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Frequency of Arthropoda in urban Wastes compost Process at laboratory

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Article  in  Journal of Entomological Research · January 2016

DOI: 10.5958/0974-4576.2016.00061.X

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 DOI : 10.5958/0974-4576.2016.00061.X
©
J. ent. Res., 40 (4) : 357-364 (2016)

Frequency of Arthropoda in Urban Wastes Compost Process at

Laboratory condition

Rouhullah Dehghani1, Batool Shahrisvand*, Gholamreza Mostafaeii2, Mahmood

Atharizadeh3, Hamidreza Gilasi4, Mohammadreza Rezaee Mofrad2, Gholamreza
Hosseindoost2, Seyedmahdi Takhtfiroozeh5
Department of Environment Health and Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University
of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran

Abstract
Physical, Chemical, and biological parameters play a key role in compost production. This descriptive
study was conducted, by using 9 basins within 25 kgs wastes placed in 3 places and at 3 steps during 3
months, then by taking 407 times of Arthropoda existed in a controlled condition were determined. After
transferring the samples to the laboratory, Arthropods were identified by Stereo Microscope. The total
number of 534583 samples of larvae, pupae and adult of Arthropoda were collected then estimated. In total
Diptera with 373600 samples (69.886%), Coleoptera with 157398 (29.443%), Hymenoptera with 2050 (0.384%),
Mesostigmata with 1500 (0.281%), Araneida with 18 (0.0033%), Isopoda with 12 (0.0022%), Dictyoptera with 4
(0.0007%), Metastigmata with 1 (0.0001%) were identified. Study indicated that at least 8 orders of Arthropoda
including: Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Mesostigmata, Araneida, Isopoda, Dictyoptera and Metastigmata
are active in compost process. Since varieties of Arthropoda existed in compost production makes it very
rich and they can be easily multiplied in the process, they can be used in providing foods for domestic
animals, birds, and fish.

Key words : Recycling, Biomass, Arthropods, Beetles, Diptera.

Introduction 2015; Montoneri et al., 2009; Nigussie et al., 2015).

