AP World History Study Guide

UNIT 1: The Global Tapestry (1200-1450)
Definitions:
- Imperial bureaucracy: vast organization where appointed officials carried out the
empire’s policies
- Meritocracy: China’s bureaucratic system
- Champ rice: fast-ripening and drought resistant strain of rice
- Artisans: skilled craft workers (made steel, etc.)
- Tributes: other states pay money or provide goods to honor Chinese emperor
- Scholar gentry: social class that included people educated in Confucian philosophy
- Syncretic: combining multiple religions into a larger religion
- Filial piety: respect for one’s elders
- Feudalism: system of exchanges of land loyalty, caste system
- Polgyny: having more than one wife at the same time
- Sultan: Seljuk leader
- Mamluks: enslaved people
- Proselytize: actively seek converts to Islam
- Sufis: school of practice that emphasizes the inward search for God; emphasized
introspection to grasp truths they believed could not be understood through learning
- Matrilineal society: social standing determined by woman’s side of family
- Mit’a system: mandatory public service
- Serfs: homes of peasants
- Estates General: body to advise the king that included representatives of all classes
(estates) = clergy, nobility, commoners
- Magna Carta: great charter, document that guaranteed English political liberties
- English Parliament: created in 1265 and increased English nobility; House of Lords =
nobles and Church; House of Commons = elected representatives of wealthy townspeople
- Christian Crusades: religious wars between Christians and Muslims
- Bourgeoisie: shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, and small landholders that had the
money but no power because land = power
- Humanism: focus on individuals rather than God, sought education and reform
People:
- Crusaders: group of soldiers to reopen access to their holy sites in Jerusalem
- Delhi Sultanate: reigned for 300 years and brought Islam into India; never organizes an
efficient bureaucracy; prevented Mongols from conquering South Asia but sultans lost
their power because of the Mughals in 1526
- Kin-based networks: families governed themselves
- Chief: mediated conflicts and dealt with neighboring groups
- Marco Polo: Italian native, marchant, traveler that went on the Silk Road
- Nomadic people: key role in process of state building
Facts:
- Gunpowder and guns spread all over Eurasia through the Silk Roads
- Taxes = Song Dynasty had a growth of its commercial economy which increased money
circulation
Role of Women (Song/Tang Dynasty)
- Foot binding = feet wrapped tightly so bones grow unnaturally (signified social status)
- Banned in 1912
- Patriarchal beliefs (men superior)
- Technology: paper and printing (woodblock printing)
- Abbasid Caliphate: led by Arabs and Persians
Role of Women (Islam)
- Treat wife with love and devotion
- Dowries paid to future wife
- No killing newborn girls
- Higher status than other places (inherit property, remarry if widowed, birth control)
- Battle of Tours: Islam vs Franks (Islam lost in 732) marked limit of rapid Eslamic
expansion into Western Europe
- Bhakti Movement: focused on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity which
developed this movement in southern India; did not discriminate against women or lower
status people: Mira Bai: famous female poet during this movement
- Mayan Government: city-states = each ruled by a king and included city and surrounding
territory; human sacrifices were captives
- Trans-Saharan trade: network of trading routes across the great desert
- Indian Ocean Trade: connected East Africa; Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia
- Indian Ocean slave trade: resulted because of a strong demande in the Middle East for
enslaved workers
- Hundred Years’ War: 1337-1453, rival monarchies of England and France and resulted on
how people saw themselves and how they fought
- Renaissance: expansion of trade in Europe; period characterized by a revival of interest in
Greek and Roman literature, art, and culture, many new ideas spread
- State building = emergence of new states, revival of former empires, synthesis of
different traditions, expansion in scope
Religions:
- Buddhism: religion founded by Siddhartha Guatama, four noble truths(truths and realities
of spiritually noble ones) = 1. Existence is suffering, 2. Suffering has a cause, 3. Need
material things, 4. Nirvana
- Daoism: philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony
with the Tao; balancing forces
- Animism: belief that elements of the physical world could have supernatural powers
- Roman Catholic Church: dominated most of Europe, powerful institution in Europe,
provided people a shared identity
- Diffusion of religion: spread of major relgiions during this time period that influenced
religion all over, especially Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity wanted to convert
non-believers, missionary activities were very important
Places:
- Song Dynasty (960-1279): leading example of diversity and innovation during 13th
century; great wealth, political stability, artistic achievements; replaced by Tang in 960
- Mayans: gov’t = city-state, wars were common; human sacrifices; each king descended
from a god, no central gov’t, innovative thinkers and inventors; science & religion linked
in astronomy and created calendar
- Aztecs: “Mexicas” original hunter-gatherers; capital = Tenochtitlán 9mexico City);
chinampas = floating gardens; tribute system; military service; theocracy = rule by
religious leaders; worship and rituals; human sacrifice; women = imp. role wove clothes;
decline = 15th century, rebel against Spaniards in 1519
- Incan Empire: combined small tribes into full-fledged states
Unit 1- Slide Show

1200- 1450
☆ Major Civilizations are growing
☆ Larger world religions continue
○ Technological Advancements
○ Gunpowder
○ Paper
☆ Decline in:
☆ Small States
☆ Local Religions
☆ Old Technologies
State
● Organized political community under one government
☆ How states built up and remind in control
? How was the process of state building similar and different in various parts of the world?
? Song Dynasty China
? Abbasid Caliphate
Song Dynasty China- in power of china
○ China’s Golden Age (Proceeded in the Tang Dynasty )
○ Advancement of Tech- Gunpowder
○ Gunpowder- Made its way around the world ( had a huge effect)
○ China improved upon the Grand Canal, Which was began by the Swea Dynasty
○ Had the effect of the boosting trade between different regions and maintaining a
consistent chinese culture throughout the territory
Intro of Champa Rice
○ Rice that matured early
○ Could resist Johnson floods
○ Could be harvested 3 times a year
More food= More babies
New Technology= Explosion in population
Cultural Progress
○ Revival of confucianism:
○ Powerful cultural stabilizers
○ Teaching outlines how society was to be organized
○ Revival and expansion of the civil service Explanation:
○ Opened up positions way beyond nobility
○ Transformed government work into a meritocracy
○ Exam to work in the imperial bureaucracy
○ To pass you had to be well versed in Confucian classes
Abbasid Caliphate
○ Fractured by invaders and falling apart
☆ New Muslim states arose out of its ashes: DeLHi Sultanate and Mamluk Sulanate
○ DeLHi Sultanate
○ Stare established by Muslim Turkes
○ Earned power in India
○ Had trouble converting the massive Indian society to Islam
○ Mamluk Sultanate
○ Mamluk means slave - Slave empire
○ The egyptian state enslaved these folks, non muslims, and forced them to
serve in the military.
○ During a period of unrest, the Mamluks overthrew the government and
established their own state : The Mamluk Sultanate
○ South Asia
○ Vijayanagara Empire
○ Chola Kingdom
○ Expanded by means of trade
○ Africa
○ Kingdom of Mali
○ Empire of Ghana
○ Rulers of Mali built their state by centralizing power to a much greater extent than
others
○ They gained a lot of wealth
■ Shown by ruler Mansa Musa
America
○ The Aztecs
○ Built a huge empire by ruling remotely
○ By using a tribute system
■ Enforced by powerful military
■ A payment system that conquered people have to pay for a privilege of
remaining conquered
● Goods or slave
○ The Incas Andean Region
○ Used the Mita System
■ Compelled citizens into mandatory public service
○ The Europeans
○ Regional system of state building called Feudalism
■ Feudalism- way of structuring society with rigid class layers
Class Layers
● Kings
○ Nobles
■ Knights
● Peasants and serfs
○ Feudal lords lost lots of their power to the rise of more powerful centralized
monarchs
Religions
- Religion way key to the process of state building
○ Islam
○ Was able to create a system of shared beliefs and language (Arabic) which was
about to unite the regions throughout afro- eurasia
○ Confucianism
○ Huge factor in the flourishing of Song China
○ Dynastic rulers used the principles of confucianism to justify its rule over the
people
○ All the bureaucratic workers for Confucian because they needed to pass the civil
service exam which was thoroughly Confucian
○ Hinduism ---> Buddhism
○ South Asia/ SouthEast Asia
■ Asian rulers relied on the principles of Hinduism and Buddhism to
consolidate power especially Hinduism's teaching of the caste system
○ Roman Catholic
○ Individual European states were relatively weak
○ The Catholic Church provided a way of organizing society apart from the state
○ Some powerful political states emerged in France and the Holy Roman Empire
■ This introduced a struggle for power between church and state
☆ All Major world regions spread during this period
○ Christianity, Islam and Buddhism
○ Conversion of religions
○ Which sent out missionaries
■ To different parts of the globe
● Converted huge portions of the world's population
○ This had the effect of weakening local more indigenous
religions
■ Conversion by military invasion
For Example:
○ The muslims invaded northern India and established the Deli Sultanate and converted
about 25% of the Indian population to Islam
○ Many people converted in order not to pay the Jie Jie which is a tax you paid for
not being a Muslim or they converted to get themselves greater opportunities in to
governemtnor in business
○ Many conversion happened due to trade as merchants of many religious tribes traveled to
and from across the Sahara Desert and around the Indian Ocean
○ Merchants don't just carry good for trade, they also carry whole cultural structures with
them and those end up spreading
Technological Exchanges
○ China- champa rice and paper making
○ From China to the west, there was a big spike in literature from Europe, also
South Asia and North Africa. So did learning in medicine and math
■ House of wisdom in baghdad during the Abbasid dynasty
● Place of study and translation of the great Euro and Asian monks
of the past
Nomadic People
○ Mongols- pastoral people from the central Asian steppe and they ruled over huge Empire
stretching across afro-eurasia
○ Healthy mease of political stability safety
○ The result of this was increased trade especially among the Silk Road and
increases across cultural interactions
Turks→ Nomadic People
○ Nomadic people had a huge role in the transfer of technology among different states
○ During 1200- 1450:
○ The influence of nomadic people began to wear as more groups of traders and
merchants arose, the role of nomadic people began to diminish when it came to
the transfer of culture
Key Concepts
1. State Building
2. Religious Systems
3. New Technology
4. Nomads
Dar- Al
Daro Islam- Golden Age of Islam
○ Refers to a time when ISlam conquered the cultural middle east- all of North Africa all
the way to Spain down to Somolia across the middle wast into india
Northern India- Today Pakistan
East Asia- China
India- South Asia
SouthEast Asia- Island like Indonesia
The Global Tapestry
○ The starting line of this course checking in with some of the major areas of the world
circa 1200
6 Different Sections of the globe
1. East Asia
2. Dar Al Islam
● Regions 1200-1450 ce
3. South/ SouthEast Asia
4. Americas
5. Africa
6. Europe
East Asia
○ East Asia during the global Tapestry period of 1200- 1450 is dominated by the Mongol
Industries
○ Depending on what you consider “China”, the mongols arrive in 1205 (against western
Xia)
○ Normally, East Asia is the story of China and how much influence they excerpt in the
region
○ However, for the Global Tapestry period, its the story of the fall and the rise of
China along with how the other area like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam handled
these invasions
People To Know
1. Minamoto Yoritomo (1147ce - 1199ce) - The First Shogun
2. Ghenghis Khan (1162ce - 1227ce) - Founder of the Mongol Empire
3. Kublah Khan (1215ce - 1294ce) - Founder of Yuan Dynasty
4. Marco Polo (1254ce - 1324ce) - Italian Traveler
5. Ibn Battuta( 1304ce- 1369ce) Moroccon Islamic Traveler
6. Zhenghe ( 1371ce - 1435ce) - Chinese Islamic Navigator
10 Terms To Know
1. Neo-Confucianism
2. Sinification
3. Champa Rice
4. Shogunate
5. Song Dynasty
6. Shinito
7. Khanates
8. Bushido
9. Pax Mongolia
10. Goryeo
Summary
○ The “Global Tapestry” picks up East Asia in transition, China divided (Xin, Jin, and
Song), Japan has just united under the Kamakura Shogun Korea. It is arguably the most
stable in this period, being ruled by the Gongas Kong.
○ Everyone in East Asia ( like the rest of Afro- Eurasia) is dealing with the Mongol
invasion and the rule of Mongol Khanates
○ Japan just began and will continue to be ruled by different Sholgul until the middle of the
1800s.
○ Trade is of the utmost important to the region as it is the source of the Silk Road and
Zhenghe’s voyages( which are over by 1450 as china turns to isolate)
○ East Asia is fully dominated by the 3 beliefs (Confucianism, Buddhism, and
Taoism)(Add Shinto os you’re in Japan), A mixture of these beliefs will remain the main
belief in the region going forward
Dar- Al Islam
○ The Global Tapestry (1200-1450) period, also finds the Islamic world during a massive
transition
○ The glory days of the caliphate are behind us now and the once greaty Abbasids
have fractured into many different groups ( often dominated by the new, rising
force in Islam; the Turks)
○ Dar- Al Islam literally means House of Islam or basically the parts of the world where
Islam is a domiant force. The new kids on the block are the Ottomans( will dominate the
next 2 periods in World History), the Seljuk Turks, and the Mamluks. Like most of earth
in this period, Dar- Al Islam had to deal with Mongols
○ The Mongols were seen, at the time, as the end of the Islamic World. This led to the
Ilkhanate that only lasted for a century or so. In the next period, this area will be the
realm of the Land Based Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mongols.
○ With all the political disarray, the Islamic World continued to be at the forefront of
scientific technology and culture
People To Know
1. Al Razi (854ce - 932ce) - Persian Polymath, Doctor
2. Ibn Sina (980ce - 1037ce) - Father of Modern Medicine
3. Nasir al Din Tusi (1201ce - 1274ce) - Creator of Trigonometry
4. Rumi ( 1207ce - 1273ce) - PErsian Sufi mystic/ Poet
5. Ibn Battuta( 1304ce- 1369ce) - Moroccon Islamic Traveler
6. Ibn Khaldun (1332 ce- 1406ce) - Arab Historian/ Philosopher
7. Aishah Binti Yusuf Al - Bauniyyah ( 1465ce - 1517ce) - Female Sufi/ writer/ poet
Terms To Know
1. Trans- saharan trade
2. Caravanserai
3. Sufism
4. Diaspora
5. Caliphate
6. Qu’ran
7. Sulfate
8. House of Wisdom
9. Sunni vs Shi’a ISlam
Summary of South and Southeast Asia
○ It can be easy to overlook south and southeast asia in this period. They are at the cross
roads of sll the major interactions of the period, Islam, Mongols, Trade, asnd one
heawing influences by their neghbor (Islam to the west and China to the North East)
○ There is such a rich history at Syncetism in this region and with the addition of Islam; it
creates some truly fascinating historical studies. Plus this area will be of extreme focus
next period as the spanish, portugues, dutch, french, and british all move into the region.
Summary
1. South and Southeast Asia are primarily a place to focus on the convenience of 3
religions: Islam, Kinduism, and Buddhism
2. Focusing on these areas in this period (1200-1450) is something super rare
○ They defeated/ defended against the Mongols
3. India is dominated by Hinduism, but in this period (and the next : Mughal Empire), they
will be ruled by Muslims: The Delhi Sultanate
4. All of the big World Travelers hit up both South and South east during this period:
Zhenghe, Marco Polo, and ibn Battuta (he was a judge in the Delhi Sultanate for 7 years)
○ Sadly, this is the end of Independence in this area for a longtime. In 1498,
Portuguese conquistador, Vasco da Gama, opens the door for the Europenas to
begin their domination for this region
10 Terms To Know
1. Aztlan
2. Mexica
3. Tenochtitlan
4. Chinampas *
5. Cahokia
6. Tawantinsuyu
7. Chasquis
8. Quipu
9. MiT’a
10. Pueblos
People To Know
1. Sundiata Keita (1217ce - 1255ce) - Founder of Mali Empire
2. Mansa Musa (1280ce - 1337ce) Wealthy Musa of Mali
3. Ibn Battuta( 1304ce- 1369ce) - Moroccon Islamic Traveler
4. Ibn Khaldun (1332 ce- 1406ce) - Arab Historian/ Philosopher
10 Terms To Know
1. Trans- saharan trade
2. Caravanserai
3. Great Zimbabwe
4. Sundiata
5. Timbuktu
6. Ethiopia
7. Swanhili
8. BArbers
9. Bantu Migrations
10. Hause
People To Know
2. Margery Kempe (1373ce - 1438ce) - Christian Mystic/ Pilgrim
3. Prince Henry (1394ce - 1460ce) - Portuguese Navigator
4. Gutenberg (1400ce - 1468ce) - 1 Euro To Use Movable
Summary
1. Global Tapestry Europe (1200- 1450) is the end of Medieval Europe. Castles, KNights,
Chivalry, and things like that
2. If you get one thing from this period for them, focus on the Feudal System
3. Europe is still backwards and dark ages. They will have to grow empires by the end of
the next period. For now, it's pretty Manti Python and Holy Grail everywhere.
4. Trade with the rest of the world is kind of limited. Look to the Venetian for trading with
the middle east
5. This period has Mongol Invasions, the black death, the crusades, and the 100 year war.
Very little on Europe's Highlight Reel.
Unit 2: Networks of Exchange (1200-1450)

