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Rectiliner Motion Jee Main Advanced
Rectiliner Motion Jee Main Advanced
MECHANICS
Mechanics is the branch of physics which deals with the cause and effects of motion of a
particle, rigid objects and deformable bodies etc. Mechanics is classified under two streams
namely Statics and Dynamics. Dynamics is further divided into Kinematics and Kinetics.
2. RE CTI L IN E AR M OTI ON
Rectilinear motion is motion, along a straight line or in one dimension. It deals with the
kinematics of a particle in one dimension.
2.1 Position
The position of a particle refers to its location in the space at a certain moment of time.
It is concerned with the question “where is the particle at a particular moment of time?”
2.2 Displacement
The change in the position of a moving object is known as
displacement. It is the vector joining the initial position ( r1 ) of r2
the particle to its final position ( r2 ) during an interval of time.
Displacement can be negative positive or zero.
2.3 D i s ta n c e
The length of the actual path travelled by a particle during a given time interval is called
as distance. The distance travelled is a scalar quantity which is quite different from
displacement. In general, the distance travelled between two points may not be equal to
the magnitude of the displacement between the same points.
2.4 Average Velocity (in an interval) :
The average velocity of a moving particle over a certain time interval is defined as the
displacement divided by the lapsed time.
displaceme nt
Average Velocity =
time int erval
for straight line motion, along xaxis, we have
x xf xi
v av = v = <v> = =
t tf ti
The dimension of velocity is [LT -1 ] and its SI unit is m/s.
The average velocity is a vector in the direction of displacement. For motion in a straight
line, directional aspect of a vector can be taken care of by +ve and -ve sign of the
quantity.
2.5 Instantaneous Velocity (at an instant) :
The velocity at a particular instant of time is known as instantaneous velocity. The term
“velocity” usually means instantaneous velocity.
x dx
V inst. = lim =
t 0 t dt
In other words, the instantaneous velocity at a given moment (say , t) is the limiting
value of the average velocity as we let t approach zero. The limit as t 0 is written
in calculus notation as dx/dt and is called the derivative of x with respect to t.
Note :
The magnitude of instantaneous velocity and instantaneous speed are equal.
Answer : x = 5m, y = 3m
Solution : The given curve shows the path of the particle starting at y = 4 m.
displacement
Average velocity = time taken ; where displacement is straight line distance between points
Instantaneous velocity at any point is the tangent drawn to the curve at that point.
Now, as shown in the graph, line AB shows displacement as well as the tangent to the given curve.
Hence, point B is the point at which direction of AB shows average as well as instantaneous velocity.
Note :
Average speed is always positive in contrast to average velocity which being a vector,
can be positive or negative.
If the motion of a particle is along a straight line and in same direction then,
average velocity = average speed.
Average speed is, in general, greater than the magnitude of average velocity.
50
Average speed of Shyam =
5 m/s = 10 m/s
100
(b) Average velocity of Ram = m/s = 25 m/s (From P to Q)
4
100
Average velocity of Shyam = m/s = 20 m/s (From P to Q)
5
Example 4. A particle travels half of total distance with speed v 1 and next half with speed v 2 along a
straight line. Find out the average speed of the particle?
Solution : Let total distance travelled by the particle be 2s.
s
Time taken to travel first half =
v1
s
Time taken to travel next half =
v2
Solution :
As shown, the person travels from A to B through a distance S, where first part S1 is travelled
in time t/2 and next S2 also in time t/2.
S1 S2
So, according to the condition : v1 = and v2 =
t/2 t/2
v1 t v 2 t
Total displacement S1 S2
Average velocity = = = 2 2 = v1 v 2
Total time taken t t 2
2.6 Averag e a cc eleration (in a n interva l):
The average acceleration for a finite time interval is defined as :
change in velocity
Average acceleration =
time interval
Average acceleration is a vector quantity whose direction is same as that of the change
in velocity.
v vf vi
a av = =
t t
v vf vi
a av = =
t tf ti
(where one has to substitute v f and v i with proper signs in one dimensional motion)
dv v dv v
= lim lim
a = and in general a = dt = t0 t
dt t 0 t
The dimension of acceleration is [LT -2 ] and its SI unit is m/s 2.
x xf xi
t = t f , its average velocity in the interval PQ is V av = =
t tf ti
xf
This expression suggests that the average velocity is equal Q
to t he s lo pe o f th e li ne ( c h or d) j oi ni ng t he p oi nt s xi
P
corresponding to P and Q on the xt graph.
O ti tf t
3.2 I ns ta nta neo u s V elo c ity
Consider the motion of the particle between the two points P and Q on the xt graph
shown. As the point Q is brought closer and closer to the point P, the time interval
between PQ (t, t , t,......) get progressively smaller. The average velocity for each
time interval is the slope of the appropriate dotted line (PQ, PQ, PQ......).
x
xi slo
pe
= u
u is negative
t
O
v v
positive velocity
u t
O
negative velocity
t u
O
v u
(a) a
t
v u
(b) Vav
2
(c) S = (v av )t
v u
(d) S t
2
(e) v = u + at
line of motion
For vertical or inclined motion, upward direction can
be taken +ve and downward as ve
line of motion
+
on
oti
fm
o
-
line
-
For objects moving vertically near the surface of the earth, the only force acting on the
particle is its weight (mg) i.e. the gravitational pull of the earth. Hence acceleration for
this type of motion will always be a = g i.e. a = 9.8 m/s 2 (ve sign, because the
force and acceleration are directed downwards, If we select upward direction as positive).