Population increasing trend, economic and
industrial development and common inadequate
patterns of consuming cause excessive household
wastes which, in turn, threat human and environmental
health (Torghabeh et al., 2008; Anand and Apul,
2014). Also, the suite of landfill can provide a suitable
place for accumulation of insects or pathogens
which endanger human and environmental health
(Almasian, 2009; Gutberlet, Hla and Roberts, 2015;
Hottle et al., 2015). Although household wastes
include nutrients, they are collected from their
origins due to their potentially biological pollution
and aesthetic aspects (Rostami et al., 2010; Makan,
*Corresponding author's E-mail: shahrisvandb@yahoo.com
1
Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center and Department of
Environment Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran.
2
Department of Environment Health and Social Determinants of Health (SDH)
Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran.
3
Medical College, Kashan University of  Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran. 
4
Department of Epidemiology School of Health Shahid Beheshti University
of Medical Sciences.Tehran, I.R. Iran.
5
Environmental Health,Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University
of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, I.R. Iran
A million tons of organic wastes are disposed
or burned annually, which can cause numerous
environmental risks (Rostami, 2009). Compost,
which recycles wastes produced by consumers, is
a cheap, affordable, natural and is compatible with
the environmental (Rebollido et al., 2008; Rokia et
al., 2014; Vasiliadou et al., 2015). While compost
procedures are occurred in the nature, many industrial
measures were used to improve its efficiency (Xi
et al., 2005; Vavouraki et al., 2014; Zhang and
Sun, 2015; Zhao et al., 2015). Producing compost
from organic wastes is being practiced seriously in
some developed countries such as U.S.A., German,
and Australia as well as in some developing ones
as Kuba, Philipin, and India (Yousefi et al., 2012).
Organisms such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes
and arthropods are active in compost procedure
(Dehghani et al., 2012; Dehghani, 2011). Soil has
billions tons of organic material specially in its surface
which have continuous relation with environment, air
and water so that some researchers have recorded
 Journal of Entomological Research, December 2016
billions of organisms in one cubic meter of soil
(Badrifar, 2000). Collections of microorganisms and
soil organisms living in soil by decomposing organic
material function a major role in ecosystem (Cole
et al., 2006). Ants, termites, bedbugs, millipedes,
centipedes,earthworms as well as other insects living
on soil surfaces or in their nests and drillings within
the soil belong to macro fauna groups (Khodashenas
et al., 2012; Dehghani et al., 2013). Micro arthropods
are extremely various which affected by soil physical
and chemical factors (Abbas and Parwez, 2012).
Soil organisms have different roles in decomposing
organic material existed in the wastes. Soil macro
fauna change physical properties of wastes through
cutting, cracking, chewing and digesting (Yang et
al., 2012). In addition, soil macro fauna not only
decompose organic material for themselves, but also
play a major role in cracking them for increasingly
spreading microbes and inoculating microbial proceed
material in their digestive systems and provide food
substances for micro fauna through cracking and
internal digestion too. Studies have shown their
effects on decomposing waste (Koocheki et al., 1997).
Arthropods existing in compost are different types of
beetles, Collembola, mites, spiders, tick, and insects
(Degaard and Tømmerås, 2000). Sarco saprophagous
and Macro invertebrates such as termites and some
of Diptera larvae by changes physical and chemical
properties of organic material and stabling compost
processes decrease molecular weights compounds
which,in turn, increase high level of organic material
cycles (Morales and Wolf, 2010, Dehghani et al.,
2014; Dehghani, 2013). House flies and stable flies
can grow on various beds such as human, horse,
cow, pig, and bird feces as well as, livestock dungs,
decomposed plant material, kitchen waste, grass
cuts, and dead corpses (Larraín and Salas, 2008).
Mites and Collembola are small arthropods whose
major roles in numerous processes of soil such as
decomposing organic material and energy cycles and
forming soil are known (Manh Vu and Nguyen, 2000).
Predatory mites live on compost too, and function as
a biologically control factor. They feed themselves
from Diptera, nematodes, and worms and use insects
and small mammals for their movements (Amidi et
al., 1990). Compounds produced in various processes
of compost attracted arthropods whose lives develop
in compost, thereby, increase decomposition speed
(Morales and Wolf, 2010). In a study conducted in
Bariloche, Argentina, on compost, it was observed
that odorous compounds produced from composted
358
attract many insect of which on significant order is
the families of Diptera including Muscidae, Fanniidae
and Syrphidae (Labud et al., 2003). Nitidulidae,
which are an important and considerable family of
beetles, have at least 3000 species and about 271
genus world wide. Odors emitted of perished fruits
in compost attract insects and beetles(Bartelt and
Hossain, 2010). Analyzing urban wastes in Iran
indicates that more than 70% of them include food
wastes which have high perishable degree (Amouei
et al., 2009). only 4 million tons of organic fertilizers
can be produced from wastes annually (Ghorbani et
al., 2008). In recent years, urban solid wastes have
been considered one of the major environmental
problems in Iran, so waste management has an
important role which can decrease direct and indirect
risks pertaining to human health, environmental
fauna and flora (Nabizadeh et al., 2008). Since the
arthropods are active in compost production process
in which the major part of organic household wastes
are converted to living creatures or biomass, using
them as suitable protein sources for feeding domestic
animals which are economically profitable including
the domesticated, birds, and fish. Therefore, the aim
of this study was to determine the frequency of the
arthropods in urban compost process at laboratory
conditions.
Materials and Methods
This descriptive study was conducted by using
9 basins with volume of 25 kgs in three place,
and at 3 intervals in spring 2013. First, 150 kgs
of food wastes were transferred to health college
laboratory where their compostable components were
separated, crushed, mixed, and uniformed. Then,
10 kgs of these wastes were randomly separated
and put in a clean capped plastic container to be
mixed for measuring C/N and humidity. 25 kgs of
the provided wastes were put in each basin. Each
basin was filled with the wastes at an amount of 25
kgs. Three basins (A1, B1, C1) (Fig. 1) was selected
to be put at three places on different heights, i.e.,
at the level of the earth, 3 m under the earth,
and 2 m above the earth, then suitable conditions
were provided for processing the compost. Then,
the humidity and temperature were measured. The
second phase was conducted in the second basin
(A2, B2, C2) after one week and the third phase in
the third basin (A3, B3, C3) after two weeks. Sampling
was conducted at the intervals of every other day
 Arthropoda in Urban Wastes Compost

nitrogen. During sampling, in order to prevent

humidity reduction to less than 40-50%, the humidity
degree of samples was measured to supply the
humidity needed for each sample. And for supplying
oxygen of the compost during the process, samples
were mixed manually (Dehghani et al., 2012). After
detecting samples at larvae and pupa stages and
adult in laboratory condition, the obtained results
were statistically analyzed by SPSS.