Definitions:
- Money economy: using money rather than bartering with commodities, part of new
financial system in China
- Bill of exchange: document stating the holder was legally promised payment of a certain
amount
- Khan: king
- Khanate: kingdom
- Siege weapons: portable towers used to attack walled fortification and catapults
- Bubonic plague: Black Death, transmitted by fleas on rats affected Europe
- Oases: places where human settlement was possible because water from deep
underground was brought to the service
- Deforestation: permanent removal of trees to make room for something besides forest
- Soil erosion: led by deforestation and reduced agricultural production
- Centralization: growth of trading cities gave rise to centralization of trade networks
People:
- Genghis Khan: ruler of all in Mongolian Kingdom, elected in 1206; his empire would not
be possible without skilled and fearsome soldiers, strong riders and proficient with bows
- Batu: son of Khan’s oldest son who led a Mongolian army of 100,000 soldiers into
Russia, army became known as Golden Horde
- Kublai Khan: grandson of Genghis Khan who set his sights on China, skilled in
governing a large diverse territory
- Zheng He: 1371-1433, Muslim mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral who travelled to
Indonesia, Ceylon, and other coastal areas on the Indian Ocean, sent by Ming emperor
Yongle
Trade/Inventions:
- Trade channels were established throughout Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Europe
- Magnetic compass and rudder helped aid navigation and ship control along the seas
- Chinese junk: boat similar to Southwest Asian dhow (lanteen ship)
- Caravanserai: inns where travelers could rest
- Flying cash: system of credit, allowed paper money to be deposited
- Banking houses: locations for exchanging flying cash
- Cannons: created by Mongols, used gunpowder, flamethrowers, and bell-casting
techniques
- Lanteen sails: triangle sails that could easily catch winds coming from different directions
- Astrolabe: allowed sailors to determine how far north or south they were from the equator
- Camel saddles: created 15 different types because of the use of camels spread
- Bananas: Indonesian seafarers travelling across the Indian Ocean introduced to
Sub-Saharan Africa, led to a spike in population
- Sugar and citrus crops spread through Arabian Peninsula
Facts:
- Silk Roads flourished because of interregional trade
- Expansion of Silk Roads caused cities to thrive and become centers of trade and created
commercial innovations
- Increase in demand of luxury goods from Afro-Eurasia, China, Persia, and India led to an
increase in supply of goods and led to expansion of iron and steel
- Pax Mongolica: Mongolian peace during 13th and 14th centuries, Genghis Khan
established capital of his empire at Karakorum, created Uyghur alphabet to represent
Mongol
- Knowledge of monsoon winds were essential for trading in the Indian Ocean
- Trans-Saharan trade became famous throughout Europe and Asia, gold was the most
precious commodity
- Black Death: plague that was introduced to Europe through trading routes, 1347 and
1351, caused by fleas on rats
- Networks of exchange: 1. Silk Roads helped merchants tend to specialize in luxury
goods, 2. Monsoon-dependent trade routes where merchants exchanged goods too heavy
to trade on land, 3. trans-Saharan trade routes where merchants traded salt with gold
- Demand for labor rose with growing demand for products; free peasant farmers, craft
workers, artisans
- Irrigation canals, military defenses, great buildings called for more laborers
- Women in Europe worked as farmers and artisans; women in Southeast Asia were
representatives of marketplaces
Religions:
- Spread of Islam: expansion of Islam connected more cities; trading partners in East
Africa, East and Southeast Asia, and South Asia; merchants, missionaries, and conquest
helped Islam spread
- Neo-Confucianism: syncretic faith that originated in China and fused rational thought
with abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism
- Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism: spread to Southeast Asia because of trade
Places:
- Mongol Empire: conquered Abbasid Caliphate, improved roads and punished bandits
which improved safety on Silk Roads
- Kashgar: city that was on western edge of China where Silk Roads crossed and led to
Central Asia, India, Pakistan, and Perisa
- Samarkand: stopping point on Silk Roads between China and Mediterranean
- Yuan Dynasty: created by Kublai Khan
- Ming Dynasty: 1368-1644; created by Zhu TuanYuanzhang, Buddhist monk, when he
overthrew the Yuan Dynasty
- Calicut, in west coast of India, became a bustling port city for merchants in search of
spices
- Spice Islands: modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia and had nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves,
and cardamom
- Arabian Desert: camels adapted well here because of the harsh, dry climate
- Mecca: Islam’s holliest city
- Songhai Kingdom: by 1400s it was a powerhouse in West Africa
- Constantinople: suffered a series of traumatic setbacks, Crusades set it back and bubonic
plague also killed half of the people in 1346 and 1349 which may have marked the end of
the High Middle Ages
Unit 2 - Notebook Notes

Video Notes
☆ Different intercontinental trade routes
☆ Mongol
☆ Similarities and differences in the Network of exchange
○ 1200-1450
Major Trade Routes
○ Silk Road
○ Connected China and Europe while passing through Central Asia and Southwest
Asia
○ Indian Ocean Routes
○ Connected Asia with East Africa and had southeast Asia, South Asia, and
Southwest Asia all in between
○ Trans-saharan Routes
○ Connected North Africa in the Mediterranean Basin with sub-saharan
Africa
Differences and Similarities
Similarities
○ Depended in large part of their existence and their flourishing upon the establishment of
large states.
○ Mongols controlled the land across which the Silk road stretched.
☆ These trade routes were well protected by large states in cooperation with one another
merchants felt safe to travel.
○ It was a big deal because when New Tech started!
○ All These trade routes gave birth to new technologies which helped them transport goods
across them at a more efficient speed. New technologies like the magnetic compass the
lateen sail saddles for camels and horses and the sternpost runner made trade along these
routes for more manageable and profitable to boot a second similarity
○ 2. Primary purpose and secondary consequences
○ The primary purpose of these trade routes was trade.
○ Secondary consequences- that people from all parts of the known world came
together and exchanged cultural goods.
○ For example: Merchants often shared their religion among the people with whom they
traded but it wasn't only the merchants who were doing the proselytizing as they say in
England that’s as maybe but because these routes were well established missionaries from
different faiths like christianity, islam, and buddhism took the routes to bring their
messages far and wide, not only that the introduction of new crops new places was a big
deal too because of merchant contact champa rice was introduced to china and it was a
strain of rice that was drought resistant and capable of several harvests a year and that led
to population expansion in china as well as bananas when Indonesian merchants
introduced this new fruit to East African bantu- speaking people it led to large scale
migration of those people because now they could move to places that bananas gre
instead if staying put where their staple crop, the yam, was.
○ 3. Growth of Trading Cities
☆ So many criss crossings in the world, then act at some point, those strings cross each
other. And sometimes, a lot of strings cross at one point and in general whatever you see,
those strings knot up pretty quickly and tightly. You’ve got a major trading city that grew
up precisely because it was at the convergence of all those routes.
○ Examples:
○ Silk Road (and other trade routes)
○ Produced the commercial city of shang on in china
○ The Indian Ocean trade routes produced Calicut in India and the SriVijaya Kingdom in
Southeast Asia.
○ The trans-saharan trade routes are responsible for the massive growth of Timbuktu and
Mali in Africa
Silk Road> Shang (China)
Indian Ocean> Calicut (India) and SriVijaya Kingdom (SE Asia)
Trans-Saharan > Timbuktu and Mali (Africa)
Differences
☆ Major Topics
○ Goods
○ Tech
○ Religion
☆ They specialized in carrying different kinds of goods. They’re different because each
trading route had different conditions that require new tech in order to facilitate trade and
in general they’re different because not the same religions travelled across each route
Goods Tech Religion
Silk Road Silk, Porcelain, Saddles and Buddhists,

Gunpowder, horses, Caravanserai Neoconfucians, and
and Textiles ISlam
Indian Ocean Gold, Ivory, Fruit, Astrolabe, Compass, Same as Silk Road
Textiles, Pepper, Rice Sterpost, Rudder, and Christianity
Latean Sail
Trans-Saharan Horses, Salt, Gold, Saddles Islam

and Slaves
☆ When merchants show up to a place they carry way more than goods for trade
☆ Consider the culture and environmental consequences of this trade
○ Cultural Consequences
Zen Buddhism
○ Was an innovation on Buddhism that originated in China and through trade, it spread to
Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. This was the Buddhism of the masses and in China (even
though a lot of the confucian elite disliked this newform of Buddhism). It widely and
eagerly was embraces by the common folk
Zen Buddhism> Korea, Japan, Vietnam> China
African Bantu Speaking Tribes To Islam
○ When Muslims merchants showed up on their shores, they found the Bantu very willing
to convert to Islam. A major consequence of that meeting was the birth of the Swahhili
language, which is a mixture of Arabic and Bantu.
○ Another cultural consequence of the trade was the opening of people's imaginations to
places for beyond when they lived. Those mainly were travelers who were responsible
and the most important ones were:
○ Ibn Battuta
■ A muslim man who made it his ambition to travel all through dar- al islam
and he kept meticulous notes on the peoples whom he interacted with.
○ Marco Polo
■ An Italian traveller who found his way over to China and served for a time
in the court of Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.
☆ When both these travelers stories were published the people who read
them did so with great enthusiasm and found they had a desire for things
good for those places and other things.
Environmental Consequences of Trade
○ Disease traveled through these routes as well most notably the
Black Death
○ The black death began in China and spread all throughout afro-eurasia along trade routes
and whenever this nasty bacteria showed in a place it was capable of wiping significant
portions of the population
☆ In some cases, the death toll was something like 75% of the population dead.
☆ It transformed Europe especially because with all the working population severely
diminished all of a sudden their surviving workers found that they were in a position to
negotiate for better wages and better working conditions.
Mongols
☆ Most significant pastoral people ever to take stage in world history starting in 1209 and
stretching about 100 years. For these folk were able to establish the largest land-based
empire in history, a lot bigger than the Romans, and bigger then the Persians.
○ The Mongols began as a cluster of scattered tribes in the Mongolian steppe and it took the
magnetic leadership of Ghengis Khan to unite them and turn them into a fiercely brutal
army.
○ This army was bent on conquests. The conquest began in China and then stretched far
west now the Mongols had a reputation for brutality and it was well deserved but they’re
also a complicated bunch. Those Mongols were not all brutal and since they covered such
a large portion of the world with their empire. They were able to establish what is known
as the:
○ Pax Mongolia (Peace of the Mongols)
○ Because of the security that was the result of that peace trade flourished between the
Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Europe. One of the one of the consequences of that
revitalized trade was the quickened spread of the Black Death and it was helped n=by the
Mongols.
○ The Mongols cultural legacy was relatively minor
○ They left us new
■ Religion
■ Economic structure
○ They did affect the formulation of states after their fault
■ One of the keys to the Mongolian success was the centralization of power
and after the fall of the Mongol Empire, Many states in Asia, Europe, and
South Asia used the same techniques that the Mongols used to consolidate
their own power.
○ Silk Road
○ Mongol Empire
○ Exchange in the Indian Ocean
○ Trans-saharan Ocean
○ Cultural Consequences
○ Environmental Consequences
Safety by States
○ Purpose? → Primary
○ The purpose of trading is to trade goods
○ Secondary:
■ Cultural/ religious growth
■ Disease
■ Inventions
■ Crops
Slide Notes
☆ The World was about to become a true global network as different regions in the next
period (1450- 1750) began to interact
Silk Road
○ The silk road is the grand- daddy of them all. This is the big one
○ This is THE land-based trade network. You know it as a trade network, but the silk road
began as the Han Dynasty. It was seeking allies to the west to help fight against the
dreaded Xiongnu (basically, the bad guys in Mulan)
○ What began as a cry for help, developed into a network of trade alliance that
eventually spanned Afro- Eurasia.
Important Vocabulary
1. Silk Road
2. Samarkand
3. Kashgar
4. Banking Houses
5. Caravanserai
6. Champa Rice
7. Battle of Tales
8. Bubonic Plague
9. Sogdians
10. Pax Mongolia
People To Know
1. Ghenghis Khan (1162ce - 1227ce) Founder of the Mongol Empire
4. Tamerlane (1336ce - 1405ce) Turco-Mongol Conqueror)
Summary
1. The Silk Road started with the Han Chinese well before this period
2. The Silk Road was never one “road”, rather a connection of trade routes
3. The Silk Road served as the trade route in this period
4. The Silk Road did not just carry silk. There were goods, technology, religions, and
diseases being spread as well.
5. The Silk Road PEAKS here. In the next period, the Atlantic system and Indian Ocean
trade will be more heavily featured
The Mongol Empire
○ Arguably the most important historical thing to happen in the Global Tapestry is the rise
and fall of the Mongols
○ This group came from the middle of nowhere and rose to be the largest contiguous
empire in the history of the planet
○ The mongol affect nearly everything that happens historically in this period
○ In the next pages, is the story of the most unlikely conqueror in history: The Mongols
1. Temuchin
2. Steppe
3. Blue Mighty Eternal Heaven
4. Yurt
5. Sinification
6. Kurultai
7. PAx Mongolia
8. Yam System
9. Yassa
10. Toregene Khatun
People To Know
1. Ghenghis Khan (1162ce - 1227ce) Founder of the Mongol Empire
2. Kublah Khan (1215ce - 1294ce) - Founder of Yuan Dynasty
5. Tamerlane (1336ce - 1405ce) Turco-Mongol Conqueror)
Summary
1. Move over Romans, Arabs, and Chinese… allow the Mongols to introduce themselves,
Never had there been a more unlikely conqueror.
2. The Mongols unite the Steppe tribes under Ghenghis Khan and take their wrath out on
any society nearby with plunder they might use.
3. The Mongols conquer from egypt to Russia to Vietnam and in the process, establish the
largest contiguous empire in the history of the planet.
4. The Mongols don't bring much to the table culturally unless you are a worshiper of the
Blue Mighty Eternal Heaven. However, they do create a quasi- unified area under which
a plethora of ideas, diseases, beliefs, technology, etc. can spread around this massive
empire.
5. The Mongols are awesome to study. And although their impact is massive; they are not
incharge of their empire for very long… in most places, it's a little more than a century.
Exchange in the Indian Ocean
○ The second unit is called “networks of Exchange”. You may immediately think, “Oh, like
the Silk Road.”
○ Yeah. But, most of the volume being traded around the world at this point was
being done here, in the Indian Ocean.
■ Think silk and porcelain for the Silk Road.
○ Real trade went down in the Indian Ocean. The people’s trade. Stuff the average person
might use… textiles, coffee, lumber, etc.
○ So, the Silk Road is nice. But unless you had a lot of luxury items in your hut… you were
way more likely to get textiles from India then Silk from China.
1. Indian Ocean Gyre
2. Zhenghe
3. Ibn Battuta
4. Dnow
5. Lateen
6. Junk (ship)
7. Astrotrade
8. Stern- post rudder
9. Srivijaya
10. Diaspora
People To Know
Summary
1. This is THE trading network of this period
2. This is the network the Europeans (Columbus and friends) are trying to reach after 1450
3. Mostly peaceful exchange of goods have taken place here for millennia.
4. Trade here was more focused on everyday bulk itsm like timber and textiles rather than
silk and porcelain.
5. All the big travelers in this period used this route (Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, and Zhanghe)
Trans- Saharan Trade
○ The Trans-Saharan trade route is the third major one of the Global Tapestry Period.
○ It is the most overlooked and underrated
○ However, you get so much from this trade route.
■ Diasporic communities? Check
■ Camels with saddles? Check
■ Astrolabes and other devices to navigate the stars in the biggest desert on
the planet? Check
■ Ibn Battuta? Check (Dude is everywhere)
■ Mansa Musa and Lion King? Check
■ Defeaters of Mongols? Check
■ Spread and syncretism of Islam? Check
● It's got everything
○ Unfortunately, it will be completely overshadowed in the next period with the
Atlantic System and the Europeans heading over into the Indian Ocean.
○ So… enjoy it while it lasts. This is the trans-Atlantic Trade Route.
1. Ibn Battuta
2. Camel saddles
3. Mamluk Sultanate
4. Hausa Kingdom
5. Timbuktu
6. Caravanserai
7. Idjil Sebkha
8. Camel Caravan
9. Djinguereber Mosque
10. Trans-Saharan slave trade
Summary
1. The sub- saharan world joined the Global Tapestry via this trade route.
2. Sources are limited on this route compared to the others (Ibn Battuta was the first person
to go from north of the Sahara and back and write about it and he died in 1369)
3. The goods being traded along this route are simple: salt, gold, slaves
4. This area will become overwhelmed Islamic die to their trading partners across the desert
(think Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage)
5. Timbuktu is your major trade city to know. It was the sub-saharan center of knowledge
and culture for centuries.
Cultural Consequences
○ With all this trade going around during the Networks of Exchange period, there were
bound to be massive cultural consequences
○ The College Board only mentions a couple, but remember the following:
○ Religions, Languages, Sciences, Math, Technology, etc.
○ This is the section where they mention the world travelers by name: Ibn Battuta, Marco
Polo, and Margery Kempe.
○ The Network of Exchange was not just politics
1. Ibn Battuta
2. Marco Polo
3. Margery Kempe
4. Battle of Talas
5. Papermaking
6. Dar- Al Islam
7. Gunpowder
8. Compass
9. Pax islamica
10. Spread of Buddhism
People To Know
4. Margery Kempe (1373ce - 1438ce) - Christian Mystic/ Pilgrim
Summary
1. Trade routes aren’t just highways for trading stuff.
2. As people from different places run into one another, they will share stuff from cultures
3. Big takeaway here: religions spread (Islam, Hindu, and Buddhism). Tech spreads
(mostly chinese stuff making its way to the west)
4. People have travelled before this. But, they didn’t write much down.
○ 2 prolific travelers: Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo.
○ One religious pilgrim: Margery Kempe
5. As cultural spread, it altered from its original form (Islam in Mecca is different than
ISlam in Timbuktu… same for Buddhism in central India vs. Northern Japan)
○ This is called Syncretism
Environmental Consequences
○ Along with all those goods and technologies, there are serious environmental
consequences that accompany the Networks of Exchange.
○ For the College Board, this means foods and diseases.
○ They specifically site bananas and champa rice (a fast growing rice that can grow 2 full
crops per season, which was a tribute to Vietnam to Song China), and citrus fruits (which
means lemon, sour oranges, and pomelos) (since the Mediterran can already had other
citrus fruits as evidence by seeds at Pompeii and other sources.
○ Another environmental consequence is disease. When the world connects, it creates
highways for trade and the spreading of disease.
1. Pomelos
2. Lemons
3. Champa Rice
4. Justinian’s plague
5. Black Death
6. Yersinia Pestis
7. Decamero
Summary
1. There new networks of exchange also delivered natural things (plants disease)
2. Disease is obvious but check now fast the plague spread
3. Most of the food they mention (bananas, citrus) originate in SE Asia
4. These foods slowly move from across oceania to SE Asia, but quickly move across Afro-
Eurasia with the advent of Islam anf Islamic Merchants in the Indian Ocean Trade.
5. There are bananas in heaven- Muhammad even said so!
Unit 3 Land-Based Empires (page 147)