Note :
If acceleration is in same direction as velocity, then speed of the particle
increases.
If acceleration is in opposite direction to the velocity then speed decreases i.e. the
particle slows down. This situation is known as retardation.
Example 7. A particle moving rectilinearly with constant acceleration is having initial velocity of
10 m/s. After some time, its velocity becomes 30 m/s. Find out velocity of the particle
at the mid point of its path?
Solution : Let the total distance be 2x.
distance upto midpoint = x
Let the velocity at the mid point be v
and acceleration be a.
From equations of motion
v 2 = 10 2 + 2ax ____ (1)
30 2 = v 2 + 2ax ____ (2)
Example 8. Mr. Sharma brakes his car with constant acceleration from a velocity of 25 m/s to
15 m/s over a distance of 200 m.
(a) How much time elapses during this interval?
(b) W hat is the acceleration?
(c) If he has to continue braking with the same constant acceleration, how much
longer would it take for him to stop and how much additional distance would he
cover?
Solution : (a) W e select positive direction for our coordinate system to be the direction of the
velocity and choose the origin so that x i = 0 when the braking begins. Then the
initial velocity is u x = +25 m/s at t = 0, and the final velocity and position are
v x = +15 m/s and x = 200 m at time t.
Since the acceleration is constant, the average velocity in the interval can be
found from the average of the initial and final velocities.
1 1
v av, x = (u x + v x) = (15 + 25) = 20 m/s.
2 2
The average velocity can also be expressed as
x
vav, x = . W ith x = 200 m
t
and t = t 0, we can solve for t:
Äx 200
t =
v av,x = 20 = 10 s.
(b) W e can now find the acceleration using v x = u x + a xt
vx u x 15 25
ax = = = 1 m/s 2.
t 10
The acceleration is negative, which means that the positive velocity is becoming
smaller as brakes are applied (as expected).
(c) Now with known acceleration, we can find the total time for the car to go from
velocity u x = 25 m/s to v x = 0. Solving for t, we find
vx u x 0 25
t = = = 25 s.
ax 1
The total distance covered is
1 2
x = x i + u xt + at
2 x
1
= 0 + (25)(25) + (1)(25) 2
2
= 625 – 312.5
= 312.5 m.
Additional distance covered
= 312.5 – 200
= 112.5 m.
v 2ad .
Solution : Suppose the pickpocket is caught at a time t after motorcycle starts. The distance
travelled by the motorcycle during this interval is
1
s at2 ____ (1)
2
During this interval the jeep travels a distance
s d vt ____ (2)
By (1) and (2),
1 2
at d vt
2
v v 2 2ad
or, t
a
The pickpocket will be caught if t is real and positive.
This will be possible if
Example 10. A man is standing 40 m behind the bus. Bus starts with 1 m/sec 2 constant acceleration
and also at the same instant the man starts moving with constant speed 9 m/s. Find
the time taken by man to catch the bus.
1m/sec2
x=0 40 m t=0
t=0 x = 40
Solution : Let after time ‘t’ man will catch the bus
For bus
1 1
x = x 0 + ut + at 2 , x = 40 + 0(t) + (1) t 2
2 2
t2
x = 40 + ............. (i)
2
For man, x = 9t ............. (ii)
From (i) & (ii)
t2
40 + = 9t or t = 8 s or t = 10s.
2
1
y = 50(t)
2
10 t 2
= 50t 5t 2 ---- (2)
According to the problem;
50t 5t 2 = 100 5t 2
t = 2 sec
Putting t = 2 sec in eqn. (1),
y = 100 20 = 80 m
Hence, the particles will meet at a height 80 m above the ground.
Example 12. A particle is dropped from a tower. It is found that it travels 45 m in the last second of
its journey. Find out the height of the tower? (take g = 10 m/s 2)
Solution :
Let the total time of journey be n seconds.
a 10
Using; sn u ( 2n 1) 45 = 0 + ( 2n 1)
2 2
n = 5 sec
1 2 1
Height of tower; h = gt = 10 5 2 = 125 m
2 2
7. RE AC T I ON TI M E
W hen a situation demands our immediate action. It takes some time before we really respond.
Reaction time is the time a person takes to observe, think and act.
Example 13. A stone is dropped from a balloon going up with a uniform velocity of 5 m/s. If the
balloon was 60 m high when the stone was dropped, find its height when the stone hits
the ground. Take g = 10 m/s 2.
1
– 60 = 5(t) + (–10) t 2
2
– 60 = 5t – 5t 2 +ve
5t 2 – 5t – 60 = 0
t 2– t – 12 = 0 –ve
60m
t 2 – 4t + 3t – 12 = 0
(t – 4) (t + 3) = 0
t = 4
Height of balloon from ground at this instant
= 60 + 4 × 5 = 80 m
Example 14. A balloon is rising with constant acceleration 2 m/sec 2. Two stones are released from
the balloon at the interval of 2 sec. Find out the distance between the two stones 1 sec.
after the release of second stone.
Solution : Acceleration of balloon = 2 m/sec 2
Let at t = 0, y = 0 when the first stone is released.