Results and Discussion

Fig. 1. Three basins of Compost Process at Laboratory
for measuring developmental processes of the
arthropods. Finally, 407 time, samples were collected
during the procedure. The collected samples which
were put in the labeled capped basins transferred
to the lab, then put in 70% ethylic alcohol and,
by using Stereo Microscope, the arthropods were
gradually diagnosed. Some samples were lively kept
in the laboratory to be matured then diagnosed. For
measuring the humidity, the samples were weighed
inside the glass plate at 105°C and put inside oven
during 24-48 h, then they were weighed again and
the humidity was determined. For determining the
ratio of C/N Walkley - Black was used for carbon
and total nitrogen method used for measuring
Of total 534583 numbers of Larvae, Pupa and
adult arthropods, were collected during 3 months.
Sampling was conducted from the second day
of May to twelfth of August. Of these samples, 8
orders of arthropods, including Diptera, Coleoptera,
Hymenoptera, Mesostigmata, Araneida, Isopoda,
Dictyoptera and Metastigmata with the estimated
numbers of 373600, 157398, 2050, 1500, 18, 12,
4 and 1 and frequency percentage of 69.886%,
29.443%, 0.384%, 0.281%, 0.0033%, 0.0022%,
0.0007% and 0.0001% were identified respectively.
Distribution results of arthropods in compost process
regarding to order and place have shown in Table 1.
In this study, ِDiptera order with six families
including Muscidae, Fanniidae, Sarcophagidae,
Calliphoridae, Stratiomyidae and Drosophilidae with
the estimated numbers of 357432, 9443, 4060, 2205,
250 and 210 and frequency percentage of 95.673%,

Table 1. Distribution of results of arthropods in compost process regarding to order and place.
Order Total (%)
Diptera

Coleoptera

Hymenoptera

Mesostigmata

Araneida

Isopoda

Dictyoptera

Metastigmata

Place

A1 36085 16275 1000 - 2 - 4 - 53366(9.98)

B1 36725 17918 - - 2 - - - 54645(10.22)
C1 37805 14450 - - 4 - - - 52259(9.77)
A2 45018 13330 500 - 2 12 - 1 58863(11.01)
B2 49360 19120 - - 1 - - - 68481(12.81)
C2 41850 13530 - - - - - - 55380(10.35)
A3 44305 22670 200 - 3 - - - 67178(12.56)
B3 45342 20515 150 1500 - - - - 67507(12.62)
C3 37110 19590 200 - 4 - - - 56904(10.64)
Total 373634 157368 2050 1500 18 12 4 1 534583 (100)
(%) (69.86) (29.43) (0.384) (0.281) (0.003) (0.002) (0.0007) (0.0001)

359
 Journal of Entomological Research, December 2016

2.527%, 0.086%, 0.5901%, 0.0669% and 0.0562%

had the most frequency and diversity. Coleoptera
were the next with 5 families, including Dermestidae,
Cryptophagidae, Histeridae, Staphylinidae and
Nitidulidae with the estimated numbers of 54880,
50850, 50170, 1468 and 30 and frequency
percentage of 34.868%, 32.307%, 31.874%,
0.933% and 0.019% respectively. From Diptera
orders, Muscidae had the most numbers during
Identification. Two species of house fly and stable
fly with the number of 354775 and 2657 were
identified respectively (Fig. 2). Distribution of the
collected arthropods in compost process regarding to
their name and place have been shown in Table 2.
At the end of the study, the amount of weight Fig. 2. Larvae (fly) in basin
loss in each basin decreased from 25 kgs to 2.5-5.2
kgs in which its amount was relatively 79.2-90%. The temperature varied between 24-45°C and its
The initial average humidity of the samples at the mean was 34.59°C. Also, the present study showed
beginning of the study was 72.26% and at the end that 4-7 days following the compost process, the most
was 47.137% .The humidity of the environment was amount of larvae of arthropods can be seen in the
varied between 9% to 38% and its mean was 22.81%. basin in which housefly larvae with 154875 samples