Definitions:
- Ghazi deal: model for warrior life that blended values of nomadic culture with
willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam
-
People:
- Ivan IV: ruled 1547-1584 called Ivan the Terrible, crowned tsar in 1547, immediately set
about to expand the Russian border eastward by taking control of the Khanates
- Emperor Kangxi: one of China’s longest-reigning emperors, ruled from 1661-1722,
stability and expansion during the Qing Dynasty in China, sent forces into Taiwan,
Mongolia, and Central Asia
- Emperor Qianlong: Qing ruler from 1736-1796, poet who knew art and calligraphy,
country well administered and government tax collections, initiated military campaigns
- Mehmed II: “Conqueror” ruled from 1451-1481, established empire’s capital after his
forces besieged Constantinople
Facts:
- Gunpowder Empires referred to large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South
Asia
- Europe’s expansion involved transoceanic connections with the Americas
- Gutenberg printing press
- Manchu seized power and established the Qing Dynasty in 1644
- Qing Dynasty needed funds so they sold trade privileges to European powers
-
Religion:
-
Places:
- Ming Dynasty overthrew Yuan Dynasty in 1386, managed to stabilize East Asian regions,
expanded the size of China and conquered lands in Mongolia and Central Asia
- Ottoman Empire: largest and most enduring of the great Islamic empires, founded by the
Osman Dynasty in 1300s and lasted until 1918
-
Unit 3- Slide Notes

- Empires Expand
- Empires: Administrations
- Empires: Belief Systems
- Comparison
1450-1750
○ The Land Based Empires are the major players in this period
○ It’s easy to jump to Columbus et al and assume the Europeans are taking over. They’re
not. They are moving into the outer reaches that are not already dominated by major
Land Based Empires.
○ Another knock against the Europeans in this period is to look at when the Land BAsed
Empires finally fall
○ Mughals, 1857
○ Tokugawa, 1868
○ Manchu Empire, 1911
○ Ottoman Empire, 1919
○ So, pump your brakes on the European Empires. They are still back seat to:
○ Land Based Empires
Empires Expand
○ Welcome to the early modern period (1450- 1750). You are about the meet some brand
new empires
○ They will help branch the world of 1450 to the modern world. Invest in these empires
because they will last (sorry, Safavids, Aztecs, and Incas) for 80% of the course.
○ Double down here. It will pay off for the rest of the course to have a good grip on these
specifically
People To Know
1. Pachacuti (1418ce - 1472ce) Inca of the Incan Empire
2. Mehmet II (1432ce - 1481ce) Ottoman Conqueror
3. Babur (1483ce - 1530ce) Founder, Mughal Empire
4. Shah Ishmail I (1487ce - 1524ce) Safavid Founder
5. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543ce - 1616ce) 1st Tokugawa Shogun
6. Nurhaci (1559ce - 1626ce) Unifier of Jurchen (Qing)
7. Peter The Great (1672ce - 1725ce) Greatest Russian Tsar
1. Istanbul
2. Fall of Constantiople
3. Safavid
4. Shi’a Islam (Twelver)
5. Battle of Panipat
6. Bakufu
7. Romanov
8. St. Petersburg
9. Samurai
10. Ottomans vs Safavid
Summary
1. A ton of big new land empires pop up in this period
2. You need to know : Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Manchu Dynasty (Qing), russiona
Empire
3. Also, don't forget about the Incas and Aztecs. They are destroyed early on, but they still
count
4. This section wants you to know about their expansions… so know their beginnings.
5. These are the big empires that will last for many units going forward...
Empires: Administration
○ The land empires are now established so …
○ How do you rule these massive, united chunks of land?
■ Each one has its own unique way of functioning on a daily basis
■ Below are the people, means, systems, etc. that these empires maintained
power.
People To Know
1. Askia Muhammad (1443ce - 1538ce) Greatest Songhai Emperor
2. Montezuma II (1466ce - 1520ce) Ruled Aztecs at their peak
3. Suleiman I (1494ce - 1566ce) Greatest Ottoman Sultan
4. Atahualpa (1502ce - 1533ce) Final Inca Emperor
5. Akbar The Great (1542ce - 1605ce) Mughal Great the Great
6. Shah Abbas I (1571ce - 1629ce) Greatest Safavid Shah
7. Kangxi (1654ce - 1722ce) Greatest Qing Emperor
8. Peter The Great (1672ce - 1725ce) Greatest Russian Tsar
1. Devshirme
2. Janissary
3. Grand Vizier
4. Battle of Chaldiran
5. Code of the Rayas
6. Urdu
7. Zamindars
8. Divine Right
9. Versailles
10. Aztec Human Sacrifice
Summary
1. Besides the mongols, it has been since the classical period that this many large land
empires coexisted
2. They all use different variations of styles to rule over the masses of their peoples
3. Some places used religion to justify their power (divine right in europe, shi’a Islam in
Safavids, Islam in Songhai, Human Sacrifice for the Aztecs)
4. Others used monumental architecture to show that the rulers were legitimate (versailles
in france Taj Mahal in the Mughal Empire, Coricancha in Incan Empire
5. They also collected taxes in different ways to bring in revenge… the Taj Mahal ain’t
cheap. Versailles ain't cheap.
Empires: Belief System
○ You need to start thinking of religion a bit differently from here on…
○ We need to look at religion in terms of geopolitics
○ Without any political borders, you can see that Ottomans vs Safavids or Spanish vs
Native Americans or the Northern Europeans vs Southern Europeans
○ Notice that several of the religions from earlier in history have now fractured… there are
3 MAJOR BRANCHES OF CHRISTIANITY NOW!
○ There are even more divisions than this, but the College Board seems content with
keeping Buddhism and Hinduism as monolithic belief systems.
People To Know
1. Urcuchillay (infinity - infinity) incan Herders’ Llama God
2. Guru Nanak (1469ce - 1539ce) Founder of Sikhism
3. Martin Luther (1483ce - 1546ce) Author of 95 Thesis
1. Sunni
2. Shi’a
3. Catholicism
4. Orthodox
5. Protestant
6. Sikhism
7. Reformation
8. Ottoman- Safavid Relations
Summary
1. All these empires had belief systems at their core
2. There are a few new one this ear: Sikhism in punjab (between India/ Pakistan) and
Protestantism (Northern Europe)
○ Be sure you know how the protestants broke off from the catholic church
3. Protestants and Catholics fought for decades, but only the only conflict brought up by the
college board is the Sunni- Shi’a Rivalry. This is best seen betweens all the wars
between the Ottomans (Sunni) and Safavids (shi’a)
4. Don't skip the Sikha. (“Sick” in punjabi but anglicized to “seeked”) It’s the 5th biggest
religion on earth. Its not a mix of Hinduism and Islam. It takes the truths from ISlam
and Hinduism and leaves out the rest
Unit 4 - Slide Notes