1
By the question, y1 = 0 t 1 + gt 12
2
(taking vertical upward as – ve and downward as + ve)
9
Position of st stone = g
2
(1 second after release of second stone will be the 3 rd second for the 1 st stone)
1
For second stone y2 = ut 2 + gt 22
2
u = 0 + at = – 2 × 2 = – 4m/s (taking vertical upward as – ve and downward as + ve)
1
y2 = – 4 × 1 + g × (1) 2 (t 2 = 1 second)
2
The 2 nd stone is released after 2 second
1 1
y = – at 2 = – × 2 × 4 = – 4
2 2
1
So, Position of second stone from the origin = – 4 + g – 4
2
1 1
Distance between two stones = g × 9 – g × 1 + 8 = 48 m.
2 2
Note :
As the particle is detached from the balloon it is having the same velocity as that of
balloon, but its acceleration is only due to gravity and is equal to g.
8. STRAIGHT LIN E-EQUATION , GRAPH, SLOPE (+ve, –ve, zero slo pe).
If is the angle at which a straight line is inclined to the positive direction of xaxis, &
0° < 180°, 90°, then the slope of the line, denoted by m, is defined by m = tan . If is
90°, m does not exist, but the line is parallel to the yaxis. If = 0, then m = 0 & the line is
parallel to the x-axis.
dy
m = slope = tan =
dx
y y y
–ve slope
+ve slope C
C slope = 0
C
x x x
y y
y2 = kx x y2 = –kx x
y y
x2 = ky x x2 = –ky x
b D
Coordinates of vertex = ,
2a 4a
Case (ii) : a < 0 y
The nature of the parabola will be like that of the nature of x 2 = –ky
Maximum value of y exists at the vertex of parabola.
D
ymax = where D = b 2 – 4ac x
4a
x
x
a<0
xi xi
a>0
t t
0 0
x-t graph
v is a linear polynomial in terms of t. Hence vt graph is a straight line of slope a.
v v
a
= slo
pe u pe
=
slo a
u
a is positive a is negative
t t
0 0
v-t graph
at graph is a horizontal line because a is constant.
a a
positive
acceleration
a
0
negative
acceleration
t a
0
a-t graph
dx
= tan is also increasing
dt
Hence, velocity of particle is increasing.
dx
= tan also decreases.
dt
Hence, velocity of particle is decreasing.
dv
= 0
dt
Hence, acceleration is zero.
dv
= constant
dt
Hence, it shows constant acceleration.
(iii) Un if o rm re ta rd a ti o n
Since > 90º
tan is constant and negative.
dv
= negative constant
dt
Hence, it shows constant retardation.
da
= 0
dt
Hence, acceleration is constant.
da
= tan = constant > 0
dt
Hence, acceleration is uniformly increasing with time.
da
= negative constant
dt
Hence, acceleration is uniformly decreasing with time
Example 15.
The displacement vs time graph of a particle moving along
a straight line is shown in the figure. Draw velocity vs time
and acceleration vs time graph.
Solution : x = 4t 2
dx
v = = 8t
dt
Hence, velocity-time graph is a straight line
having slope i.e. tan = 8.
dv
a = = 8
dt
Hence, acceleration is constant throughout and is equal to 8.
(i) Displacement–time
2
(ii) Speed–time –v
C
100 m
(iii) Velocity–time
(iv) Acceleration–time
Solution : For particle A :
(i) Displacement vs time graph is
Displacement
1 2 25
y = ut + at
2 20
u = + 10 m/sec 2
15
1 10
y = 10t – ×10t 2
2 5
= 10 t – 5t 2
dy –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 5.5 time
v = = 10 – 10 t = 0 –5 T
dt
t = 1 ; hence, velocity is zero at t = 1 –10
10 t – 5 t 2 = – 100 –15
t 2 – 2t – 20 = 0 –20
t = 5.5 sec. –25
i.e. particle travels up till 5.5 seconds. –100
Acceleration
throughout the motion,
particle has constant
acceleration = –10 m/s 2.
Time
–10
For particle B :
1
u = – 10 m/s. y = – 10t – (10) t 2 = – 10t – 5t 2
2
(i) Displacement time graph :
y = 10t – 5t 2
dy
= – 10t – 5t 2 = – 10 – 10t
dt
this shows that slope becomes
more negative with time.
Velocity
dy
= – 10t – 5t 2 = – 10 – 10t
dt
hence, velocity is directly Time
proportional to time with t
slope of –10. Initial velocity = –10 m/s –10 m/s
For Particle C :
(i) Displacement time graph :
1
u = 0 , y = – × 10t 2 = – 5t 2
2
this shows that slope becomes
more negative with time.
V = – 10t ;
hence, velocity is directly
Time
proportional to time with
slope of –10. 20
–10 20
Acceleration
throughout the motion,
particle has constant
acceleration = –10 m/s 2.
Time
–10 m/s
12. DISPLACEMENT FROM v - t GRAPH & CHANGE IN VELOCITY FROM a -t GRAPH
Displacement = x = area under vt graph.
Since a negative velocity causes a negative displacement, areas below
the time axis are taken negative. In similar way, can see that v = a t
leads to the conclusion that area under a t graph gives the change
in velocity v during that interval.
Example 17. Describe the motion shown by the following velocity-time graphs.
(a) (b)
Solution : (a) During interval AB: velocity is +ve so the particle is moving in +ve direction,
but it is slowing down as acceleration (slope of v-t curve) is negative. During
interval BC: particle remains at rest as velocity is zero. Acceleration is also
zero. During interval CD: velocity is -ve so the particle is moving in -ve direc-
tion and is speeding up as acceleration is also negative.