Table 2. Distribution of the collected arthropods in compost process regarding to their name and place.
place A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3 Total (%)
Name of arthropods
House fly 33500 35650 37100 40050 46300 40625 42400 43350 35800 354775 (66.86)
Skin beetles 5645 5710 5040 3920 7090 4810 8810 7135 6720 54880 (10.26)
Silken fungus beetles 5210 5850 4810 4460 5680 4180 7110 6870 6680 50850 (9.51)
Hister beetles 5270 6180 4470 4740 6130 4420 6590 6290 6080 50170 (9.38)
Fannia 815 390 310 2748 1980 660 690 1150 700 9443 (1.766)
Flesh flies 520 375 85 1590 320 60 710 400 - 4060 (0.759)
Stable fly 100 290 100 140 560 505 410 442 110 2657 (0.497)
Ant 1000 - - 500 - - 200 150 200 2050 (0.383)
Rove beetles 150 178 100 210 220 120 160 220 110 1468 (0.274)
Mite predator - - 1500 - - - - - - 1500 (0.28)
Lucilia 1080 - 190 150 30 - - - - 1450 (0.271)
Blow flies - 20 20 200 170 - 95 - 250 755 (0.141)
Soldier flies - - - - - - - - 250 250 (0.046)
Pomace flies 70 - - 140 - - - - - 210 (0.0392)
Sap beetles - - 30 - - - - - - 30 (0.0056)
Spider 2 2 4 2 1 - 3 - 4 18 (0.0033)
Pill bug - - - 12 - - - - - 12 (0.0022)
Priplanetaamericana 4 - - - - - - - - 4 (0.0007)
Hard ticks - - - 1 - - - - - 1 (0.0001)
Total 53366 54645 52259 58863 68481 55380 67178 67507 56904 534583 (100)
(%) (9.98) (10.22) (9.77) (11.01) (12.81) (10.35) (12.56) (12.62) (10.64)

360
 Arthropoda in Urban Wastes Compost

and frequency percentage of 81.04% have the most
amount. The obtained results regarding the physical
and chemical parameters in producing compost by
laboratory method have been shown in Table 3.
In Olff et al. (2010) identified, three orders of
Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera involved
in compost making which are consistent with our
study (Morales and Wolf, 2010). Laos et al. (2004)
indicated that volatile compounds produced in
compost process attract various species, mostly
insects and specially Diptera in summer,so that,
high numbers of females and the presence of
immature insects (larvae and Pupae) of the flies in
compost process indicate that they can slow their
lives' cycles in the process (Laos et al., 2004). Steel
et al. (2011) indicated that there are arthropods in
compost process such as Isopoda, Myriapoda, Acari,
Collmbola, Tardigrada, Hexapoda (Steel and bert,
2011). It can be said that various arthropods have
numerous roles in compost process that only some
of them are detected by researchers, but in our
study all of them are identified. Our study indicated
that the Diptera order with 6 families, including:
Muscidae, Fanniidae, Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae,
Drosophilidae and Stratiomyidae with frequency
percentage of 95.673%, 2.527%, 1.086%, 0.5901%,
0.0669% and 0.0562% respectively were the most
frequent orders. In our study, the Muscidae among
the Diptera order had the frequency percentage of
95.673% and among all detected orders had the most
percentage, i.e. 66.871%, so among the Muscidae,
Musca domestica and Stomoxy scalcitrans were
detected. Also, in the present study Drosophilidae
with 0.0562% had the lowest variety. Labud et al.
(2003) in a study conducted in Bariloche, Argentina,
observed that odorous compounds and odors
emitted of compost attract many insects specially
flies. They also indicated that six families including
Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Sarcophagidae,
Anthomyiidae and Syrphidae are active in compost
process (Labud et al., 2003). In Wolf et al. (2010),
study Diptera with 98.5% of total and with 16
families including Calliphoridae, Drosophilidae,
Psychodidae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Milichiidae,
Ulidiidae, Scatopsidae, Sepsidae, Sphaeroceridae,
Heleomyzidae, Stratiomyidae, Syrphidae, Phoridae,
Tephritidae and Curtonotidae were the most frequent
ones and had the most diversity in their study,
Syrphidae had the most varieties which are not
consistent with our study (Morales and Wolf, 2010). In
Labud et al. (2003), study Muscidae with twospecies,
Calliphoridae with four species had the most
frequency and most significant family during sampling
(Labud et al., 2003). In a study conducted on poultry
compost by Jacobs in Florida, it was indicated that
blow flies from Calliphoridae considered the main
factor for processing compost which is consistent with
our study (Jacobs, 2003). In the present study,the
second and most frequent order was Coleoptera with
five families including Dermestidae, Cryptophagidae,
Histeridae, Staphylinidae and Nitidulidae identified
in compost process in which Dermestidae had the
most frequency (34.868%) and Nitidulidae had the
least ( 0.019%) .The obtained results from our study
indicated that of total identified orders in producing
compost by laboratory method, Muscidae had the
most frequent families belonged to Dermestidae with
54880 samples and frequency percentage of 10.265%
in which skin beetles were the most known. In Wolf
et al. (2010), study Carabidae, Staphylinida, Ptiliidae,
Hydrophilidae and Phalacaridae were identified

Table 3. Physical and chemical parameters in producing compost by laboratory methods.