1450- 1750
☆ The history of the world sees one of its most drastic changes as the Europeans take to the
seas and spread out around the world
○ There is way more than ‘Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492’.
☆ The half of the Early Modern period (1450 - 1750) focuses on the causes, implications,
and outcomes of Europeans arriving in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
☆ Good thing you just mastered the Land Empires in the last unit, because the Europeans
are about to start knocking on their doors…
○ These are the Transoceanic Interconnections
Technological Innovations
○ Europe didn't wake up and decide to go sailing.
○ The technology and science behind the instruments/ techniques used by the Europeans
during the transoceanic maritime reconnaissance was the result of centuries of greek,
arab, persian, indian, and chinese advances.
○ This new amalgamation of innovation allowed the Europeans to leave their little
continent and go global.
○ The effects of these voyages will play out over the next few eras, but for now; these are
the new technological innovations of the Early Modern Period…
People To Know
1. Prince Henry (1394ce - 1460ce) Portuguese Navigator
2. Chris Columbus (1451ce - 1506ce) Spanish Navigator
3. Vasco Da Gama (1460ce - 1524 ce) Portuguese Navigator
Important Inventions
○ Astrolabe- created by the greeks and mastered by the islamic world, it measures the
incline position of celestial bodies to determine location
○ Wind Patterns- European mariners began to understand the circular gyre of trade winds.
Ex: Portuguese ships would sail west to reach india (before rounding africa) to avoid
sailing into the winds.
○ Caravel- 15th century portuguese ship used to explore the west coast of africa. Lateen sail
allowed it to sail into the wounds most famous. For example: Columbus’ Nina and the
pinta
○ Carrack- 15th century ocean going caravels with 3- 4 masts. Used to trade along african
coast, asia, and america. Most famous example- Columbus’ Santa Maria.
○ Fluyt- 16th century dutch cargo ship that could carry 2x the cargo ½ the price with ½ that
crew. In 1670, Fluyts carried ½ of all european sea trade.
1. Astrolabe
2. Caravel
3. Carrack
4. Fluyt
5. Prevailing Winds
6. Manila Galleons
Summary
1. Before this period, a lot of the voyages the europeans took would have been impossible
2. Europeans built on knowledge of the travelers from unit 2: Networks of Exchange
3. The most important thing they picked up on were the improved Islamic Astrolabe and
trade wind maps to know how/ when to get from place to place
4. Using these innovations, the europeans will disrupt trade network around that globe
5. Brace yourself, Earth: the Europeans are here…
4.2 Causes/ Events
○ The background to 4.2 is everything that happened in Units 1,2, &3. The key exception:
it’s europe’s turn to join the Networks of Exchange
○ Using all those cross- cultural transfers from one region to another, the Europeans had
accumulated the know- how, experience, and technology to make these long distance
overseas voyages a reality.
○ The College Board calls this “Cause and Events” but don’t list any specific ones.. So,
focus on the European Maritime Empires and how and why they went where they did.
People To Know
1. Prince Henry (1394ce - 1460ce) Portuguese Navigator
3. Bartolomeu Dias (1450ce - 1500ce) Portuguese Navigator
4. Chris Columbus (1451ce - 1506ce) Spanish Navigator
5. Francis Pizarro (1471ce - 1541ce) Conquistador vs. Incas
6. Ferd. Magellan (1480ce - 1521ce) Global Circumnavigator
7. Hernan Cotres (1485ce - 1547ce) Conquistador vs.Aztecs
8. Jacques Cartier (1491ce - 1557ce) French Navigator
1. Trading Post Empire
2. Caravel
3. Fluyt
4. Galleon
5. Treaty of Tordesillas
6. Northwest Passage
7. Circumnavigation
8. New France
9. Jamestown
10. New Amsterdam
Summary
1. The europeans have all the new navigational technology from 4.1
2. Spain and Portugal go out first. They split the world in the Treaty of Tordesillas (think of
Brazil vs. the rest of the Americas)
3. The New Kinds are the British, Dutch, and the French
4. These are trading post empires (not the massive empires you will see in next period) Just
along the coast.
5. These aren't just arrivals. The european arrivals were often accompanied by death,
disease, and complete societal changes.
4.3 Columbian Exchange
○ You’re trucking along in Ap World History and learn one historical thing after another.
○ But, every so often; you come upon something that is super important.
○ Like, Top-5-most-important-things-that- ever-happened- important
○ Having said that, the columbian exchange was not an event! Columbus didn't show up
in the Caribbean with a box labelled “OLD WORLD.” And, the natives did not have a
box labelled “NEW WORLD”.
○ But, over the course of the time and stemming from Columbus (hence the name)
the 2 parts of the globes that had been separated for millenia finally became
connected
○ Big Picture: Diseases and livestock go to the Americas and tons of awesome foods and
medicines go to Afro-Eurasia. This is the Columbian Exchange
1. Columbian Exchange
2. Smallpox
3. Quinine
4. Maize
5. Cacao
6. Engenhos
7. Conquistadors
8. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
9. African
10. Diaspora
11. Cash Crops
Summary
1. Old world and New world meet for the first time.
2. They “exchange” stuff.
3. It wasn’t an event. But, over time the two worlds “exchange” stuff.
4. Think of this as: disease and livestock for the Native Americans
5. Caloric foodstuffs for the Afro-Eurasias
4.4 Maritime Empires: Established
○ The Europeans are here to stay. In some cases, these colonies will last into the late 20th
century
○ So, how do they set up these empires?
○ But for this section: focus on how they set up their empires
○ These empires were built on global trading networks. Some Asian states (Japan and
China) saw the writing on the wall and started to limit contacts with the west.
○ Along with all this trade, it brought new labor system like chattel slavery and the
Encomieda system.
1. Trading Post Empires
2. Sakoku
3. Dutch Learning
4. Kongo
5. Asante
6. Viceroy
7. Mercantilism
8. Atlantic System
9. Middle Passage
10. Encomienda
People To Know
1. De Las Casas (1484ce - 1566ce) Spanish Social Reformer
2. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543ce - 1616ce) Tokugawa Shogun
Summary
1. They have the tech. They have the motive. Now they're here.
2. Europeans are everywhere (that they know of). These aren't huge empires… yet (except
spain)
3. They establish new labor systems (Encomienda and Chattel) or exploit existing ones.
4. Some places tried to shut them out (China and Japan)
5. Others, actually prospered from their arrival (Asante, Kongo) while other
4.5 Maritime Empires: Maintained
○ WARNING: This section is THREE PAGES in in the APWH course curriculum
○ That's more than any other
○ KNOW. THESE. EMPIRES
○ Know how they maintained these massive empires (not so much you France, your empire
is petite)
People To Know
○ Our Lady Of Guadalupe (18BCE - 1531ce) Mexican Marian Apparition
○ Albuquerque (1453ce - 1515ce) Portuguese Conquistador
1. Trading Post Empires
2. Sakoku
3. Dutch Learning
4. Kongo
5. Asante
6. Viceroy
7. Mercantilism
8. Atlantic System
9. Middle Passage
10. Encomienda
Summary
1. Be familiar with the BIG 5 EMPIRES
2. European Trading Post Empires are up and running
3. Mercantilism fueled Joint Stock companies who has monopolies on trade in certain
regions (focus on the British East India Company and the Dutch VOC)
4. The Atlantic System (Triangular Trade) sparked massive changes demographically in
Afric and economically worldwide with all that spanish silver moving around the planet.
5. All of these empires setting up shop in foreign places inevitably led to the formation of
syncretic religions like Vodun
4.6 Challenges to State Power
○ Not everyone loves these new large empires. In fact, some people are even going to
CHALLENGE these empires. They will do it socially, politically, and economically. I
love a good rebellion. The College Board gives you a nice mis of challenges from slave
revolts, native american revolts, religious revolts… Louis XIV’s kid’s even tried to
overthrow him.
People To Know
1. Ana Nzinga (1583ce - 1663ce) Queen of Ndongo/ Matamba
2. Metacom (1638ce - 1676ce) Wampanoag Chief
3. Queen Nanny (1742ce - 1775ce) Jamacian Maroon Leader
4. Y. Pugachev (1742ce - 1775ce) Cossack Rebel
1. Cossacks
2. Marathas
3. Ndongo and Matamba
4. Maroon
5. Nanny Town
6. Sakoku
7. Bakufu
8. Dejima
9. Metacom
Summary
1. These massive new empires (land and maritime) met with resistance
2. Some were over political matters like who rules over the people (pueblo, metacom,
nzinga)
3. Some were over economic matters like who can tax who (Tokugawa, Fonde).
4. Some were over social matters like which religion should be #1 (Nzinga, Tokugawa,
Maratha)
5. Some were successful (Marathas, Nanny) and others were failures (Metacom, Pugachev)
4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies
○ With the arrival of the Europeans to your region, the social order is thrown all out of
whack. So, there are bound to be changes to who is in charge
○ Now, I know this is supposed to be “Maritime Empires” time. But this section also
includes the social hierarchies of the Land Empires ( Mughal Akbar’s Toleration and
the Manchus treatment of the Han in China, and the treatment of the Jews on the Ottoman
Empires)
○ The most visually obvious social hierarchy here are the Catas of Latin America. But, it's
not just the organization : There are entirely new groups of elites that emerge. Needless
to say, the order of society is changing everywhere in this period (1450 - 1750).
New Political/ Economic Elites
○ Gentry
○ Known as the 2nd estate, the Gentry are nobles of high social standing.
○ Creoles
○ Elites of euro descent who get overlooked for top positions for penninularies and
post - 1750
○ Urban Commercial Entrepreneurs
○ Globally in all port cities, entrepreneurs wield great social status/ power
○ Manchus
○ After defeating the Ming (1644), Manchus were superior to the Chinese while
trying to rule dyarchially.
Bureaucratic Elites
○ Janissaries
○ Graduates of the devshirme who become the elites of the ottoman military and
bureaucracy
○ Qizilbash
○ Coalition of mainly shi’a turks who owed their allegiance to the Shah (whom they
viewed divine)
○ Zamindars
○ “Land Owner” in perisian; they collected taxes on behalf of the Nughal Empire.
They held lordship titles
○ Boyars
○ Highest rank in lavic feudal society. Held the highest state offices of Kievan Rus.
Suppressed by Ivans
○ Bannermen
○ Manchus organized Qing society into 8 banners. Served as military order and
social stratification
The Range Of Coerced Labor
○ Chattel Slavery
○ When you think of slavery, youre actually thinking of chattel (personal property)
slavery, where people are bought and sold as the personal property of the owner
○ Indentured Servitude
○ People enter into a contract with someone to serve as labor to an employer for a
fixed amount of time ½ of all european immigration to us prior to 1776 were I.S
○ Encomienda System
○ King of Spain granted any person going to the new world a set number of native
americans for labor. In return, they were christianized and protected from
neighbors
○ (Spanish) Incan Mit’a
○ Spanish aerials coerced the incan mit’a system by forcing incas to provide 1/7 of
labor to spain. Incan mita was for the common good, whereas spanish mita was
for cash crops.
People To Know
1. Queen Isabella (1451ce - 1504ce) Spanish Monarch
2. King Ferdinand II (1452ce - 1516ce) Spanish Monarch
3. Roxelana (1502ce - 1558ce) Wife of Suleiman the Mag.
4. Ivan IV Grozny (1530 ce - 1584ce) Terrible Tsar
5. Akbar The Great (1542ce - 1605ce) Tolerant Mughal Ruler
6. King Louis XIV (1638ce - 1715ce) The French State
7. Kangxi (1654ce - 1722ce) Greatest Qing Emperor
1. Reconquista
2. Sultanate of Women
3. Boyars
4. Manchu
5. Queue
6. Castas
7. Mestizo
8. Mulatto
9. Zambos
10. Creoles
Summary
1. New Empires= New Leadership = New Social Hierarchies
2. Some were restrictive based on class (Nobles vs. Kings, Boyars vs. Tsars)
3. Some were restrictive based on race (castas)
4. Some were restrictive based on culture (Hans vs. Manchu, Catholic Spain vs. Islamic
Spain)
5. Some were actually more open (Ottoman welcoming of the Jews- economic benefits for
empire)
Units 5 - Slide Show Notes
1750- 1900 Revolutions
○ Our first steps into the MODERN PERIOD (1750- 1900) are revolutionary. The last
period saw its fair share of change; but this period is ALL ABOUT CHANGE. We begin
with the Political Revolutions (USA!, France, Haiti, Latin America).
○ But, the majority of this unit deals with a revolution of a different kind… THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
○ There is no greater change in humanity than the Industrial Revolution. It’s on par
with the Agricultural Revolution in changing the way humanity functions as a whole.
Look around you right now.. Pretty much everything near you is a product of the
Industrial Revolution (including the school you’re in!)
5.1 The Enlightenment
○ The last period laid the foundation for the changes you are about to see in this period. The
people in the image/ banner above don't look very modern. They're not.
○ The Enlightenment was a movement in the 18th Century (1700s) that led to the changes
in government that brought you such governments as The United States, the French
Republic, Haiti, and the 5 + countries that Bolivar freed. Most of the influential
writings in the Enlightenment happened in the last period or at a VERY beginning
of this period (1750)
○ But, if you don't understand the Enlightenment, you can't understand the
Revolutions. Think of the Scientific Revolution; but instead of blood circulation
or astronomy; apply that logic and reasoning to the government… why do we
have a king again? Because god said so? Well let's look at that again… This the
Enlightening
People To Know
1. Thomas Hobbes (1588ce - 1679ce) English Philosopher
2. John Locke (1632ce - 1704ce) English Philosopher
3. Montesquieu (1689ce - 1755ce) French Philosophe
4. Voltaire (1694ce - 1778ce) French Philosophe
5. Rousseau (1712ce - 1778ce) French Philosophe
6. Jefferson (1743ce - 1826ce) American Philosophe
1. Enlightenment
2. Reason
3. Philosophies
4. Leviathan
5. Natural Light
6. Social Contract
7. Declaration of Independence
8. State of Nature
9. Separation of Power
10. Empiricism
Summary
1. All these scientists in the last era were talking about looking at the world logically and
using reason to determine science stuff… the philosophes (political philosopher thinker
types) decided to use this way of thinking and apply it to the Government and Society.
2. They all use the same way of thinking about people: In a “state of nature” how do
humans act? So, like if we all lived in post-apocalyptic times in the Walking Dead…
How would people behave?
3. Hobbes thought we were all super mean and evil and needed a strong central government
to keep us in line.
4. Locke and Rousseau thought the opposite and that laws should be made to protect us and
our stuff
5. Jefferson put the whole thing together into one package called the Declaration of
Independence which sparked this whole Revolutions trend that took place from 1776 into
the 1800s.
5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions
○ All of those philosophies and writings about the purpose of government and how
society should function did not happen in a vacuum. Around the world, people started to
put the philosopher's arguments into play
○ Starting in America, revolutions swept the colonies as former mercantile dependants
severed the bonds that tied them to the mother country. But, this was not all about
revolution.
○ A new idea took root on the heels of the American and French Revolution. People of
the same culture, language, history, laws, etc. began to push to have their own nations.
○ These nationalist ideas took hold from the philippines to the Ottoman Empire to
Germany and Italy, and even New Zealand and Puerto Rico
People To Know
1. Washington (1732ce - 1799ce) American Revolutionary
2. Louverture (1743ce - 1803ce) Haitian Revolutionary
3. Jefferson (1743ce - 1826ce) American Philosophe
4. Father Hidalgo (1753ce - 1811ce) Mexican Revolutionary
5. Louis XVI (1754ce - 1793ce) French Monarch
6. Robespierre (1758ce - 1794ce) French Revolutionary
7. Napoleon I (1769ce - 1821 ce) French Emperor
8. Simon Bolivar (1783ce - 1839ce) El Liberatador
9. Bismarck (1815ce - 1898ce) German Nationalist
10. Lola Rodrigues (1843ce - 1924ce) Puerto Rican Nationalist
11. Jose Rizal (1861ce - 1896ce) Filipino Nationalist
1. Taxation Without Representation
2. Bourgeoisie
3. Guillotine
4. Marons
5. Grito De Dolores
6. El Libertador
7. Liberal
8. Conservative
9. Propaganda Movement
10. Maori
5.2 Summary
1. All that Enlightenment stuff for 5.1 has consequences
2. All that “All men are born and remain free” stuff led people to challenge their
governments
3. USA was 1st (of course), France, Haiti, Latin America. Know the leaders they are
important (US = Washington/ Jefferson, France= Robespiere, Haiti= Toussaint, Lain
America = Bolivar
4. Empires are starting to crumble. Spain and Portugal will fade from importance quickly.
Britain and France will have larger empires later on (1750 - 1900).
5. NAtionalism also led to people starting (or trying to start) new Nations where people had
shared ideas, religion, beliefs, histories, culture, etc. Most notable= Germany
5.3 Industrial Revolution BEGINS
○ The Industrial Revolution is one of the most important “events” to ever occur on this
planet (definitely top 3). It changed everything. But it had to start somewhere. And, for
the Industrial Revolution, that means Great Britain.
○ British People aren't better than you (see 1776) , but they had the perfect ingredients for
this movement to begin. They had a perfect storm of CAPITAL (wealth), NATURAL
RESOURCES (waterways, coal, iron) and INGENUITY (a huge chunk of inventors
that i've describes to you from Great Britain)
○ So, it begins here. It also begins in and around the TEXTILE and industry. Don’t think
that the Industrial Revolution started with Oil and Skyscrapers…
○ It was more like steam and better ways to make clothing…
People To Know
1. J. Hargreaves (1720ce - 1778ce) Spinning Jenny Inventor
2. James Watt (1736ce - 1819ce) Scottish Inventor
3. Eli Whitney (1765ce - 1825ce) American Inventor
Industrial Revolution BEGINS
○ Waterways
○ By 1750 england have over 1,000 miles of navigable rivers, From 1790- 1810
they built so many canals, it was called Canal Mania
○ Mining
○ Coal
○ Iron
○ Timbor
○ Urbanization
○ In 1750, there was one city with over 100K people. By 1850= 12, 70% of all of
Europe Urbanization
○ Agriculture
○ Populations increased 7x from 5 million to over 32 million from the 1700s to the
1800s
○ Simple Math
○ John Locke
○ Adam Smith
■ Enclosures
■ Legal Protection
○ Empire
○ Largest ever ¼ of earth’s land and popul
○ IMAGINE: Mongol empire + Spanish Empire
○ Capital
○ Huge empire and europe's largest stock market made available large amounts of
capital
Summary
1. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain
2. Great Britain had rivers, canals, coal, iron, capital, and an empire.
3. Each invention led to another that continually improved production.
4. People stopped working in the home, and worked in factories around complex
machinery
5. Britain will have a huge heart start in the Industrial Revolution, but will be copied by
others.
5.4 Industrial Revolutions: SPREADS
○ Good ideas spread. The Industrial Revolution will change the world, And that idea spread
pretty quickly once it was out
○ Where does it spread? Initially, just to Europe and the USA.
○ But, there will be attempts to copy this all over the world
○ Sometimes governments will get directly involved (but that's a later section of this unit)
○ For now, focus on the places that immediately start trying to copy Great Britain
first…
People To Know
1. Samuel Slater (1768ce - 1835ce) Engl-Amer Industrialist
2. John Cockerill (1799ce - 1840ce) Engl-Beligian Industrialist
3. Sergei Witte (1849ce - 1915ce) Russian Prime Minister
1. American System
2. Slater The Traitor
3. Slater Mill
4. Sergei Witte
5. Trans- Siberian Railroad
6. Meiji Restoration
7. Company Rule
8. Human Capital
Summary
1. The Industrial Revolution did not in Great Britain
2. People initially directly copied British factories and then moved to the USA or
Belgium
3. Other nations will be innovating at the rate the british were doing in 5.3
4. Governments often orchestrating this change like in Russia and Japan (you'll see more
of this later this unit)
5. The quicker you industrialize, the more advanced your economy will become. If you do
not industrialize or you are kept from industrializing; you will fall behind
5.5 Industrial Revolution: Technology
○ Finally… all of this talk about “progress”, “advancements”, “improvements”,
“Production”...
○ But… How?
○ There are technologies that reshaped the historical world to something that looks more
modern
People To Know
1. J. Hargreaves (1720ce - 1778ce) Spinning Jenny Inventor
2. James Watt (1736ce - 1819ce) Scottish Inventor
3. Eli Whitney (1765ce - 1825ce) American Inventor
4. Samuel Morse (1791ce - 1872) Telegraph/ code
5. Michael Faraday (1791ce - 1867ce) Electromagnetism Scientist
6. Charles Goodyear (1800ce - 1860ce) Invented Vulcanization
7. Henry Ford (1863ce - 1947ce) American Industrialist
8. Henry Bessemer (1813ce - 1898ce) English Steel Inventor
9. Alexander G. Bell (1847ce - 1922ce) Scottish American Inventor
10. Guglielmo Marconi (1874ce - 1937ce) Radio Inventor
11. Thomas Edision (1847ce - 1931ce) American Inventor
Important Inventions
1. Flying Shuttle (1733)
2. Spinning Jenny (1764)
3. Water Frame (1769)
4. Steam Engine (1775)
5. Power Loom (1789)
6. Cotton Gin (1793)
7. Loco- motive (1802)
8. Steam boat (1807)
9. Gaslight (1810)
10. Cement(1824)
11. Photography (1827)
12. Electric generator (1831)
13. Vulcan Rubber (1839)
14. Telegraph (1840)
15. Steel (1853)
16. Combust Engine (1858)
17. Dynamite (1867)
18. Telephone (1876)
19. Phonograph (1877)
20. Light Bulb (1879)
1. Spinning Jenny
2. Steam Engine
3. Steam Boat
4. Cotton Gin
5. Bessemer Process
6. Telephone
7. Radio
8. Internal Combustion Engine
9. Assembly Line
10. Electricity
Summary
1. These are the innovation that drove the Industrial Revolution
2. There are a million innovations/ inventions your teacher may have covered.
3. I listed some of the biggest ones above.
4. Split these innovations into: 1st Industrial Revolution: steam/ textiles and 2nd Industrial
Revolution: oil/ steel
5. All of this engineering and innovating eventually leads to the tech you take for
granted around you right now
5.6 Industrial Revolution: Government
○ This INdustrial Revolution thing was a hit. Everyone is doing it. But, if your nation is
noy modernizing/ industrializing enough to keep up with the “Big Boys” (Britain, Us,
and Germany); sometimes the government will step in with an indyrializtion plan of
their own
○ There are really three to know: Japan (meiji) Ottomans(Tanzimat) and China
(self-strengthening)
○ But there are others like muhammad ali in egypt and the russians beginning to
modernice in the 1890s.
People To Know
1. Muhammad Ali (1769ce - 1849ce) Viceroy of Egypt
2. Sultan Mahmud II( 1785ce - 1839ce)
3. Sergei Witte (1849ce - 1915ce) Russian Prime Minister
4. Meiji Emperor (1852ce - 1912ce) Emperor of Japan
5. Matthew Perry (1794ce - 1858ce) American Commodore
1. Trans-siberian railroad
2. Tanzimat Reforms
3. Self strengthening Movement
4. Meiji Restoration
5. Charter Oath
6. Zaibatsu
7. 100 day reform
8. Vladivostok
Summary
1. The Industrial Revolution didn't happen naturally everywhere
2. Most of the earth had to copy this idea from Britain or from people who copied britain
○ But, in some cases, entire governments decided to get with the program and
start modernizing
3. There are two categories here: 1. Successful and 2. Not successful. Success can be
determined by head to head competition
4. The successful = Japan. They beat up China (twice) and will be a dominant world player
from here on out. China tried(self strengthening) and failed… Ottomans tried
(Tanzimat) and failed…
5.7 Industrial Revolution: Economics
○ All of this new technology and Industrial processes we've seen in previous sections have
massive repercussions
○ The most obvious outcome is to the economy. Mercantilism? No chance.
○ It’s Laissez- faire time. This is all about Capitalism and it spread as quickly as the
INdustrial Revolution itself. As these companies began to grow, they OUTGROW their
national boundaries
○ Many Trans- National Businesses that emerged (at the time) are still multi- billion dollar
corporations in the 21st century. LArge corporations like these sell stock to let investors
provide them with more capital. As the Business grows, the shares of the stock gain
value. Risk is limited as it is spread out over thousands of people.
○ This allows this industrial economy to thrive
○ We will see the backlash from the workers later.
○ But, overall; people’s standards of living improved in this period primarily due to
advances in medicine and the Industrial Economy.
People To Know
1. Adam Smith (1723ce - 1790ce) Scottish Economist
2. Cecil Rhodes (1853ce - 1902ce) British Imperialist
3. Henry Ford (1863ce - 1947ce)
1. HSBC
2. Debeers
3. Uniliever
4. United Fruit Company
5. Standard Oil
6. Stock Market
7. Monopoly
8. Capitalism
9. Consumerism
10. Trans-National Businesses
Summary
1. Industrial Revolution drastically altered the world’s economy
2. All of these changes led to a new, more truly global economy than ever before.
3. Stock Markets were established worldwide to facilitate investment in these companies
4. Mercantilism is dead. Borders can no longer contain a successful company.
5. The Industrial Economy generally improves the standard for living for most people while
leaving some overworked, abused, and neglected.
5.8 Industrial Revolution: Reactions
○ The world is a different place now that the Industrial Revolution has spread around the
globe. But, not everyone is happy with what is happening
○ Workers (men, women, and children) were being exploited as Laissez-Faire policies
let the Controllers of the Means of Production free to conduct their factories in any way
they chose. However, many philosophers came up with new ideas to challenge the status
quo.
○ The most famous=s was Karl Marx. His theories called up for the workers to rise and
seize the means of production. Workers began to form unions to push for rights of all
workers. Meanwhile, older empires tried to play catch up
○ The Ottomans and the Qing both tried to catch up with date sponsored INdustrial
programs, which they usually failed to meet their overall goals.
People To Know
1. Michael Salder (1780ce - 1835ce) British Reformer
2. Sultan Mahmud II (1785ce - 1839ce) Ottoman Reformer
3. John Stuart Mill (1806ce - 1873ce) Father of Utilitarianism
4. Karl Marx (1818ce - 1883ce) German Communist
5. Empress CIXI (1835ce - 1908ce) Qing Empires Dowager
1. Labor unions
2. Suffrage
3. Utilitarianism
4. Communist Manifesto
5. Proletariat
6. Bourgeoisie
7. Means of PRoduction
8. Tanzimat
9. Self- Strengthening
10. 100 day reform
Summary
1. The Industrial Revolution spread around the world at varying levels of success
2. Unchecked, the Industrialists went to extremes
3. People worked for better conditions for workers, women, childrens, et al.
4. One way the workers got better conditions/ pay etc. was by forming Labor Unions
5. Older empires (Ottoman and Qing) tried to modernize with varying levels of success
5.9 Industrial Revolution: Society
○ Society gets flipped upside down from all the changes happening. You would never be
able to compare your life to those of the 1700s, but you could compare with children of
the 1900s.
○ You had leisure. You went to school. Your family works a job with 9-5ish type
hours.
○ You seems pretty able bodied… shouldn't you be doing soul- crushing labor in a
factory? Wait… There's a Middle Class??? Women can vote??
■ These are the societal changes stemming from the Industrial
Revolution.
People To Know
1. Michael Sadler (1780ce - 1835ce) British Reformer
2. Eliz. C. Stanton (1815ce - 1902ce) Suffragist and Abolitionist
3. Karl Marx (1818ce - 1883ce) German Communist
1. Tenement
2. Slum
3. Working Class
4. Proletariat
5. Child LAbor
6. Suffrage
7. MAss Production
8. Cult of Domesticity
9. SenecaFalls Convention
10. Abolition
Summary
1. The Industrial Revolution changed everything.
2. One big side effect was that society was shaken up.
3. Remember how the Estates in France got destroyed in the French Revolution? It’s the
same for the Industrial Revolution
4. Women worked towards equality and slaves were finally frees worldwide
5. New classes emerged like the middle class with new jobs like White Collar Jobs.
Unit 6- Slide Show
☆ This period has 2 sections
○ The first one was all about the major changes in the Political World
(Enlightenment/ revolutions) and the Economic World (Industrial Revolution)
○ The second unit of the Modern Period (1750- 1900) is all about the New
Imperialism
☆ This is not ‘Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue in 1942’. This time around, the Europeans
are looking for colonies to sell their products (MARKETS) and places to obtain more raw
materials for their factories back home (MATERIALS). Using their new technological
prowess, the West will dominate the world in search of M&Ms (MARKETS AND
MATERIALS)
☆ In the last unit, Industrialization pushed the West into a position of power; in this unit,
they will flex that muscle around the globe.
6.1 Rationale for Imperialism
○ These are the excuses, both real and imagined, as to why the Europeans are setting out
around the world to conquer
○ This aint 1492. The Europeans aren’t dependent on smallpox and a few garbage muskets
to save them.
○ This time, they have the backing of the INdustrial Revolution (UNIT 5)
○ The Europeans are set to go out and take over a Huge chunk of the world.
People To Know
1. Ferd de LEsseps (1805ce - 1894ce) Suez Canal Engineer
2. Charles Darwin (1809ce - 1882ce) British Naturalist
3. Livingstone (1813ce - 1873ce) British Missionary
4. Queen Victoria (1819ce - 1901ce) British Imperial Queen
5. Hiram Maxim (1840ce - 1916ce) Inventor
6. Cecil Rhodes (1853ce - 1902ce) British Imperialist
1. White Man’s Burden
2. Social Darwinism
3. Colonies
4. Protectorates
5. Sphere of Influence
6. Suez Canal
7. Malaria
8. Quinine
9. Maxim Gun
10. Settler Colonialism
Summary
1. The Europeans are coming
2. They are industrialized and are even more advanced than the last wave.
3. They will use their Industrial might to take over your lands for the Raw Materials and
to provide Markets to see their industrially produced stuff.
4. They have a million excuses, Religion (Missionaire), Science (Social Darwinism),
Economics (Competition), Helping (White Man’s Burden)
○ But the ONLY REAL rationale is to exploit your resources and dominate your
markets.
6.2 State Expansion
○ Enough dancing around the issue… Imperialism is literally the EXPANSION of
STATES
○ You’ve seen the reasoning (both real and imagines) for the Industrial West’s
expansion
○ You'll see outcomes, economics, and other effects of this expansion. Treat this like 4.2
CAUSES and EFFECTS of the Maritime Empires
Continuation not taken from slides taken from website
State Expansion
Imperialism means the belief in and commitment to the importance of empire. During
this time several industrialized nations took control of additional territories.
Some of these imperialist states built on existing maritime empires. Britain and France
both had colonies in the Americas and Asia in 1750. France lost its North American
colonies to Britain but conquered new colonies in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Britain lost
some of its North American colonies when the United States became independent, but
they also conquered new territories in Africa, Asia, and Oceania.
The British and Dutch East India companies also controlled territories in Asia at the
beginning of this period. In both cases, this private possession became state colonies
as the Dutch East Indies (1800) and the British Raj in India (1858).
Moreover, new states created overseas empires in this period. Belgium, Germany, and
the United States are all countries that came into existence after 1750 and established
🗾
colonies overseas in the 1800s. Japan had long existed, but after the Meiji Restoration
in 1868, it industrialized and expanded into mainland and island East Asia .
Expanding empires met resistance from indigenous people and other states. Japan
defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese War for instance; and, US troops fought
rebels in the Philippines for several years after defeating Spain in a few months.
First Sino-Japanese War. There Stands No Enemy Where We Go: Surrender of