(b) During interval AB: particle is moving in +ve direction with constant velocity
and acceleration is zero. During interval BC: particle is moving in +ve direction
as velocity is +ve, but it slows down until it comes to rest as acceleration is
negative. During interval CD: velocity is -ve so the particle is moving in -ve
direction and is speeding up as acceleration is also negative.
Solution :
Distance travelled = Area under v-t graph (taking all areas as +ve.)
Distance travelled = Area of trapezium + Area of triangle
1
= 2 6 8 + 1 4 5
2 2
= 32 + 10
= 42 m
Displacement = Area under v-t graph (taking areas below time axis as –ve.)
Displacement = Area of trapezium Area of triangle
1
= 2 6 8 1 4 5
2 2
= 32 10
= 22 m
Hence, distance travelled = 42 m and displacement = 22 m.
13. MOTION WITH NON-UNI FORM ACCE LERATI ON
(USE OF DEF IN I TE I NTEGRALS)
tf
x = v( t )dt (displacement in time interval t = t i to t f)
ti
The expression on the right hand side is called the definite integral of v(t) between
t = t i and t = t f. . Similarly change in velocity
tf
v = v f v i = a(t )dt
ti
v v t
t dv
dv = a ( t ) dt . If a is in terms of v,
v0
a (v )
dt .
0
v0 0
x t
using dx = v (t ) dt , x and t can also be related.
x0 0
dv
a= v
dx
This is another important expression for acceleration.
If a is in terms of x,
v x
v dv = a ( x ) dx .
v0 x0
v x
v dv
If a is in terms of v,
v0
a( v )
dx
x0
On integrating, we get a relation between x and v.
x t
dx
Using
x0
v (x) = dt , we can relate x and t.
0
Example 19. An object starts from rest at t = 0 and accelerates at a rate given by a = 6t. W hat is
(a) its velocity and
(b) its displacement at any time t?
Solution : As acceleration is given as a function of time,
v(t) t
dv a(t)dt
v(t 0 ) t0
So, v(t) = 3t 2
t
As x v(t)dt
t0
t
t3 t t3
x 3t 2dt 3
= 3
= 0 = t 3
0 3 0 3
Hence, velocity v(t) = 3t 2 and displacement x t 3 .
vdv v2 x2
Solution : a = x = x = + C
dx 2 2
t = 0, x = 1 and v = 1
C = 0 v2 = x2
v = ± x but given that x = 1 when v = 1
dx dx
v = x = x = dt
dt x
nx = t + C 0 = 0 + C nx = t
x = et
Example 21. For a particle moving along x-axis, acceleration is given as a = v. Find the position as a
function of time ?
Given that at t = 0 , x = 0 v = 1.
dv dv
Solution : a = v
dt
=v v
= dt
nv = t + c 0 = 0 + c
dx t
v = et
dt
= et dx = e dt
x = et + c 0 = 1 + c
x = et – 1
3 1
Problem 1. A particle covers of total distance with speed v 1 and next with v 2. Find the average
4 4
speed of the particle?
4v 1v 2
Answer : v 1 3v 2
s 1 4v 1v 2
< v > = = =
3s s 3 1 v 1 3v 2
4v1 4v 2 4v1 4v 2
0.24
= 90 = 0.12 × 3 km = 360 m.
60
dx
(b) As v = = 3At 2 + 2Bt + C
dt
velocity at t = 4 sec.
v = 3(1) (4) 2 + 2(4) (4) – 2 = 78 m/s.
dv
(c) Acceleration (a) = = 6At + 2B ; a = 32 m/s 2
dt
(d) average velocity as x = At 3 + Bt 2 + Ct = D
position at t = 0, is x = D = 5m.
Position at t = 4 sec is (1)(64) + (4)(16) – (2) (4) + 5 = 125 m
Thus the displacement during 0 to 4 sec. is 125 – 5 = 120 m
< v > = 120 / 4 = 30 m/s
(e) v = 3At 2 + 20 t + C , velocity at t = 0 is c = – 2 m/s
v 2 v1
velocity at t = 4 sec is 78 m/s < a > = = 20 m/s 2
t 2 t1
Problem 4. For a particle moving along x-axis, velocity is given as a function of time as v = 2t2 + sin t.
At t = 0, particle is at origin. Find the position as a function of time?
dx
Solution : v = 2t 2 + sin t = 2t 2 + sin t
dt
x t
dx = ( 2t
2
sin t ) dt = x 2 t 3 cos t 1 Ans.
0 0 3
Problem 5. A car decelerates from a speed of 20 m/s to rest in a distance of 100 m. W hat was its
acceleration, assumed constant?
Solution : v = 0 u = 20 m/s s = 100 m as v 2 = u 2 + 2 as
0 = 400 + 2a × 100 a = – 2 m/s
2
acceleration = 2 m/s Ans.
25
a = m/s 2
4
Now, for time taken by the back end of the train to pass the worker
25
we have v´ 2 = v 2 + 2al = (25) 2 + 2 × × 150
48
v´ 2 = 25 × 25 × 4
v´ = 50 m/s. Ans.
Problem 7. A particle is thrown vertically with velocity 20 m/s . Find (a) the distance travelled by
the particle in first 3 seconds, (b) displacement of the particle in 3 seconds.
