficiency
 PRODUCTION
STEP 14: If the number of
scrapers is less than the
balance Number (4.4)
calculated in STEP 12 the
scrapers control production.
⌦ 4 scrapers
.⌦
Number of loads 1 scraper hauls/hour
Efficiency (min - hr)
Total cycle time scraper
 PRODUCTION
STEP 14: If the number of
scrapers is less than the
balance Number (4.4)
calculated in STEP 12 the
scrapers control production.
⌦ 4 scrapers
.⌦
No. loads No. scrapers Vol./load
50 min
× 4 scrapers × 23 BCY / load
6.29 min
 PRODUCTION
STEP 14: Number of
scrapers less than the
balance Number (4.4).
⌦ 4 scrapers
50 min
× 4 scrapers × 23 BCY / load
6.29 min

= 720 bcy per hour

 PRODUCTION
STEP 14: Number of scrapers
GREATER than the balance
Number (4.4) calculated in
STEP 12, pusher controls
production. ⌦ 5 scrapers.
Number of loads per hour
Efficiency (min - hr)
Total cycle time pusher
 PRODUCTION
STEP 14: Number of scrapers
GREATER than the balance
Number (4.4) calculated in
STEP 12, pusher controls
production. ⌦ 5 scrapers.
No. loads Vol./load

50 min
× 23 BCY / load
1.44 min
 PRODUCTION
STEP 14: Number of scrapers
GREATER than the balance
Number (4.4) calculated in
STEP 12, pusher controls
production. ⌦ 5 scrapers.
50
× 23 BCY / load
1.44
= 799 bcy per hour
 EXERCISE No. 2
Should we use 4 or 5 scrapers?
• Scraper O&O cost $89/hr
• Pusher O&O cost $105/hr
• Scraper operator $8/hr
• Pusher operator $12/hr
• Fringes 35%
 EXERCISE No. 2
Scraper total cost per
hour.
• Scraper O&O cost
$89/hr
• Scraper operator $8/hr
• Fringes 35%
$89 + $8 + ($8 x 0.35)
= $99.80 /hr
 EXERCISE No. 2
Pusher total cost per
hour.
• Pusher O&O cost
$105/hr
• Pusher operator $12/hr
• Fringes 35%
$105 + $12 + ($12 x 0.35)
= $121.20/hr
 EXERCISE No. 2
Cost 4 scrapers.
scrapers pusher
4 x $99.80 + 1 x $121.20 = $520.40/hr

Production 4 scrapers: 720 bcy/hr

$520.40 / hr
= $0.723 / BCY
720 BCY / hr
 EXERCISE No. 2
Cost 5 scrapers.
scrapers pusher
5 x $99.80 + 1 x $121.20 = $620.20/hr

Production 5 scrapers: 799 bcy/hr

$620.20 / hr
= $0.776 / BCY
799 BCY / hr
 EXERCISE No. 2
Should we use 4 or 5 scrapers? What
is critical $ or time?

• 4 scrapers $0.723/bcy
• 4 scrapers 720 bcy/hr
• 5 scrapers $0.776/bcy
• 5 scrapers 799 bcy/hr