Pyongyang, a scene from the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), ink and colour on
paper by Migita Toshihide, 1894; in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.The
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Gift of Lincoln Kirstein, 1959, JP3177a-f,
www.metmuseum.org
📍Settler colonialism was the most extreme form of imperialism. Settlers from
imperialist countries took land and resources from indigenous people with the backing
of their states. The United States is a classic example, as are British settler colonies in
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and some parts of Africa. Russian and American
territorial expansion were also examples of settler colonialism.
Imperialist Empire in 1750 Areas of Expansion Responses

State
Britain North America, Caribbean American
●
Islands; India (East India Revolution
India
Company)
● Australia and
Opium War
New Zealand
● Africa
Great Indian
● China (Hong
Rebellion
Kong)
● Loss: 13
Some indigenous
Colonies
elites cooperated
France North America, Caribbean, Armed resistance

●
South Asia
Africa
Some
● SE Asia
cooperation
● Loss: Quebec
Belgium None (state did not exist Brutal exploitation

●
until 1839) of labor and
Central Africa
resources in
(Congo)
Congo
Japan None First Sino-

●
Japanese War
Taiwan
(with China)
● Liaodong
Peninsula
(NE China)
● Korea
(protectorate)
US None (recognized state did Resistance
●
not exist until 1783) leaders:
Caribbean
Aguinaldo,
● Pacific
Lili’oukalani
● Philippines
● Westward
Spanish-
expansion
American and
Philippine Wars
American Indian
Wars
Ghost Dance
Russia Eurasia War with the

●
Ottoman Empire
Central Asia
● Poland
Indigenous
● Caucasus
resistance, but
also cooperation
Nationalist
movements
among
non-Russians
6.3
India
Indigenous people responded to imperialist invasions and pressures in a variety of ways. In some
cases, indigenous elites cooperated with imperialists in exchange for authority and opportunities for
profit.
In 1857, Indian soldiers employed by the East India Company with support of the leaders of
independent Indian states rebelled against British control. This event is known by many names,
including the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Great Rebellion of 1857, First Indian War of Independence,
Indian Mutiny, and Sepoy Mutiny.
The British defeated this rebellion, leading to India becoming a crown colony, as the British Parliament
declared the Queen of England to also be Empress of India.
Africa
In West Africa, armed groups resisted Europeans attempting to expand into the interior. In West Africa
Samory Touré led Islamist force successfully limited French expansion for several decades. Similarly,
the Ashanti Empire resisted the British for most of the 1800s, including during the Yaa Asantewaa War.
Samory Touré. Image Credit: Wikipedia
New states resisted empires. In the Balkans (southeastern Europe) new nation-states, such as Greece
and Romania, broke away from the Ottoman Empire. In Africa, the Sokoto Caliphate (West Africa) and
the Zulu nation (Southern Africa) formed in resistance British Expansion.
The Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movements was a similar religious response to displacement from British and
Dutch settler colonialism in Southern Africa. While in northeast Africa the Mahdist wars combined
traditional Islam with a military organization in opposition to Anglo-Egyptian control of Sudan.
The Americas
American Indian resistance to Euro-American expansion was another form of anti-imperialism. The
Cherokee Nation was a new state formed in response to imperialism at the beginning of this period. At
👻
the end of the period, with the United States, a much more powerful state, the Ghost Dance movement
on the Great Plains used a new religious vision to oppose cultural imperialism.
The 1800s were a time of massive imperialist expansion which in turn created many resistance
movements and organizations. Those described above are illustrative examples from the College Board
course description, and students can use any other significant example of resistance in their writings,
such as the Afghan Wars or the Boxer Rebellions.
Other indigenous people organized armed resistance to expanding empires throughout this period. In
💪
1780 an Indian leader from the Andes took the name Tupac Amaru II led a bloody revolt against the
Spanish Viceroy of Peru that shook, but did not break imperialist control .
6.4
Environmental Factors & the Global

Economy
Although the first topic in this unit highlights cultural rationales used by Imperialist powers, the
economic relationships that they created were at least as significant for World History. The expansion
of empires and the growth of industrial capitalism greatly increased global exchanges. Businesses
from industrialized countries benefited from imperialist power over other parts of the world, especially
in pushing colonized or dependent regions to focus on exporting commodities.
A commodity is a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold in large
quantities. The primary product means that a business would do something with the product before
selling it to consumers. In other words, wheat is a commodity, but a loaf of bread is a consumer
product.
Industrializing countries needed food to feed people in large cities. New technology, like refrigerated
shipping compartments, made the shipment of foods, like beef from Argentina and Uruguay, possible
across large distances.
Guano, bird excrement, much of it produced by Guanay cormorants like the one pictured above that
built upon islands off the coast of Peru, was an excellent fertilizer that increased agricultural
production in imperialist countries that supported mining. That’s right there was so much poop on
these islands that it could be mined! Similarly, raw materials used by industries were mass-produced
and shipped globally, to the benefit of businesses in imperialist countries. British factories used cotton
from colonial Egypt and India.
The machines in these factories may have used belts made from rubber produced in the Belgian Congo
(Central Africa) and may have been lubricated with palm oil from the British colony of Nigeria (west
Africa). These are just a few of the many industrial crops and commodities. Students can use any
appropriate example to illustrate their written responses on the AP Exam.
In 1869, some Afrikaaners (descendants of Dutch colonizers) in South Africa discovered diamonds
💎
there. This is a commodity with more obvious value than guano. This finding is known as the Kimberley
diamond strike, and it caused a rush of European settlers and investors.
Image Credit: Flickr user Irene2005 via Wikipedia, CC 2.0)
The result was the world’s largest open-pit mine dug by hand, forced labor from Africans who did the
digging, and enormous profits for a few investors, such as Cecil Rhodes. Rhodes became so wealthy
that he started his own colony in southern Africa, Rhodesia (today: Zimbabwe and Zambia) and was an
investor turned imperialist. His wealth was achieved through violently oppressing African people to
extract diamonds from their continent. He built his mining empire this way because of his white
supremacist views. In a confession written at Oxford in 1877, Rhodes articulated this vision, clearly
showing himself as a subscriber to eugenics:
"I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world
we inhabit the better it is for the human race. Just fancy those parts that are at
present inhabited by the most despicable specimen of human being, what an
alteration there would be in them if they were brought under Anglo-Saxon
influence...if there be a God, I think that what he would like me to do is paint as
much of the map of Africa British Red as possible...”
Literal violence, often through armed mercenaries and soldiers, was not the only method for coercing
the populations into unpaid labor to support the extraction of these raw materials. Imperialists in Africa
and India also used state power, such as taxation or drafts, coerce laborers to work on transportation
networks, especially railroads. Railways were crucial for exporting these commodities to ocean ports.
The 2018 AP World DBQ explored the relationship between railroads and empire. It would be an
excellent practice for Unit 6.
6.5
Political Pressure
Military and political pressure from imperialist countries created advantages for capitalists from these
countries. Using political pressure to produce advantages for investors is a form of economic
imperialism. This may or may not result in actual colonies.
Consequences of Opium
When China outlawed the importation of opium from British-controlled India, the British government
went to war with China to force them to accept these addictive drugs sold by their merchants. Despite
killing Chinese people so that their businesses could sell drugs in their country, the British also
continued to insist that their imperialism was a force for morality and human progress!
Britain’s victory in the First Opium War (1839-1842) not only allowed British firms to sell opium in China
but also granted Britain special trading rights in China and led to Hong Kong, an island just off the
coast of southern China, becoming a British colony. Other countries, including France, the US,
Germany, and Japan signed similar treaties with China that forced the East Asian country to accept
foreign products.
Profit Gains
Investors from imperialist countries made profits from resources extracted in other countries.
American and British capitalists operated copper mines in Mexico and Chile. Profits from these mines
flowed out of the country where the copper was mined. Similarly, British investors controlled and
profited from transportation developments including the Suez Canal in Egypt and the Port of Buenos
Aires in Argentina.
6.6
Overview
Long-distance migration expanded greatly during this time period. The reasons in some ways were
simple: the world population grew and transportation methods advanced. More people, bigger boats=
more migration. Most migrants were moving within or from Europe and Asia and many were laborers.
Transportation
🚂
Industrial transportation--steam!--made longer distance travel more affordable via ships and
railroads . Some Italian migrants crossed the Atlantic twice a year from southern Europe to Argentina
and back, working harvests in the northern and southern hemispheres. Laborers from Japan crossed
the Pacific and worked in sugarcane fields in Hawai’i. Merchants moved, too, such as Lebanese
business owners in the Americas.
Some of this movement was part of global urbanization as millions of people moved to cities ,🌆
sometimes in other countries. In Ireland, rural migrants moved to cities in the United Kingdom, but
many others crossed the Atlantic to relocate to Boston, Buenos Aires or New York. These migrants
were most often seeking employment in industrial economies.
Labor
Coerced labor continued during this period. The late 1700s were the peak decades for the
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. Even after the British and the US banned the slave trade in 1807, other
nations continued through the 1800s.
The slave trade did decline in the 1800s, but coerced labor did not. Migrants from India and China were
often indentured laborers with few rights. These migrants often worked on plantations in the Caribbean
or the Indian Ocean. The British also used convicts for labor in their colonies in the Indian Ocean and
Australia, as did the southern states in the US, albeit in a highly racialized form.
Imperialism
Imperialism also facilitated these long-distance migrations. Many migrants moved within empires, such
as Vietnamese workers in French Indochina moving to Paris or indentured Indian laborers moving from
the British Raj to British East Africa.
6.7
Gender
All of this migration changed societies in both sending and receiving societies. Gender imbalances
occurred at both ends of the migration process as more young males migrated than other demographic
groups.
New Communities
Immigrants often lived near or with people from the same region in their new countries thus forming
ethnic enclaves. The many “Chinatowns” in cities around the world were prominent examples of this,
as were Indian communities in Africa and neighborhoods in American cities with immigrants from the
same regions.
Racial Hierarchies
Settler colonies created social hierarchies based on modern ideas of race. When migration from Asia
into white settler states began, white elites in some of these states responded with racist restrictions,
most prominently the Chinese Exclusion Act (US) and the White Australia Policy.
6.8
The Course and Exam Description uses causation as the historical thinking skill for assessing this
Unit. Students might be more likely to see cause/effect questions in class and on the AP Exam for this
Unit. There were many cause-effect relationships in the age of imperialism.
Global capitalism
💸
Global Capitalism contributed to de-industrialization in some parts of the world while supporting
industrialization in imperialist countries in Europe, the US, and Japan
Expanding overseas
The more powerful transportation and military technologies produced by industrialization created
🚢
stronger states that then conquered other parts of the world. These transportation technologies also
made more migration across more of the globe possible.
Violence and injustice

The violence and injustice of imperialism inspired rebellions and resistance around the world. In the
1900s, these responses developed into national independence movements that created new countries,
especially in the years following World War Two. ⚔
7.1 | Shifting Power After 1900
● Through the major global conflicts of the first half of the century, emerging land
treaties affected some nations more than others.
○ Empires collapsed (ex: Austro-Hungary and Ottomans).
○ Nations were formed (ex: Latvia, Czechoslovakia).
● Three major land empires collapsed.
○ The Qing Dynasty
○ The Russian Empire
○ The Ottoman Empire
● After WWII, many former colonies were able to successfully demand their
independence.
○ They did this through peaceful methods (India) or with violence (Kenya).
○ This topic is covered more intensively in Unit 8 (link TBA).
● States challenged existing political and social structures.
○ Mexican Revolution: A movement campaigning for election reform spiraled
into a ten-year rebellion. It led to the writing of a new Mexican constitution
that guaranteed reforms in areas such as education and voting.
○ East Asia Demonstrations: The May Fourth (China) and March First (Korea)
movements
○ Regional Conflicts: Across the globe, various movements popped up based
on religious or ethnic identity (Ex: Quebecois Independence movement,
Muslim League).
○ Anti-Imperialist Movements: Various movements arose in European
colonies seeking independence in the face of colonial power-structures.
This topic is covered more intensively in Unit 8.
7.2 | Causes of World War I

● Remember the acronym MANIA:
○ Militarism: A belief that a strong military should be maintained and used for
the good of the nation if need be. The period before WWI was marked by
strong military rivalry and arms build-up, as well as an increase in influence
from those in the military in countries like Germany and Russia.
○ Alliances: The complicated series of alliances European powers were
involved in dragged many nations into war once it began (Ex: Triple
Alliance, Franco-Russian alliance, Belgian-British relations, Triple Entente).
○ Nationalism: Growing nationalist sentiment fed militarism and the desire to
use weaponry to expand the glory of the state. It also made ethnically
diverse nations such as Austro-Hungary unstable, fueling conflict.
○ Imperialism: The scramble for colonies broke the balance of power
established by the Congress of Vienna and expanded the scale of WWI until
it was a truly global war with immense consequences.
○ Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: On June 28th, 1914, he was
killed by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip.
7.3 | Conducting World War I
● Nations adopted the strategy of total war on the home front.