Answer : 25m, 15m
Solution : Highest point say B
VB = 0
v = u + gt
0 = 20 – 10 t
t = 2 sec.
distance travel in first 2 seconds.
s = s(t =0 to 2sec) + s (2sec. to 3sec.)
s = [ut + 1/2 at 2] t = 0 to t = 2s + [ut +1/2at 2] t = 2 to t = 3s
s = 20 × 2 – 1/2 × 10 × 4 + 1/2 × 10 × 1 2
= (40 – 20) + 5 = 25 m.
and displacement = 20 – 5 = 15 m.
Problem 8. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate for some time after which it decelerates
at a constant rate to come to rest. If the total time elapsed is t. Find the maximum
velocity acquired by the car. V
Solution : t = t1 + t2
vmax A
v max
slope of OA curve = tan = = t
1
v max
slope of AB curve = = t t1 t2
2
t = t1 + t2 O B t
v max v max
t = + v max = t
Problem 9. In the above question find total distance travelled by the car in time ‘t’ .
v max t v max t
Solution : v max = t t1 = = t2 = =
( ) ( ) ( )
Total distance travelled by the car in time ‘t’
1 2 1 2 1 2 t 2 2 t 2 1 2 t 2
= t 1 + v max t 2 – t 2 = + –
2 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 2 ( ) 2
1 t 2 t 2
Area under graph (directly) = = Ans.
2 ( ) 2( )
Problem 11. Draw displacement–time and acceleration–time graph for the given velocity–time graph.
Problem 12. For a particle moving along x-axis, following graphs are given. Find the distance trav-
elled by the particle in 10 s in each case?
1
distance = × 10 × 10 = 50 m Ans.
2
2
Problem 13. For a particle moving along x-axis, acceleration is given as a 2v . If the speed of the
particle is v0 at x = 0, find speed as a function of x.
dv dv dx
Solution : a = 2v 2 or = 2v 2 or × = 2v 2
dt dx dt
dv dv
v = 2v 2 = 2v
dx dx
v x
dv
v0
v = 2 dx nv vv 0
= 2 x 0x
0
v
n v = v0e2x
v 0 = 2x Ans.
2. Under what condition will the distance and displacement of a moving object will have the same magnitude?
5. Can x-t graph be a straight line parallel to time-axis for an object which is moving ?
7. Two balls of different masses (one lighter and other heavier) are thrown vertically upward with same initial
speed. Which one will rise to the grater height ?
8. Is it possible that velocity of an object is zero but its acceleration is none zero ? If yes, then give an example.
11. A car travelling with a speed of 90 kmh–1 on a straight road is ahead of scooter travelling with a speed of 60
kmh–1,calculate velocity of car wrt to scooter. solve above problem if scooter is ahead of car.
12. Show that slope of displacement-time graph is equal to the velocity of uniform motion.
13. Delhi is at a distance of 250 km from Chandigarh. A sets out from Chandigarh at a speed of 80 kmh–1 and B
sets out at the same time from Delhi at a speed of 45 kmh–1. When will they meet each other.
15. ‘The direction in which an object moves is given by the direction of velocity of the object and not by the
direction of acceleration.’ Explain the above statement with some suitable example.
16. Fig. below gives x-t plot of a particle in one dimensional motion. Three different equal intervals of time are
shown. In which interval is the average speed greatest and in which is it the least ? Give the sign of average
velocity for each interval.
18. Prove that the distance travelled by a body in nth second is given by
a
Snth = u +(2n – 1)
2
where symbols have their usual meanings.
19. Derive an expression for the distance travelled by uniformly accelerated body in t seconds. Also derive an
expression for the distance travelled by the body in the nth second.
20. Deduce the following relations analytically for a uniform motion along a straight time, where the terms have
their usual meanings :
1 2
(i) v = u + at (ii) S = ut + at (iii) v2 – u2 = 2aS
2
21. The driver of a car A going at 25 ms–1 applies the brakes, decelerates uniformly, and stops in 10s. The driver
of another car B going at 15 ms–1 puts less pressure on this brakes and stops in 20 s. On the same graph,
plot speed-time for each of the two cars.
(a) Which of the two cars travelled farther after the brakes were applied ?
(b) Add a line to the graph, which shows the car B decelerating at the same rate as the car A. How long
does it take the car B to stop at this rate of deceleration ?
22. Draw velocity-time graph of uniform motion and prove that the displacement of an object in a time interval is
equal to the area under velocity-time graph in that time interval.
A-2. A man moves to go 50 m due south, 40 m due west and 20 m due north to reach a field.
(a) What distance does be have to walk to reach the field ?
(b) What is his displacement from his house to the field?
1
B-2. A particle covers each of the total distance with speed v1, v2 and v3 respectively. Find the average speed of
3
the particle ?
C-2. Find the velocity as a function of time if x = At + Bt–3 , where A and B are constants, x is position and t is time.
C-3. An athelete takes 2s to reach his maximum speed of 18 km/h after starting from rest. What is the magnitude
of his average accleration?
D-2. A train starts from rest and moves with a constant acceleration of 2.0 m/s2 for half a minute. The brakes are
then applied and the train comes to rest in one minute after applying breaks. Find (a) the total distance
moved by the train, (b) the maximum speed attained by the train and (c) the position(s) of the train at half the
maximum speed. (Assume retardation to be constant)
D-3. A particle moving along a straight line with constant acceleration is having initial and final velocity as 5 m/s
and 15 m/s respectively in a time interval of 5 s. Find the distance travelled by the particle and the accelera-
tion of the particle. If the particle continues with same acceleration, find the distance covered by the particle
in the 8th second of its motion. (direction of motion remains same)
D-4. A car travelling at 72 km/h decelerates uniformly at 2 m/s2. Calculate (a) the distance it goes before it stops,
(b) the time it takes to stop, and (c) the distance it travels during the first and third seconds.