Sample Humidity Initial Final Initial weight Final weight Percentage of
container (%) C/N C/N (Kg) (Kg) weight loss
A1 72.8 36.24 14.6 25 4.9 80.4
B1 72.8 36.24 13.8 25 4.7 81.2
C1 72.8 36.24 15.8 25 5.2 79.2
A2 79.42 33.19 13.2 25 2.5 90
B2 79.42 33.19 12.8 25 2.6 89.6
C2 79.42 33.19 13.4 25 3.2 87.2
A3 63.86 27.2 11.8 25 4.5 82
B3 63.86 27.2 11.2 25 3.1 87.6
C3 63.86 27.2 12.6 25 4.1 83.6

361
 Journal of Entomological Research, December 2016
from Coleoptera with 5 families of carabidae, which
according to species after Diptera, are consistent with
our study (Morales and Wolf, 2010). In degaard et
al. (2000), study changes of beetles fauna in compost
compounds were studied, so 11 families including
Ptilidae, Staphylinida, Silvanidae, Cryptophagidae,
Scarabaeidae, Nitidulidae, Tenebrionidae, Histeridae,
Hydrophilidae, Carabidae and Corticariidae were seen
in compost accumulation (Degaard and Tømmerås,
2000). In a study conducted by Bartelt et al.
(2010), it was proved that odor emitted by compost
accumulation due to decomposing of fruits' wastes
attracts insects belonged to Nitidulidae family(Bartelt
and Hossain, 2010). All of the above studies are
consistent with our study and the reason of difference
seen in the frequency and type of the family may be
due to region, time, sampling, compost constituents,
conditions of insect feeding, and other biological
parameters. On the other hand, compost is a very
rich place for living beetles. In Lundberg et al. (1973),
study 273 species of Beetle in the Palm study
(1979) 260 species, in Baranowski study (1978) 225
species were identified in compost production process
(Degaard and Tømmerås, 2000). In our study, a family
of Ixodidae (Hard ticks) of Metastigmata order with 1
sample and frequency percentage of 0.0001% had
the minimum sample which seems it was brought in
by insect feeding from the basin including compost.
Gunadi et al. (2002), proved that the frequency of
mites in compost used for breeding agricultural
products is more than vermin compost, so there was a
significant differences in the numbers of Prostigmata,
Mesostigmata and Cryptostigmata populations after
using compost in the products (Gunadi et al., 2002).
Since compost includes plenty of organic material
and because Diptera larvae feeds from them, their
numbers in compost process are naturally high.
According to the climate of each region, the number
of arthropods is varied, and since they compose
and eat organic material, their presence in compost
process are natural (Triplehorn and Jhonson, 2005).
Although all arthropods are found in compost, they
are not always found in a single compost. Therefore,
information regarding to arthropods is limited, old,
and unscientific (Steel and bert, 2011).
This study indicates the bulk of house wastes
may be changed to biomass, including plenty of
proteins and other foodstuffs which can be used
directly and indirectly in feeding poultries, pets, and
farm animals. In addition, compost process can help
362
in environmental cleanup or bioremediation, economic
efficiency, and producing protein. Laboratory study, for
the first time, proved that the bulk of raw materials
in producing compost can be recycled to usable
material and provide increasingly daily needs for
farm animals, poultries, and fish. Also, producing
meat from urban wastes can be economic. Although
many arthropods are identified in this study, their
roles in compost process are different. Consequently,
more studies are recommended for determining the
amount of biomass production for the most families
or species and presenting the efficient species for
producing animals' foods.
Acknowledgements
Since the study has been conducted by financial
helps paid by research deputy of Kashan University
of Medical Sciences and Research proposal number
9212, the authors offer their thanks to research
deputy, health college,and laboratory staff.
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(Received : July 22, 2016; Accepted : October 25, 2016)