○ Total War Definition: Total War is a war strategy where a nation's domestic
population, as well as the military, are involved in the war process. This
term has been used to describe the American Civil War and later
categorizes WWII as well.
○ Factories were utilized to make war materials; with the men off to war,
women would take their place as factory workers
○ Governments created production quotas, price and wage controls, and
ration systems.
○ Those who spoke out against war efforts were often censured (ex:
German-Americans during WWI).
○ Propaganda (communications used to influence people's attitudes that are
often skewed) was used to recruit men and vilify the enemy.
○ Art and media were used to both promote and oppose the war.
● New military technology led to increased casualties.
○ Trench warfare was a defining feature of WWI.
○ Poison gases were so devastating to soldiers that later treaties banned
their use.
○ Machine guns and submarines first made their major entrances into the
world of warfare.
○ Other developments include the usage of aircraft and tanks.
7.4 | The Economy in the Interwar Period
● Fueled by the start of the Great Depression, governments began to take a more
active role in their nations' economies.
○ Keynesian economic theories fueled a lot of these new programs
○ United States: FDR's New Deal
○ Italy: Benito Mussolini's Corporatism/planned economy
● On the extreme end of the scale, planned economies such as those in Stalin's
Russia and Mao's China often implemented repressive policies, to the detriment of
the populace.
○ USSR: Five-Year Plan
○ China: Great Leap Forward
7.5 | Unresolved Tensions After World War I
● The major imperial states of the time (including Japan) maintained or gained
control over lands, sparking resistance and resentment.
○ Division of Ottoman Empire and former German colonies into Mandates
○ Invasion of Manchuria in 1931 by Japan; the formation of the Greater East
Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
● A great deal of anti-imperial resistance emerged as a result of this
unchanging/worsening status quo.
○ Transnational movements, such as Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism,
emerged after WWI.
○ Communism was also used as a tool of anti-imperialism in nations such as
Vietnam.
○ Nationalist movements and organizations, fueled by an increase in
education, were established and came to resist imperialism (ex: Indian
National Congress, 1885, West African resistance to French rule).
7.6 | Causes of World War II
● Remember the acronym FIGURE:

○ Fascist and Totalitarian Regimes: Nationalist, one-party regimes were
established in Italy and Germany, led by Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler.
In Japan, military rule arose under Emperor Hirohito.
○ Imperialism: Germany, Italy and Japan all began to seek territory and were
willing to use their military to do so.
○ Global Economic Crisis: The economic instability that the Great Depression
caused helped encourage the rise of fascism and militarism.
○ Unsustainable Peace Settlement: Although the Axis nations became more
and more aggressive in their land grabs, the French and British pursued a
policy of appeasement, failing to take significant action. The League of
Nations could also do little to stop the Axis nations.
○ Racism: Nazi beliefs about race and society played a large role in justifying
their expansionist policies and their atrocities during the war.
○ Expansion of Fascist Regimes: World War Two officially started on
September 1st, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. Conflict in the Pacific
Theater started much earlier with the Japanese invasion of China in 1937.
7.7 | Conducting World War II
● World War II, like World War I, was a total war, meaning both the militaries and the
domestic populations of countries were involved in warfare.
○ Under Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt, the United States and
Britain joined forces with agreements such as the Lend-Lease Act, which
allowed the United States to lend war materials to Britain.
○ When the United States joined the war effort in 1941, after the attack on
Pearl Harbor, they mobilized their undamaged factories and ramped up
their production of everything from ammunition to aircraft. This gave the
American economy the boost it needed and allowed women unprecedented
access to jobs.
○ Colonies of the Allied Powers, such as India, also joined the war, making it
a truly global conflict.
○ The Axis Powers were less successful in their mobilization efforts: certain
attitudes and policies made their war machines less effective as time went
on.
○ Propaganda and art were used heavily by both sides as well.
○ The Holocaust was the genocide of as many as 12 million people by the
fascist Nazi regime; 6 million of these were Jews. The Holocaust was
notable for its especially brutal, systematic, and premeditated nature.
● The use of new military technology saw casualty rates rise.
○ Firebombing
○ Atomic weapons
7.8 | Mass Atrocities After 1900

⚡ Watch: AP World History - 🎥 Mass Atrocities After 1900
● Mass atrocities in an attempt to destroy specific groups of people became
infamous during this century. It is important to know the definition of genocide
and to understand these mass atrocities:
○ Armenian Genocide, 1914-23, Ottoman Empire
○ Holodomor and other famines,1920s to 1930s, Ukraine (USSR)
○ Holocaust, 1941-1945, Nazi-Occupied Europe
○ Cambodian Genocide, 1975-1979, Cambodia
○ Rwandan Genocide, 1994, Rwanda
7.9 | Causation in Global Conflict

⚡ Watch: AP World History - 🎥 20th Century Science and Technology
● The global conflicts of the 20th century were caused by a wide variety of factors,
to a wide variety of degrees.
● These are just a few examples of causes:
○ Innovations in science and technology
○ Challenges to established social orders
○ Shifts in global power
○ Rise of new forms of government
○ MAIN: militarism, alliance, imperialism, nationalism
🗺
So… what was actually going on at this
time?
Great question! As you probably already know, WWI was caused by a bunch of
nationalism in the warring countries, increased military power due to the Industrial
revolution, imperialism, and alliances. It was largely unsuccessful in solving disputes
and 21 years later there was WWII.
Both of these wars resulted in a ton of death and destruction, and most importantly, a
bunch of colonies started to think for themselves. They fought in the war, after all-- why
shouldn’t they be independent?
After the war, the Soviet Union and the United States were left largely undamaged by the
war, whereas Western Europe was totally destroyed. This left both of them primed to
become world powers.
8
Main Events
1914-1918: World War I
1918-1920: Estonian war for independence
1919: Gandhi’s first satyagraha; Egyptian Revolution; Syrian National Congress

convenes
1919: May 4th Movement
1929: Great Depression begins
1929-1947: Indian protest for independence
1931-32: Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1933: Great Depression ends
1939: World War II starts
1945: World War II ends/Yalta and Potsdam conferences
1947: Marshall Plan
1948: Israel created

1949: NATO formed//China established as a communist country
1950-53: Korean War
1955: Bandung Conference
1957: Ghanaian independence
1959-1975: Vietnam War
1960: Year of Africa (independence of 17 African nations, such as Nigeria and Cameroon)
1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
1963: Kenyan independence
1974-1990: Pinochet in Chile
1975-2002: Angolan Civil War
1989: Year of independence of many countries from the Soviet bloc/collapse of the Berlin
Wall.
Results of WWI
A ton of empires broke apart or started to fall after losses in WWI, such as
Austria-Hungary, which fractured into two nations, Germany, who experienced economic
devastation, and the Ottoman Empire, who dissolved entirely.
Like I said above, a lot of colonies of imperialist empires began to think of independence.
Fighting in WWI helped them develop a sense of nationalism as a separate entity from
their imperialist controllers. Some of this began really early, such as the Irish and Korean
Declarations of Independence. Instead of continuing to submit to often-cruel imperial
authority, these countries sought self-determination.
This would lead to… you guessed it, decolonization!

Results of WWII
All that stuff above? Yeah, it totally still applies. If colonies felt nationalist before, they
definitely do now, especially after they’d often been refused independence once after
WWI (India, anyone?)
In respect to the Cold War, as I said, WWII hit Western Europe the hardest. Now
economically and physically devastated from the war, Europe had to pretty much build
from scratch-- and since that region used to be the world superpower, there was a
vacuum to fill. The U.S. and USSR (Russia) filled that gap.
Since the U.S. was overseas, and Russia was super cold, both of them managed to avoid
the worst of the fighting. Not to mention, to fight the wars, both had built up their military,
so when the fighting ended and they emerged victoriously, they had an enormous army--
not to mention a booming economy.
Also, remember all those fractured empires, like Nazi Germany? Yeah, now the U.S. and
USSR got to influence them. This would only lead to good things.
Just kidding!
WWII Results
WWII Event Effect
Colonies fought on the side of their Increased nationalism in the colonies

imperial rulers
Western Europe destroyed by fighting Power vacuum (that U.S. and USSR
would fill)
U.S. and USSR far away from W. Europe & Able to fill W. Europe power vacuum and
had a strong military from fighting the war battle for control; beginning of Cold War
Losing empires destroyed U.S. and USSR fought for control over
land
REVIEW GAME
How did the World Wars lead to the Cold War and Decolonization? (True or False)
● When the losing countries saw they were going to lose, they became part of the
U.S. or USSR, which led to the Cold War.
○ (F-- losing countries did not join either, but were rather split up into
spheres of influences after the war)
● When the war was over, the U.S. and USSR were deeply impoverished and started
fighting over the last resources, leading to the Cold War.
○ (F-- the U.S. and USSR became superpowers after the Cold War)
● The U.S. and USSR had strong economies and militaries, which let them fill the
gap of powers (T)
● Western Europe was destroyed, which left room for the U.S. and USSR to become
superpowers (T)
● Colonies that were part of empires who lost the war, got mad about their loss and
demanded independence
○ (F-- many colonies, regardless of whether the country lost or not,
demanded independence after the war due to rising nationalism in the
colony)
● Winning countries like France got to encourage the U.S./USSR rivalry because
they were still in power
○ (F-- Western Europe was largely no longer in power, leaving room for the
U.S./USSR to take place as a superpower)
● Fighting in the wars helped colonies develop a sense of nationalism and demand
independence (T)
● The empires that lost had to be divvied up, which led to the U.S. and USSR
exerting influence over large parts of the world (T)
Additional Resources:
🎥Watch: WHAP - The Cold War

🎥Watch: WHAP - Decolonization
🎥Watch: WHAP - Newly Independent States
🏆Trivia: WHAP - Cold War Review
🏆Trivia: WHAP - Decolonization Review
Hold up… what was the Cold War?

Great question!
Basically, the Cold War was the capitalist United States against the communist USSR.
Though there was never actually a physical war (proxy wars excluded; we’ll get to those
later!), there was an insane amount of tension between the two superpowers, and the
world got closer to nuclear war than any other time in history.
It wasn’t just the U.S. vs. USSR, either; a large part of the world picked sides. In short, the
tensions spread across the globe.
End of WWII/Start of Cold War Tensions

As with all wars, the winners get to decide what happens to the losers. This was largely
the U.S. and USSR (oh, and Britain). However, decisions on who would influence what led
to some conflict, to say the least.
The U.S., USSR, and Britain first met in the Yalta Conference after WWII in 1945 to figure
out what to do with Nazi Germany. All came in with different goals, and nobody left very
happily, such as whether Poland should be communist or not.
The Potsdam Conference later that same year only increased tensions between the three
powers. Nobody solved any of the previous issues of the Yalta Conference, and Great
Britain and America remained deeply suspicious of the USSR and its influence in Eastern
Europe.
U.S. vs. USSR

This suspicion came to light in the U.S. with the Truman Doctrine (1947). It revealed a
change in U.S. policy and established the policy of containment. Containment is huge in
the Cold War-- basically, it was U.S. foreign policy that they must “contain” communism,
and the only way to do that was to aid surrounding countries in developing capitalism
and democratizing. If that involved military, then so be it, said the U.S. Otherwise, they
were worried that there would be a domino effect-- if one country fell to communism, the
rest would, too.
The Marshall Plan in 1948 shows a sort of economic example of this. This was an
American economic plan that provided enormous financial aid to rebuild Western
Europe-- but not Eastern Europe, which was under Soviet influence. Seeing a pattern?
Neutrality in the Cold War ☮️
As you’re going to see in a minute, almost the whole world got involved in the Cold War
at some point, but there was a smattering of countries that vowed to stay neutral, called
the Non-Aligned Movement, which was created in the Bandung Conference (1955).
This alliance of countries, led by Sukarno of Indonesia and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana,
promised to stay neutral in the Cold War. It’s important to note, too, that a lot of these
countries were newly independent, and wanted to protect their developing nations.
Additional Resources:
🎥Watch: WHAP -The Cold War
🎥Watch: WHAP -Decolonization
🎥Watch: WHAP -Newly Independent States
Alliances 🤝
NATO was the “capitalist” side of this war. When it was first created in 1949 it was
between the U.S. and other Western European (capitalist) countries. This defense
alliance demonstrated how the West felt the need to unite against the East, just in case.
The Warsaw Pact of 1955 was essentially the same thing, only with the East-- that is, a
defense alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries.
Remember that Soviet bloc I was talking about? Yeah, this is it. With this pact, the USSR
could now exercise military and economic influence over Eastern Europe.
Non-Violent Cold War Conflicts

The Space Race is the coolest example of this one. The United States and Russia were
locked in a competition to see who could build the coolest spacecraft the fastest. Fun,
right? Well, kinda. Space technology actually showed military power, especially since
people discovered you could fire missiles into space and it could hit pretty much
anywhere in the world if you did it right.
A little more intense example of this is the Berlin Wall, and the subsequent Berlin
Blockade/Airlift. Basically, West Germany was under western influence, and Eastern
Germany under Soviet influence, and it was separated by the Berlin Wall, which is the
best show of a physical division in the Cold War. However, in 1948, the Soviets blocked
off all trade and communication with the West. Thus, the United States airlifted supplies
like food to East Berlin until the USSR stopped.
Nuclear Conflicts 💥
About seven years after came the Suez Canal Crisis that lasted from 1956-57. The French
had funded building the Suez Canal in Egypt, but the president nationalized the canal--
with Soviet help. The French attacked, with the aid of the British and Israelis, and the
Soviet president threatened them with a nuclear attack. The western powers withdrew,
but the U.S. and USSR got incredibly close to nuclear war.
Suez Canal Sourced from: Britannica
But of course, there was no point where the world got closer to war than the Cuban
Missile Crisis (1962). Here’s how it went down. Cuba became communist in 1959 and was
a natural ally of the communist USSR. In 1962, the United States discovered the Soviets
were holding nuclear missiles in Cuba, which could wreak havoc. Both agreed to remove
the missiles from their locations, but the world was very nearly destroyed.
Why didn’t nuclear war happen?
The biggest reason why neither of the powers ever attacked was due to mutually assured
destruction, or MAD for short. Basically, if either attacked with nuclear weapons, the
other would react just as harshly, and both countries would end up in ruins.
Proxy Wars
Proxy wars were, in short, wars (usually civil) fought in a country with one side
supported by communists and the other by capitalists. It was kind of a bunch of
replacements for a real war-- it was a sort of test to see which was stronger.
The first proxy war was the Korean War (1950-1953). Korea had already been divided into
North and South. North Korea decided to invade South Korea, aided by communist China
(more on China later) and the Southern defense was aided by the U.S. and other
countries the U.S. encouraged. It ended in a stalemate, but it’s interesting to note that
North and South Korea still exist today-- a vestige of the Cold War.
Probably the most famous proxy war, though, was the Vietnam War (1959-1975). Similar
to Korea, Vietnam was divided into North and South after the war, with the North
communist and South under capitalist French control. The North (led by Ho Chi Minh)
invaded the South, trying to free them, but the U.S. strongly supported the South in the
fight (the USSR and China supported the North, of course). Then came the Viet Cong, an
internal group in South Vietnam also fighting for communism. In the end, the South lost--
the U.S. with it-- and Vietnam became communist.
A later example came in the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002). When Angola achieved
independence from Portugal, there was a power struggle between the communist
Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the capitalist National Union
for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Bet you can never guess who supported
who? The conflict died down and eventually ended with a peace agreement.
The final one was the Sandinista-Contras conflict in the midst of the Nicaraguan War
(1977-1990). The communist-leaning Sandinista party took over the dictatorial Somoza
regime, but the U.S., worried about communism in Latin America, funded the Contras
(and partial to Somoza) party. U.S. military interference in Latin America to keep out
communism was common, as was Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
Review Game - Matching
Match each term/event with the proper description
Terms:
● NATO
● Warsaw Pact
● Proxy Wars
● Korean War
● Angolan Civil War
● Vietnam War
● Sandinista-Contras Conflict
● Cuban Missile Crisis
● Mutually Assured Destruction
● Berlin Wall
Descriptions:
● (Usually civil) wars fought with one side supported by communists and one side
supported by capitalists (matches with Proxy Wars)
● Proxy war after gaining Portuguese independence between the communist MPLA
and capitalist UNITA that ended in a peace agreement (matches with Angolan Civil
War)
● Proxy war between the independent, communist north and French, capitalist
south. Protested by many in the U.S., and ended with northern victory (matches
with Vietnam War)
● Most physical representation of the division between communist east and
capitalist west (matches with Berlin Wall)
● Defense alliance between the U.S. and Western European countries (matches with
NATO)
● Proxy war between the communist north and capitalist south-- divides still in
place today (matches with Korean War)
● Closest the world ever got to nuclear war in which both sides discovered the other
was holding nuclear weapons close to them (matches with Cuban Missile Crisis)
● Proxy war in Latin America between communist party that took over Somoza
dictatorship and capitalist party partial to Somoza dictatorship; latter supported
by U.S. (matches with Sandinista-Contras conflict)
● Defense alliance between USSR and Eastern Europe; established Soviet bloc
(matches with Warsaw Pact)
● Idea that if one world power were to attack with nuclear weapons, the other would
retaliate in kind (matches with Mutually Assured Destruction)
Chinese Revolution 🇨🇳
The Chinese Revolution of 1900 destroyed the age-old dynasty system. Out of it emerged
a republic, led by Sun Yat-Sen. However, this republic soon collapsed due to warlord
conflicts.
Nationalists took power next and established their government-- the Kuomintang. Their
progressive policies were widely supported in cities (where the policies benefited them),
so the elites were for them, but not many.
This anger towards the Kuomintang is best shown in the May Fourth Movement, where
students protested the Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI. This widespread movement
started to lead to political change and thus the development of the Chinese Communist
Party (CCP).
Art from the May Fourth Movement Courtesy of Chinese Posters
The CCP soon gained grassroots support and slowly started pushing the Kuomintang
out of cities. But the CCP’s real growth would begin with the Japanese invasion of
Manchuria in 1931.
With this invasion, the Kuomintang was split between defending China from the CCP and
from the Japanese-- and they chose the CCP to focus on. However, the CCP started to
fight the Japanese with the People’s Liberation Army, earning widespread public support.
They also started to promote more education, better status for women, and peasant
rebellion. All of this helped them gain support from commoners, and in 1949, the Chinese
Communist Revolution ended and the CCP established the People’s Republic of China.
Communism’s Spread in Other Areas