D-6. A toy plane P starts flying from point A along a straight horizontal
line 20 m above ground level starting with zero initial velocity
and acceleration 2 m/s 2 as shown. At the same instant, a man
P throws a ball vertically upwards with initial velocity 'u'. Ball
touches (coming to rest) the base of the plane at point B of
plane's journey when it is vertically above the man. 's' is the
distance of point B from point A. Just after the contact of ball
with the plane, acceleration of plane increases to 4 m/s 2. Find:
E-2. A cart started at t = 0, its acceleration varies with time as shown in figure. Find the distance travelled in 30
seconds and draw the position-time graph.
E-3. Two particles A and B start from rest and move for equal time on a straight line. The particle A has an
acceleration a for the first half of the total time and 2a for the second half. The particle B has an acceleration
2a for the first half and a for the second half. Which particle has covered larger distance?
1 1
B 3. A body covers first part of its journey with a velocity of 2 m/s, next part with a velocity of 3 m/s
3 3
and rest of the journey with a velocity 6m/s. The average velocity of the body will be
11 8 4
(A) 3 m/s (B) m/s (C) m/s (D) m/s
3 3 3
B 4. A car runs at constant speed on a circular track of radius 100 m taking 62.8 s on each lap. What is the
average speed and average velocity on each complete lap? ( = 3.14)
(A) velocity 10m/s, speed 10 m/s (B) velocity zero, speed 10 m/s
(C) velocity zero, speed zero (D) velocity 10 m/s, speed zero
C 1. The displacement of a body is given by 2s = gt2 where g is a constant. The velocity of the body at any time
t is:
(A) gt (B) gt/2 (C) gt2/2 (D) gt3/6
D-1. A particle performs rectilinear motion in such a way that its initial velocity has opposite direction with its
uniform acceleration. Let xA and xB be the magnitude of displacements in the first 10 seconds and the next
10 seconds, then:
(A) xA < xB (B) xA = xB (C) xA > xB
(D) the information is insufficient to decide the relation of xA with xB.
D-2. A body starts from rest and is uniformly acclerated for 30 s. The distance travelled in the first 10 s is x1, next
10 s is x2 and the last 10 s is x3. Then x1 : x2 : x3 is the same as
(A) 1 : 2 : 4 (B) 1 : 2 : 5 (C) 1 : 3 : 5 (D) 1 : 3 : 9
D-3. A ball is dropped from the top of a building. The ball takes 0.5 s to fall past the 3 m height of a window some
distance from the top of the building. If the speed of the ball at the top and at the bottom of the window are
vT and vB respectively, then (g = 9.8 m/sec2)
vB
(A) vT + vB = 12 ms–1 (B) vT – vB = 4.9 m s–1 (C) vBvT = 1 ms–1 (D) v = 1 ms–1
T
D-4. A stone is released from an elevator going up with an acceleration a and speed u. The acceleration and
speed of the stone just after the release is
(A) a upward, zero (B) (g-a) upward, u (C) (g-a) downward, zero (D) g downward, u
D-5. The initial velocity of a particle is given by u (at t = 0) and the acceleration by f, where f = at (here t is
time and a is constant). Which of the following relation is valid?
at 2
(A) v = u + at2 (B) v = u + (C) v = u + at (D) v = u
2
D-6. A stone is dropped into a well in which the level of water is h below the top of the well. If v is velocity of
sound, the time T after dropping the stone at which the splash is heard is given by
2h h 2h h h 2h
(A) T = 2h/v (B) T g
v (C) T g
2v (D) T 2g
v
D 8. In the above question, what must be the maximum height of the skyscraper so that even superman
cannot save him.
(A) 65 m (B) 85 m (C) 125 m (D) 145 m
5
0
(A) Car A is faster than car B. (B) Car A always leads Car B.
(C) Both cars are moving with same velocity. (D) Both cars have positive acceleration.
E-2. Figure shows the position time graph of a particle moving on the X-axis.
(A) the particle is continuously going in positive x direction
(B) area under x–t curve shows the displacement of particle
(C) the velocity increases up to a time to, and then becomes constant.
(D) the particle moves at a constant velocity up to a time to, and then stops.
E F
(A) C (B) D
C
(C) E (D) F t
E-4. The variation of velocity of a particle moving along a straight line is shown in the figure. The distance travelled
by the particle in 4 s is :
S S S S
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) 3 (D)
2 3 3
dv
STATEMENT-2 : Acceleration is equal to a v , where v is the velocity at that instant..
dx
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
4. STATEMENT-1 : A particle moves in a straight line with constant accleration. The average velocity of
this particle cannot be zero in any time interval
STATEMENT-2 : For a particle moving in straight line with constant acceleration, the average velocity
uv
in a time interval is , where u and v are initial and final velocity of the particle in the given time
2
interval.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
4. A man walking with a speed ' v ' constant in magnitude and direction passes under a lantern hanging at
a height H above the ground (consider lantern as a point source). Find the velocity with which the edge
of the shadow of the man's head moves over the ground, if his height is ' h '.
