WRITING LESSON 14

Cause – effect essays

LINKING WORDS/PHRASES
1. In some areas, water levels Therefore, these areas will no longer be able to
will fall. Because of this, support industry.
For this reason,
As a result,
Cause Consequently,
Effect

2. In some areas, water levels so these areas will no longer be able to

will fall, support industry.
Cause
Effect

3. Some areas will no longer because water levels have fallen in these areas.
be able to support industry, for Cause
Effect

4. Because of
Due to the increased heat, agricultural patterns will change.
As a result of
In view of
Owing to Cause Effect

Because of the increased use of cars, pollution levels in cities are worsening.
As a result of / As a consequence of constant economic instability, currency crashes occur.

SO THAT / SUCH THAT

The rise in be so great that agricultural patterns will
temperature happen so fast that change.
will dry out so much land that
destroy so many crops that
Cause cause such terrible damage that Effect
cause such extended droughts that

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VERB PHRASES

1. Changes in water levels will cause changes in living patterns

result in
be the reason for/behind
be responsible for
Cause contribute to
lead to Effect

2. Drastic changes in result from changes in water levels

living patterns will be a result of
be a consequence of
Effect be due to Cause

(Cause)… may give rise to a number of problems.

(Effect)… mainly arises/stems from the fact that … (Cause)
One may attribute (cause) to (effect)
These factors contribute to (effect)
This will exert/have a profound/far-reaching influence/effect/impact on ...

PHÂN TỪ HIỆN TẠI

1. Water level will change, causing changes in living patterns.
leading to
contributing
resulting in

2. Living patterns will change, resulting from changes in water level.

following from

DANH TỪ
Among the most important reasons/factors /explanations cited by people is ...
TÍNH TỪ
(reason) is attributable to / responsible for (problem)
Poor diet is attributable to / responsible for declining health condition.

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LANGUAGE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
Positive words
MAKE
- strengthen one’s health
- cement / cultivate / better / enhance / strengthen relation
- provide sb the chance/opportunity to V
- give sb favourable condition to V
- to be conducive to smt / V-ing (S is NOT people): có lợi cho
HELP
- equip sb with smt
- bestow smt upon sb: mang lại cho ai cái gì
- provide sb easier access to V: cho ai đó tiếp cận … dễ dàng hơn
- enable sb to V
GET
- accumulate (knowledge, skills, experience, capital): tích lũy
- gain / achieve / obtain (money, experience, skills, knowledge, score)
- enhance/improve (experience, skills, knowledge)
- nurture (nuôi dưỡng), sharpen (mài giũa, làm sắc), foster (nuôi dưỡng), cultivate (nuôi dưỡng)

Negative words
CAUSE / lead to / result in / trigger / pose smt: gây ra
BE RESPONSIBLE FOR / be conducive to: chịu trách nhiệm cho
Be a culprit of / a contributor to / the cause of / the reason for / a catalyst for
Cohabitation might be a culprit of unwanted pregnancy
Put smt at risk /in danger/in jeopardy
Endanger / Jeopardize / Risk / Warren / Threaten / Intimidate smt: Đe dọa

Determine + amount, extent, outcome, price, rate, value

Provoke: cause a particular reaction or have a particular effect

+ action, anger, controversy, criticism, debate, opposition, protest, reaction, violence,
war

Generate: produce or create sth

+ cash, demand, electricity, energy, income, interest, job, power, profit, revenue,
support

Derive sth from / be derived from sth: come / develop from sth

Prompt sb to V: to make sb decide to do sth; to cause sth to happen

Prompt sth
Prompt sb to do sth

Inhibit
1 ~ sth ( formal ) to prevent sth from happening or make it happen more slowly or less frequently than
normal
1. Thiếu oxi có thể cản trở sự phát triển não bộ của trẻ khi chưa sinh ra. (unborn babies)

2 ~ sb (from sth/from doing sth) to make sb nervous or embarrassed so that they are unable to do sth

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 Stimulate
+ ability, brain, demand, development, economy, growth, industry, investment,
research

1 ~ sth to make sth develop or become more active; to encourage sth

~ sb Parents should give children books that stimulate them.
~ sb to do sth
Trigger + action, change, debate, event, problem, reaction, response, war
2 ~ (for sth) | ~ (to sth/to do sth) something that is the cause of a particular reaction or development,
especially a bad one .
1 ~ sth (off) to make sth happen suddenly = set off

Facilitate + change, communication, development, exchange, flow, learning

~ sth ( formal) to make an action or a process possible or easier

Influence to have/exert a strong influence on sb

2 [ uncountable ] the power that sb/sth has to make sb/sth behave in a particular way
~ (over sb/sth) Her parents no longer have any real influence over her.
~ (with sb) She could probably exert her influence with the manager and get you a job.
He committed the crime under the influence of drugs.
3 [ countable ] a person or thing that affects the way a person behaves and thinks
cultural influences
~ (on sb/sth) Those friends are a bad influence on her.
His first music teacher was a major influence in his life.
verb
~ how, whether, etc… The wording of questions can influence how people answer.
~ sb to do sth She was influenced to take up voluntary work by her teacher.
2 ~ sth | ~ how, where, etc… to have an effect on a particular situation and the way that it develops
A number of social factors influence life expectancy.
The local climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream.

In view of = considering (formal)

Khi xem xét thời tiết, sự kiện sẽ được diễn ra ngoài trời.

with the aim of V-ing

2. Chính phủ quyết định tăng tỉ lệ thuế thu nhập với mục đích kiềm chế lạm phát.

Thereby/ˌðeəˈbaɪ/ S1V1, thereby V-ing.

( formal ) used to introduce the result of the action or situation mentioned
3. Regular exercise / strengthen / heart / reduce / risk / heart attack.
4. Suy dinh dưỡng dẫn tới ốm yếu và giảm khả năng làm việc khi trưởng thành, vì thế kéo dài mãi
vòng nghèo đói. (perpetuate)

Reason for = motive for/behind = justification for = basis for = the pretext for (excuse for)

Because of = by virtue of = by dint of = on account of = for the sake of = owing to = out of

I took the job out of necessity because we had no money left.

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You might like to come and see what we're doing out of interest (= because I think you might
be interested).

Culprit /ˈkʌlprɪt /
1 a person who has done sth wrong or against the law
The police quickly identified the real culprits.
2 a person or thing responsible for causing a problem
The main culprit in the current crisis seems to be modern farming techniques.

Inversion with So and Such

5. He ran so quickly that the others couldn't catch up with him.
6. The wind was so strong that we couldn't open the window.
7. The wind was such that we couldn't open the window.

Others

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WRITING TASKS
1. Parents often give children everything they ask for and do what they like. Is it good for
children? What are the consequences when they grow up?

2. Students leave high school without learning the way how to manage their money. What are
the reasons for and solutions to this issue?

3. It is difficult for people in the cities to get enough physical exercise. What are the causes and
solutions?

4. The tradition that family gets together to eat meals is disappearing. What are the reasons?
What are the impacts?

5. These days people in some country are living in a "throw-away" society which mean people
use things in a short time then throw them away. What are the causes and what problems
can it bring?