Vietnam
During WWII, Vietnam was occupied by Japan, and when the war ended, North Vietnam
took this as an opportunity to turn communist and invade South Vietnam. See above for
more details about the Vietnam War.
Ethiopia 🇪🇹
In 1987, Mengistu Haile Mariam converted this nation into a communist regime. However,
the famine that resulted as well as the killings of his political opponents eventually led to
his ousting in 1991.
Land reform in Kerala and other states in India
The Indian state of Kerala elected a government in who legitimized peasants’ right to
cultivate the land, as well as setting a limit on the amount of land one can own. Other
states in India enacted similar reforms, such as abolishing the British Zamindari system
(feudal landholding) and ending the position of intermediary tax collectors.
Iran 🇮🇷
The White Revolution (1963) was a set of aggressive modernization reforms, such as
forcing big landholders to redistribute land, increasing federal funding for internal
improvements, and encouraging industrial growth and education.
Reform in Latin America 🌎

In Latin America, there was a general trend of peasants taking over dispossessed states
to cultivate, as well as a trend towards modernization. Some specific examples include
Brazil, which added taxes on large land tracts, and Chile, which encouraged peasant
farming on large plantations.
Review Game
Put the following events of Chinese History in chronological order:
● CCP gains power and influence, largely for attacking the Japanese
● Republic collapses due to warlord conflicts
● Establishment of the People’s Republic of China
● May Fourth Movement; ideas of communism began to expand
● Nationalists take power and establish the Kuomintang
● Chinese Revolution puts into place a republic led by Sun Yat-sen
● Chinese Communist Revolution
● Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Answers
● Chinese Revolution puts into place a republic led by Sun Yat-sen

● Republic collapses due to warlord conflicts
● Nationalists take power and establish the Kuomintang
● Japanese invasion of Manchuria
● May Fourth Movement; ideas of communism began to expand
● CCP gains power and influence, largely for attacking the Japanese
● Chinese Communist Revolution
● Establishment of the People’s Republic of China
What was Decolonization?

Decolonization is, in my opinion, one of the most fun parts of AP World. Basically, it’s the
undoing of colonialism/imperialism-- colonies are starting to declare independence and
start their own nations. So let’s get to it!
India 🇮🇳
After WWI, when the first sparks of nationalism began to appear in India, Britain
promised the colony independence-- but didn’t give it. After WWII, the Indians were over
it.
The Indian National Congress, or INC, was the leading political party at the time and
pushed hard for independence. It was led by Mohandas or Mahatma Gandhi, but we’ll get
back to him in 8.7.
The INC, and specifically Gandhi, started to lead a ton of non-violence movements, which
made Britain look like the bad guys when they stopped the protests (often with violence).
In 1947, India gained independence. It would partition with Pakistan later… but that’s for
8.6.
India's Decolonization Courtesy of FREEMANPEDIA!
British Gold Coast (Ghana) 🇬🇭

This independence movement against Britain (surprise, surprise), was led by Kwame
Nkrumah, a leading Ghanaian nationalist who was Western-educated. His tactics were
sort of similar to Gandhi’s, leading the charge as Ghanaians refused to cooperate with
British authorities and boycotting British goods.
Eventually, a party pushing for independence was formed (the Convention People’s
Party), and Ghana declared independence in 1957, largely peacefully.
Kenya 🇰🇪
After WWII, Kenya began agitating for independence like India and Ghana, but a little
more violently. This is exemplified by the Mau Mau movement, which wounded and killed
thousands (some Kenyans). However, the end result was the same: Kenya became a
nation in 1963.
Canada 🇨🇦
Okay, reality check: Canada is still very similar to what it was 100 years ago today. But
there was a little blip: the Quebecois separatist movement. This Quebecois, or French
nationalists, believed Quebec should be independent, or at least significantly different,
from Canada. They blamed much of their bad conditions on British Canadians.
Now, did they succeed? Just look at a map (Spoiler alert: they did not).
French Indochina (Vietnam) 🇻🇳

Okay, we’ve covered Vietnam a lot, but here I want to focus on one guy: Ho Chi Minh.
This guy is huge in Vietnamese history-- not only did he help found the Indochinese
Communist Party and bring it to power, but he helped transform that party into a
nationalist party as well.
However, Ho Chi Minh stopped at nothing to achieve his goals-- in order to achieve
independence, there was quite a bit of violence and war to get what he wanted, including
the killing of civilians.
French West Africa 🇫🇷
This area that eventually broke into a plethora of West African nations such as Senegal
and Niger was ruled harshly by the French, who ruthlessly exploited the land for its
resources.
This, along with participation in both World Wars building that sense of nationalism we
keep talking about, grated in the region. They began to protest, and the French passed loi
cadre or the allowing of local governance. By 1960, this region had successfully
negotiated independence.
Algeria 🇩🇿
This was one of the violent ones. In a nutshell, the National Liberation front of the nation
waged a guerilla war against the French and won, but at a price: many civilians were
killed.
Nigeria 🇳🇬
Nigeria gained independence in 1960, but that’s actually not what we’re here to talk
about. Similar to Canada, there was a secessionist movement-- specifically, the Biafra
secessionist movement.
This eastern section of Nigeria actually briefly succeeded in their goals, declaring
independence for three years. They did so on the grounds that Nigeria was committing
crimes against an ethnic group, mostly the Igbo people (many of whom lived in east
Nigeria).
Angola 🇦🇴
Inspired by other African independence movements, Angola declared independence. Yet
their rulers at the time, the Portuguese sent troops to subdue this uprising.
This went about as well as could be expected. A war ensued, but it was cut off by a coup
back in Portugal. Yet this power gap only led to the Angolan Civil War. See above for
details.
Review Game - Matching

Match each term to their correct category
CATEGORIES:
● Countries that negotiated independence

● Countries that warred for independence
● Secessionist movements
Terms
● Angola
● Biafra
● French West Africa
● Kenya
● Algeria
● Quebecois
● British Gold Coast/Ghana
● India
Answers
Negotiated Warred for Secessionist

independence Independence Movements
French West Africa, Angola, Kenya, Biafra, Quebecois

Ghana, India Algeria
Israel 🇮🇱
Israel is probably the most well-known example of a state that emerged in this period, so
let’s dig into it a little bit!
Pretty much since the beginning of Judaism, Jewish people were in diasporic
communities-- groups of people united by ethnicity or religion that are scattered instead
of centralized in one place like a state. At any rate, after the horrors of WWII, Jews began
to demand that they get their own nation. This idea of a Jewish state is called Zionism.
After previously stated European support for this idea, such as the British Balfour
Declaration, the United Nations created Israel in 1948 by carving it out of Palestine. As a
result, there was a lot of Jewish immigration to Israel.
As you can imagine, Palestinians (and other Arab countries) weren’t happy at all about
this. Essentially, ever since Israel was created, Israel and Arab (specifically Palestine)
have been at war. Only a few examples of these are the Yom Kippur War and the Six-Day
War.
Cambodia 🇰🇭
Remember how Vietnam was taken over by Japan in World War 2? Well, the region
Vietnam was a part of at the time (French Indochina) also included what we now know as
Cambodia. Similar to Vietnam, once the war was over, France tried to retake it, and
Cambodia refused.
However, it wasn’t over there. Authoritarian leaders in Cambodia grappled for power, and
the resulting political chaos led to communists gaining power, leading to the Khmer
Rouge, a notoriously violent group.
During the time the Khmer Rouge was in power, they aggressively attempted to make the
country agricultural again by forcefully collectivizing farms. This, accompanied by many
other violent techniques such as murdering anyone suspected of dissent, killed about 1.5
million people in the Cambodian genocide.
Pakistan 🇵🇰
We briefly touched on this in our discussion of India, but let’s go a little deeper. As you
already know, India gained independence, but it wasn’t that easy.
Along with the INC (Indian National Congress, as you no doubt recall), there was the
Muslim League, a group of Muslims living in the area that called for Muslim Indian
separation from India led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. They were worried that the Hindu
majority of India would always overpower the Muslim interest.
After some debate, it was agreed: there would be a partition of the newly independent
state. The larger one would remain India, and the smaller one would become Pakistan, for
Muslims.
Of course, Muslims wanted to move to Pakistan. But they had to get across India first.
This mass migration of Muslims to Pakistan grew from messy to downright bloody, and
by the time the partition of India and Pakistan was complete, two million were dead.
Economic Systems in the New States

Of course, each of these new states adapted to the globalizing economy in different
ways. Let’s get into it!
In India, Indira Gandhi demolished the private sector by nationalizing parts of the
economy such as banks, the insurance sector, and the coal industry. Investors and
entrepreneurs essentially had to get governmental permission before doing anything.
This is definitely one of the more extreme examples of governmental involvement in the
economy.
Gamal Abdel Nasser’s economic development in Egypt was a little different. His biggest
goal during his period of control over Egypt was modernizing the nation. He was the guy
who nationalized the Suez Canal if you remember that. But he did a lot more: he also
encouraged the growth of the middle class and broke up large estates.
In Tanzania, Julius Nyerere also tried to modernize, but in Tanzania. He collectivized large
farms, but also heavily promoted education. At his urging, Tanzania created universal
education, vastly increasing literacy.
The last one is Sirimavo Bandaranaike's policies in Sri Lanka. Unlike India, she promoted
free enterprise, though she did nationalize some industries. With her help, the wealth gap
in Sri Lanka declined immensely.
Migrations ➡️⬅️⬆️⬇️
No matter where, in this period, migrations were largely motivated by escaping economic
or political crises at home. That being said, here are a couple of examples.
South Asians to Britain
Filipinos to the U.S.
Algerians to France
Source: Freemanpedia
REVIEW GAME: True or False
● The Indian National Congress, or INC, pushed hardest for the creation of a Muslim
state by the partition of India (False-- it was the Muslim League)
● Zionism was the idea that Indian Muslims deserved their own state (False-- it was
the idea that Jews deserved their own state)
● The communist Khmer Rouge took over Cambodia and their violent methods
caused the Cambodian Genocide (True)
● Indira Gandhi was for little governmental involvement in the economy (False-- she
essentially destroyed the private sector and heavily employed governmental
control in the economy)
● Israeli-Palestinian conflicts have been continuing ever since the creation of Israel
in 1948 (True)
● Muhammad Ali Jinnah led the Muslim League (True)
Before we get into the actual resistance, let’s cover a couple of places in the world that
gave rise to resistance.
Spain-- Francisco Franco 🇪🇸

Okay, so this guy was a pretty ruthless dictator from 1936-1975, killing thousands of
political opponents (especially Catalans and Basques) and oppressing many more by
utilizing a secret police network. Though the idea of a secret police network is admittedly
pretty cool, it repressed thousands, making Catholicism the only safe religion to practice.
Uganda-- Idi Amin 🇺🇬
Similar to Franco, Idi Amin was a violent dictator from 1971-1979. He extensively
expanded the Ugandan military during his rule and used it for whatever whim possessed
him at the moment, such as persecuting the Acholi and Lango tribes. When he fell from
power Uganda was left with dissolving a military dictatorship.
Chile-- Augusto Pinochet 🇨🇱

This is our last dictator, ruling from 1974-1990. Remember how we were talking earlier
about land reform in Chile? Well, Pinochet attempted to reverse any vestiges of these
leftist policies. In the process, he killed thousands of political opponents and committed
countless human rights crimes.
Military-industrial conflict and weapons trading
This is definitely a bit more general than the last three examples, but just as important.
As conflicts increased around the world, countries responded in kind, increasing their
arms storage and trading to get them. However, instead of making the world more
peaceful, it became more violent as the mass trading of weapons increased and nations,
in turn, became more warlike.
Shining Path
This (along with our next subjects, the Palestinian Liberation Front and Al-Qaeda) is an
example of resistance to power structures rather than a part of the power structure itself,
but both are similar in that they utilized violence to achieve their goals.
The Shining Path was an intensely violent communist organization in Peru, ready to use
whatever means possible to achieve their goals-- and they did. They bombed urban
areas, and as for the rural ones-- they intimidated those into complying with their rule. It
has declined ever since 1992.
Palestinian Liberation Front
This violent Arab nationalist organization is a prime example of aggressive resistance to

power structures. Specifically speaking, they utilize violence against Israel.
Al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda is a terrorist military organization founded by Osama bin Laden composed of

Islamic extremists and Salafist Jihadists. It should be noted that Al-Qaeda does not
represent the interests of the totality of the muslim faith, and should not be viewed as
such. Al-Qaeda was originally founded to fight off the Soviet Union, which supported the
communist Afghan government. They rallied to fight off the invaders and entered a holy
war (or jihad). Al-Qaeda saw the United States as a target because of its support of “bad”
governments like Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. This led to the declaration of holy war
on the United States, and eventually the planning of the 9/11 attacks and destruction of
American embassies.
Despite being typically referred to in the context of terrorist or military acts/attacks, the
term Jihad actually refers to the struggle that a muslim experiences, which can be either
internal or external. There are three main types of Jihad, consisting of internal struggles,
rejection of Satan, and the preservation of the muslim faith. Jihad itself does not
encourage terrorism in any way, and simply put is a term that is often misconstrued
based on the context of warfare that it is typically presented in, despite that not being the
main definition of it. Average every day muslims can experience Jihad, in the form of
internal and religious struggles.sies.
Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi ☮️
As you’ve probably realized, we’ve now moved into peaceful resistance to power
structures. Gandhi is the absolute epitome of that.
Gandhi was one of the most prominent leaders of the nationalist movement in India,
heading the Indian National Congress. Most importantly, he led the nonviolent protests
so famous today that he gained Indian independence. His most famous example of this
was the Salt March, a walk of almost 240 miles to the coast where there was salt to
protest the repressive salt tax.
Martin Luther King, Jr. ☮
If Gandhi’s nonviolent protests are the most famous, MLK’s are definitely a strong
second place. Inspired by Gandhi’s ideas, King campaigned against the deep-rooted
segregation in the U.S. in the 1950s and 60s with nonviolent protests such as sit-ins and
boycotts. Similar to Gandhi, nonviolence emphasized the anger and rage of racist whites
and police, drawing nationwide attention to the cause.
Nelson Mandela ☮️💥

Mandela also began with nonviolent protests against apartheid (a particularly cruel racial
segregation) in South Africa with the African National Congress. This political group was
famed for their peaceful protests, but when Mandela didn’t see as much progress as he
would’ve liked, he joined a more violent branch of the ANC. Though he was put in jail for
many years, he eventually emerged on top, becoming South Africa’s first black president
in 1994.
Source: Freemanpedia