5. A police jeep is chasing a culprit going on a moter bike. The motor bike crosses a turn at a speed of 72 km/
h. The jeep follows it at a speed of 108 km/h, crossing the turn 10 seconds later than bike (keeping constant
speed). After crossing the turn, jeep acclerates with constant accleration 2 m/s2. Assuming bike travels at
constant speed, how far from the turn will the jeep catch the bike?
6. A healthy youngman standing at a distance of 6 m from a 11.5 m high building sees a kid slipping from the
top floor. With what uniform acceleration (starting from rest) should he run to catch the kid at the arms height
(1.5 m)? Take g = 10 m/s2.
7. A lift is descending with uniform acceleration. To measure the acceleration , a person in the lift drops a coin
at the moment when lift was descending with speed 6 ft/s. The coin is 5 ft above the floor of the lift at time it
is dropped. The person observes that the coin strikes the floor in 1 second. Calculate from these data, the
acceleration of the lift. [Take g = 32 ft/s2]
8. A body starts with an initial velocity of 10 m/s and moves along a straight line with a constant acceleration.
When the velocity of the particle becomes 50 m/s the acceleration is reversed in direction without
changing magnitude. Find the velocity of the particle when it reaches the starting point.
9. The accompanying figure shows the velocity v of a particle moving on a coordinate line.
(m/s)
-4
(a) When does the particle move forward? move backward? Speed up? slow down?
(b) When is the particle's acceleration positive? Negative ? zero?
(c) When does the particle move at its greatest speed ?
(d) When does the particle stand still for more than an instant?
(a) the average velocity of the point during the time of motion;
(c) the time t0 at which the instantaneous velocity is equal to the mean
velocity averaged over the first t0 seconds.
11. A lift starts from the top of a mine shaft and descends with a constant speed of 10 m/s.
4 s later a boy throws a stone vertically upwards from the top of the shaft with a speed of
30 m/s. Find when and where stone hits the lift.[ Take: g = 10 m/s² ]
2. A body starts from the origin and moves along the X-axis such that the velocity at any instant is given
by (4t3 – 2t), where t is in second and velocity is in m/s. What is acceleration of the particle, when it is
(A) 28 m/s 2 (B) 22 m/s 2 (C) 12 m/s 2 (D) 10 m/s 2
3. The displacement (from origin) of a body in motion is given by x = a sin (t + ). The time at which the
displacement is maximum is ( a, and are constants)
2
(A) (B) (C) / 2 (D)
2
4. A body is released from the top of a tower of height h metre. It takes T seconds to reach the ground.
Where is the ball at the time T/2 seconds ?
(A) at h/4 metre from the ground (B) at h/2 metre from the ground
(C) at 3h/4 metre from the ground (D) depends upon the mass of the ball
5. A stone is thrown vertically upward with an initial speed u from the top of a tower, reaches the ground
with a speed 3u. The height of the tower is:
3u 2 4u 2 6u 2 9u 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
g g g g
6. A particle starts from rest with uniform acceleration a. Its velocity after n seconds is v. The displacement
of the particle in the last two seconds is :
2v(n - 1) v(n - 1) v(n 1) 2v(2n 1)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n n n n
7. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the top of a tower of height h with velocity v. The ball strikes the
ground after time.
1/ 2 1/ 2
v 2gh v 2gh v 2gh v 2gh
(A) g 1 1 2 (B) g 1 1 2 (C) 1 2 (D) 1 2
v v g v g v
9. Water drops fall at regular intervals from a tap which is 5m above the ground. The third drop is leaving
the tap at the instant the first drop touches the ground. How far above the ground is the second drop at
that instant ? (Take g = 10 ms –2)
5 5 15
(A) m (B) 4 m (C) m (D) m
4 2 4
10. Two particles held at different heights a and b above the ground are allowed to fall from rest. The ratio
of their velocities on reaching the ground is :
(A) a : b (B) a: b (C) a2 : b2 (D) a3 : b3
11. In the one-dimensional motion of a particle, the relation between position x and time t is given by
x 2 + 2x = t (here x > 0). Choose the correct statement :
1
(A) The retardation of the particle is
4( x 1)3
1
(B) The uniform acceleration of the particle is
( x 1)3
1
(C) The uniform velocity of the particle is
( x 1)3
(D) The particle has a variable acceleration of 4t + 6.
14. A body freely falling from rest has a velocity v after it falls through distance h. The distance it has to fall
down further for its velocity to become double is :
(A) h (B) 2h (C) 3h (D) 4h
17. Consider the motion of the tip of the minute hand of a clock. In one hour
(A) the displacement is zero (B) the distance covered is zero
(C) the average speed is zero (D) the average velocity is zero
18. Mark the correct statements for a particle going on a straight line (x–position coordinate, v–velocity, a–
acceleration) :
(A) If the v and a have opposite sign, the object is slowing down.
(B) If the x and v have opposite sign, the particle is moving towards the origin.
(C) If the v is zero at an instant, the a should also be zero at that instant.
(D) If the v is zero for a time interval, then a is zero at every instant within the time interval.
x
2
v - x graph
v
PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Comprehension # 1
Read the following write up and answer the questions based on that.
The graph below gives the coordinate of a particle travelling along the X-axis as a function of time. AM is the
tangent to the curve at the starting moment and BN is tangent at the end moment (1 = 2 =120°).
Comprehension # 2
The position of a particle is given by
x = 2 (t – t2)
where t is expressed in seconds and x is in meter. Possitive direction is twords right.
1. A block is moving down a smooth inclined plane starting from rest at time t = 0. Let Sn be the distance
Sn
travelled by the block in the interval t = n – 1 to t = n. The ratio is [JEE (Scr.), 2004, 3]
S n1
2n 1 2n 1 2n 1 2n
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2n 2n 1 2n 1 2n 1
2. A particle is initially at rest, It is subjected to a linear acceleration a , as shown in the figure. The maximum
speed attained by the particle is [JEE Scr. 2004; 3]
(A) 605 m/s (B) 110 m/s (C) 55 m/s (D) 550 m/s
3. The velocity displacement graph of a particle moving along a straight line is shown.
2. From a building two balls A and B are thrown such that A is thrown upwards and B downwards (both
vertically with same speed). If VA and VB are their respective velocities on reaching the ground, then
[AIEEE - 2002, 4/300]
(1) vB> vA (2) vA =vB
(3) vA> vB (4) their velocities depends on their masses
3. Speeds of two identical cars are u and 4u at a specific instant. The ratio of the respective distances at which
the two cars are stopped at the same instant is : [AIEEE - 2002, 4/300]
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 4 (3) 1 : 8 (4) 1 : 16
5. A car moving with a speed of 50 km/hr, can be stopped by brakes after at least 6 m. if the same car is moving
at a speed of 100 km/hr, the minimum stopping distance is : [AIEEE - 2003, 4/300]
(1) 12 m (2) 18 m (3) 24 m (4) 6 m
6. A ball is released from the top of a tower of height h metres. It takes T seconds to reach the ground. What is
the position of the ball in T/3 seconds? [AIEEE - 2004, 4/300]
(1) h/9 metre from the ground (2) 7h/9 metre from the ground
(3) 8h/9 metre from the ground (3) 17h/9 metre from the ground
7. An automobile travelling with a speed of 60 km/h, can brake to stop within a distance of 20 m. If the car is
going twice as fast, ie. 120 km/h, the stopping distance will be [AIEEE - 2004, 4/300]
(1) 20 m (2) 40 m (3) 60 m (4) 80 m
8. The relation between time t and distance x is t = ax2 + bx, where a and b are constants. The acceleration is:
[AIEEE 2005, 4.300]
(1) –2abv2 (2) 2bv2 (3) –2av3 (4) 2av3
9. A car, starting from rest, accelerates at the rate f through a distance S, then continues at constant speed for
f
time t and then decelerates at the rate to come to rest. If the total distance travelled is 15 S, then :
2
[AIEEE 2005, 4/300]
1 2 1 2 1 2
(1) S = ft (2) S = ft (3) S = ft (4) S = ft
6 72 4
10. A particle is moving eastwards with a velocity of 5 ms–1. In 10 second the velocity changes to 5 ms–1
northwards. The average acceleration in this time is : [AIEEE 2005, 4/300]
1 1
(1) ms–1 towards north-west (2) ms–2 towards north
2 2
1
(3) zero (4) ms–2 towards north-west.
2
11. A parachutist after bailing out falls 50 m without friction. When parachute opens, it decelerates at 2 m/s2. He
reaches the ground with a speed of 3 m/s. At what height approximately, did he bail out?
[AIEEE 2005, 4/300]
(1) 91 m (2) 182 m (3) 293 m (4) 111 m
12. A particle located at x = 0 at time t = 0, starts moving along the positive x-direction with a velocity v that
varies as v = x The displacement of the particle varies with time as [AIEEE-2006, 3/180]
(1) t1/2 (2) t3 (3) t2 (4) t
13. The velocity of a particle is v = v0 + gt + ft2 . If its position is x = 0 at t = 0, then its displacement after unit time
(t = 1) is [AIEEE 2007, 3/120]
g f g
(1) v0 + 2g + 3f (2) v0 +
+ (3) v0 + g + f (4) v0 + +f
2 3 2
14. An object moving with a speed of 6.25 m/s, is decelerated at a rate given by :
d
2. 5
dt
where is the instantaneous speed. The time taken by the object, to come to rest, would be :
[AIEEE - 2011, 4/120, –1]
(1) 1 s (2) 2 s (3) 4 s (4) 8 s
v(t)
F0b
mb
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
scooter respectively.
Here VC = 90 kmh–1 and VS = 60 kmh–1
15
C D-5. 20m
5 SECTION (E) :
D' B D E-1. distance travelled = 10 m; displacement = 6 m;
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (s)
6
average velocity = = 1.2 m/s
5
(a) The distance travelled by each car is equal to
the area under its v-t graph. Therefore, E-2. 2000 m. ,
distance travelled by the car A,
x1 = area of OAB
1 1
= AO × OB = × 25 × 10 = 125 m ,
2 2
distance travelled by the car B,
x2 = area of COD
1 1 x(m)
= CO × OD = × 15 × 20 = 150 m
2 2 parabolic curve
2000
Since x2 > x1, the car B travels farther.
1500
(b) If the car B decelerates at the same rate as the straight line
car A, then its v-t graph should be a straight line
drawn from the point C and parallel to AB. There-
500
fore, dotted line CD’ represents the v-t graph of the parabolic curve
3. (a) 24 m, 24 m (b) 24 m, 40 m
EXERCISE # 3
PART - I
H 1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B)
4. v 5. 400 m
H h