U.S. technological/military advances

This one’s pretty obvious. To try and “win” the Cold War, the U.S. budget spending on
military technology shot up, spending millions on nuclear weapons, atom bombs, and
ballistic missiles, as well as space technology so they could be sure they could at least
match the Soviets in case of a Cold War.
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979) 🇦🇫
This was one of the biggest factors that led to the collapse of the USSR, which we’ll look
into in the next part. Anyway, at this point in time, Afghanistan was in that Soviet bloc we
talked about. There was a ton of Soviet influence and thus a communist-leaning
government in Afghanistan.
However, there was general unease about the communist-leaning government, and
coups erupted. To keep their influence, the USSR invaded to establish a government
favorable to them.
Yet the army of largely Muslim resistance (called the mujahideen) kept increasing,
especially as Muslim volunteers from the other countries traveled to help Afghanistan in
their struggles. In 1979, the USSR was made to sign a peace agreement, leaving the
Soviets thousands of men and millions of dollars in debt. It was this that helped lead to
its fall in 1991.
The collapse of the Soviet Union

When he took power in 1989, Mikhail Gorbachev began instituting modernization policies
almost immediately, most importantly the policies of perestroika and glasnost to try and
save the collapsing economy.
Perestroika restructured the economic system, integrating some free-market policies,

such as citizens being able to participate in a semi-market economy. Glasnost, on the
other hand, meant “openness”. In short, it signified the USSR’s willingness to adopt
other, more Western policies, such as the freedom of press and assembly.
Yet with the introduction of being free to protest, countries in the Soviet bloc began to
think of independence. From the Baltic to Eastern Europe to Central Asia, countries soon
left the influence of the USSR, mostly in 1989. This was the same year as the fall of
Berlin, the best physical representation of the Cold War.
Additionally, Gorbachev’s policies upset the Communist branch, who attempted a coup.
Not only did politics get out of control, but the economy soon went off the rails. People
began to protest using their new right to assemble, and the USSR collapsed in 1991.
Russia became a federation and elected Boris Yeltsin as president.
Source: Britannica
Review Game
Put the following events of the fall of the USSR in the correct order
● The attempted coup against Gorbachev

● Gorbachev introduces policies of perestroika and glasnost
● Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
● Fall of the USSR; Boris Yeltsin elected
● States under Soviet influence revolt; Berlin Wall falls
Correct Order:
● Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

● Gorbachev introduces policies of perestroika and glasnost
● States under Soviet influence revolt; Berlin Wall falls
● The attempted coup against Gorbachev
● Fall of the USSR; Boris Yeltsin elected
Causation
There was, needless to say, a ton of change during this period. New countries emerged
from under their old imperial powers and in the process, redrew boundaries and
established new political/economic organizations-- with varying success. Many
developed midways between the U.S. and USSR economies, mixing land reform with
some free-market policies.
Additionally, the power dynamic shifted completely by the end of this unit. We began with
Western European countries in near-total control of the rest of the world, and by the end,
we leave with the U.S. and USSR as our superpowers (as well as China, to some extent).
Of course, there was some continuity (though less). Decolonized states often kept similar
social structures, as well as religions-- think India and Hinduism. And though it may
seem obvious, the United States remained capitalist and the USSR communist (until
1991, of course).
Unit 9
Welcome to Unit 9, the final unit of AP world history🎉 ! This unit covers the time period 1900—present, just like our
✨ ✨
last two units; unit 7 covered mainly wars in this time period, while unit 8 covered topics related to decolonization and
proxy wars, like the Cold War. This unit is going to focus on Globalization and why our world is the way that it
is!
This unit is worth about 8-10% of your multiple choice section, and it will probably be one part of SAQ #4, on a normal
paper and pencil exam, along with units 7-8.
On AP Classroom, your teacher can unlock for you:
● A stimulus-based multiple choice practice Set with ~25 questions

● A free response practice set with 1 LEQ
● Another free response practice set with 2 SAQs
○ SAQ 1 has a secondary source
○ SAQ 2 has no source
Let’s look at some of the important events in Freemanpedia’s awesome timeline of the whole period 1900-present.
Image Courtesy of Freemanpedia.
A Note About “Modern History”

Since this is chronologically the last unit in APWH, a lot of the topics discussed in this unit might have happened
during your lifetime or at least during your parents’ lifetimes. While keeping that in mind, we have to note that a lot of
the topics that could be discussed in this unit are not fully “history” yet. Generally, any writings about the 21st century
(especially secondary sources) are journalism (always written with human bias to further a purpose) and not historical
pieces of writing—yet.
We’ve talked about this whole class through the historical thinking lenses of Causation, Comparison, and CCOT
(Continuity and Change Over Time). We are still able to do that in this unit, but if you think about it, we are still living
🤖
through the effects of things like 9/11, the War on Drugs, the War on Terror, and many more events that we will
discuss in this unit. Due to that, it’s going to be hard for us to look into the future (unless you’re a super human ) to
determine the effects, continuity + change, or comparison of everything that’s happened from 1900 to the present.
Good thing we’ve already learned what’s happened in the past to still use those lenses!
Wait . . . What is Globalization?
Globalization is the spread of economic, social, political, culture, and environmental ideas around the globe, usually
aided by new technology. We have seen globalization all throughout AP World already through the environmental
globalization of the Columbian Exchange, the cultural globalization of universalizing religions, and more
recently with the forced economic/political globalization of capitalism/democracy by the USA during the Cold War
Period.
This unit focuses on this idea of globalization with all 6 big ideas that we’ve used in this class (sometimes in the
acronym of SPICE-T): Social, Political, Human-Environment Interaction, Cultural, Economic, and Technology.
Learning Objectives
After you finish this objective, you will be able to “explain how the development of new technologies changed the
world from 1900 to present” (Courtesy of the College Board AP World History Modern 2020 CED). Make sure to keep
that prompt in mind as you read this guide!
Some sections of this guide will focus more on new technologies versus environmental effects or economic systems,
so try to keep these prompts in the back of your mind with the SPICE-T acronym above.
Main Events of Unit 9

1918-1919: Spanish Flu infects one-fifth of the world’s population. Deadlier than the Bubonic plague
1928: Alexander Fleming invented penicillin—antibiotics are born
1948: United Nations adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1950s: Green Revolution begins worldwide

1950s: Artificial birth control
1971: Greenpeace founded to protect the environment
1977: Green Belt Movement begins to combat deforestation
1995: World Trade Organization (WTO) formed
1997: Kyoto Protocol first agreement to reduce carbon emissions worldwide
2001: One day terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, D.C. by airplanes
2010s: “Arab Spring” revolutions overthrow dictators in North African countries
9.1: Advances in Technology and

Exchange after 1900
📱Communication Technology
We defined globalization in very dictionary-like terms in the overview, but let’s zoom in on a
more informal scale of what globalization is! Globalization, today, makes the world feel smaller
than it did in 1900. Communication technology that makes it possible to talk to people from all
sorts of backgrounds and ethnicities and cultures has made the biggest impact on this.
One of the major technological advancements that we’ve experienced since 1900 is definitely
the cellular phone 📱With my cell phone, I can call, text, and facetime people that live halfway
across the world, over 10,000 miles away. Before we got to the iPhone XR, we went through
innovations like the telegraph and landline phones that didn’t allow for as much connection or
global communication as today.
If you go ask your parents right now, they’ll probably be able to tell you about how it used to be
$10 more to make an international phone call on their wired landline phone just a couple
decades ago. That charge on their phone bills made globalization much harder, since it cost
money to be able to talk to people of different nationalities that live far away! With new
technology, the process of globalization has become easier than ever before.
🤳🏽Social Media
This map from Wikipedia shows the changes brought by the Arab Spring.
Wait . . . why is this under the social media section? 🤔

It’s a really cool reason! Many protesters used their phones to record what was happening live
in the Middle East and broadcasted it on platforms like Facebook for people around the world to
watch and experience what was happening. During the Bahraini Arab Spring, it’s estimated that
the social media usage more than doubled. In Egypt, almost all of the protests were organized
by groups using Facebook and Twitter to gather people and information. The New York Times
wrote a piece in 2012 about how “the Facebook Generation'' helped to lead the movement,
starting with an accidental rallying group that grew from 300 to 250,000 in just a couple of
months.
Even beyond the Arab Spring, with the growth of platforms like Twitter and Instagram in the past
decade, many new movements, like the Black Lives Matter Organization, have set up rallies,
protests, and other events to protest social injustices ✊🏽
🚜Agricultural Technology
In the mid-1900s, a guy named Norman Bourlag helped to pioneer an agricultural revolution in
Mexico. This agricultural revolution was dubbed the Green Revolution by the USAID, as it
helped promote better methods of agriculture.
The Green Revolution helped introduce:
● new synthetic fertilizers, especially nitrogen-based fertilizers

● new irrigation methods
● new types of high-yield crops
High-yield strains of crops allowed for less land to be used for agriculture while producing more
output, commonly known as GMOs. These high-yield crops were first used in mainly India and
Mexico for types of rice, wheat, and other diet staple grain crops.
While questions were raised about human health and environmental hazards with these new
technologies in agriculture, the innovations were largely a success and diffused rapidly across
the globe. The diffusion of these crops helped to even fight hunger and drought in the African
continent, which started to experience rapid population growth during this time period.
For his work in developing these agricultural innovations, Norman Bourlag was named “the
Father of the Green Revolution” and even won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his work 🥇
🧬Biotechnology
In the next key topic, 9.2: Technological Advances and Limitations after 1900: Disease, we’ll go
more in depth into the changes that have taken place to combat diseases and illnesses across
the globe. In this section, we’ll discuss some of the more major technological advancements in
medicine, as opposed to our focus of the Human-Environment Interaction (HEI) with diseases in
the next section! Remember to keep the SPICE-T topics that we discussed in the 9.0: Overview
in mind.
Women’s Health
Even just in the 21st century, the healthcare industry has made great strides in the technology to
affect reproductive health. Contraception is now widely available in the More Developed
Countries (MDCs) and even available through many NGOs (Non-Governmental
Organizations) in the Lesser Developed Countries (LDCs). With the greater availability of
birth control in the modern world, this brings positive and negative consequences. Many of the
positive consequences are focused on in textbooks and are easier to remember, so let’s focus
on the negatives ones here.
Culturally, many organizations and groups, like the Evangelical Right in the USA, are strongly
opposed to modern birth control methods, including oral contraception and abortion.
Another negative impact for the growth of the human population is that increased access to
contraception leads to a decrease in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in almost all MDCs. In countries
like Germany, with wide access to sexual education and contraception in all forms, we are
actually seeing a decrease in the total population and in the Natural Increase Rate (NIR). This
will most likely lead to a lower population in total on the Earth and the decline of the human race
if more countries start to follow this trend.
9.2: Technological Advances and

Limitations after 1900: Disease
Like we discussed at the end of the previous key topic, 9.1: Advances in Technology and
Exchange after 1900, we have made great progress in the medical field during the 21st
century. In this key topic, we’ll dive deeper into what diseases we have been fighting and how
we are fighting them this century! (cough COVID-19 cough 😷)
🦠 Pandemics + Epidemics
Most recently, the whole world has been fighting against SARS-COV-2/Coronavirus/COVID-19. I
think we’re all very familiar with how we have been combating the disease, but sadly, the AP
world history test will probably not test on the topic since, it’s too recent to be considered true
history since the pandemic is still ongoing 😢
One thing that’s useful to discuss here (using COVID as the specific example for this concept) is
that pandemics and epidemics create lots of urgency in the medical community to help
develop vaccines or cures to fight them. We’ve seen rapid testing and growth in the use of
Adenovirus (like Johnson + Johnson and AstraZeneca) and mRNA (like Pfizer and Moderna)
vaccines. While you don’t need to know these terms for your AP pest, it’s a great thing to note
that there are tons of different ways to fight the same virus, and vaccines can be highly effective
in their purpose!
Another big pandemic during this time period was the Spanish Flu. This flu came about during
World War I from a Kansas military base that was rumored to have come from foreign countries.
The pandemic swept through major American cities, specifically those with military bases since
that was the first primary spreader. The 1918 flu pandemic killed an estimated 195,000
Americans during October 1918 alone.
This pandemic had a second spike as the Great War ended with armistice day as husbands and
wives reunited and soldiers began to demobilize. This pandemic was one of the first of this size
that we began to fight with modern medicine. Although we didn’t develop a vaccine at the time
to fight it, we began programs aimed to encourage washing hands, sneezing into tissues, and
what we now refer to as “social distancing” in public!
🗣Contagious and Chronic Diseases

In AP world history, we’ll talk about two main classifications of disease: Contagious and
Chronic. Contagious diseases, as the name implies, are those that can be transmitted from one
person or animal to another. Chronic diseases are basically the opposite (cannot be transmitted)
and are generally seen as a result of being immune.
In MDCs, we see that chronic diseases, like heart disease, cancer, and pre-existing conditions,
will cause more deaths than contagious diseases, like the flu, the common cold, meningitis, or
polio. In LDCs, we generally see the opposite since the life expectancy in those countries is
generally not high enough for a lot of chronic diseases that come with old age (like Parkinsons,
dementia, and others) to occur widely throughout their society.
Like everything, there are some exceptions to the generalities we just discussed above.
Pandemics like, in the modern day, COVID-19 or, earlier in this time period, the Spanish flu
(H1N1 flu), often cause a lot of deaths in all countries around the world. Tying this back to the
theme of this whole unit, globalization allows for people to travel around the globe and easily
spread diseases, which can cause epidemics or pandemics.
🤕HIV-AIDS
This disease, HIV-AIDS, was first identified and researched as GRID, Gay-Related
Immunodeficiency, in the later 1900s in New York City and San Francisco. The disease
originated from Central Africa and spread to the US, where it found its victims primarily among
gay men. Since doctors first found the disease almost always in gay men, it was first assumed
to be transmitted through men having sex with men.
After people started dying from this new disease, gay men began to practice safer sex, using
condoms and confining themselves to only trusted partners. Later, it came to light that GRID
was not the correct name for this new disease, since it was also found to be transmitted through
used needles (meaning it could be transmitted through blood).
In the 2010s, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a medication such as Truvada, was

developed. This daily drug, if taken appropriately by gay men who are sexually active, has a
99% success at preventing the transmission of HIV.
In the 21st century, HIV-AIDS is much more of a risk to people from its original hearth,
Sub-Saharan Africa. Since much of the region does not use contraception for cultural or
lack-of-access reasons, STIs are spread much more frequently and lead to many more deaths.
There are many programs sponsored by NGOs targeted at making contraception more
accessible and appealing to Sub-Saharan African nations like Zambia, Kenya, and Uganda!
This chart from Wiley shows the rate of contraceptive usage in different regions of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa is by far
the lowest percentage of people using Contraception, but numbers have been steadily increasing over the past few years!
🦟 Other Diseases Chart

Disease How It Spreads Primary Region Treatment MDC/L
DC
Malaria Mosquitoes carry the disease; Tropical Regions Antiparasiti MDCs +

Kills 600,000 people annually cs LDCs
Tuberculo Airborne Infection through Africa + the West Antibiotics LDCs

sis (TB) coughs and sneezes Pacific
Cholera Bacterial infection through water Asia, Africa, IV Fluids + LDCs
and other drinking fluids; Kills Central America, Antibiotics
100,000 people annually India, + the Middle
East
This graphic from Freemanpedia shows the changes brought by new vaccines.
9.3: Technological Advances–Debates

about the Environment after 1900
Scarcity
Causes of Environmental Destruction
● Population growth: more people put increased pressure on existing resources

○ Population in 1900 1.6 billion people 😊
○ Population in 2000 6.12 billion people 😱
● Urbanization: increased numbers of people in cities, which puts great strain on natural
resources
● Industrialization and globalization both create demand for goods, which involve
pollutants to create and manufacture
Deforestation + Desertification
● Deforestation: when large amounts of trees and vegetation is cleared out

○ Example 💡: The deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest in the early 1990s
● Desertification: when previously fertile land becomes dry and unusable for farming
Pollutants
With more and more technology developing, more pollutants and toxic chemicals entered the
environment. More often than not, these pollutants negatively affected the surrounding
environment by harming the ecosystem. Pollutants are substances that negatively harm soil,
air, or water.
Some common contributors to pollution:
● Automobiles 🚗, deforestation 🪵, oil 🛢, industrial waste☢️, and human activities 🚜
Global Warming
Greenhouse gases are gases like CO₂ (carbon dioxide), CH₄ (methane), and N₂O (nitrous
oxide). They are only harmful to the environment in excess! When too much of these gases are
in the Earth’s atmosphere, infrared radiation is reflected back into Earth’s atmosphere and is
given off as heat. This is known as the Greenhouse Effect.
Why is this bad? I thought we liked summer! 🌞Well, this greenhouse effect raises temperatures
and creates uninhabitable ecosystems for many species, including humans! Rising ocean
temperatures contribute to the death of coral, the melting of the nordic poles, and the extinction
of species. Humans are also affected by global warming because of flooding and soaring local
temperatures. This often leads to desertification (a huge problem for farmers).
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol was an agreement reached in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, mandating that
industrialized nations cut their greenhouse gas emissions. However, sadly, more than 100
developing countries, including China and India, were exempted from the treaty. The treaty
could not go into effect until at least 55 countries, accounting for 55% of the world's emissions in
1990, ratified it.
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
In 1990, the United States passed the Oil Pollution Act in an effort to prevent oil spills off the
coast. It declared the United States responsible for paying for damage created by their own oil
spills. This was an initiative sparked by the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, also known as the
Mega Borg, which spilled 5.1 billion gallons of oil into the ocean 😬
9.4: Economics in the Global Age
Free Market Economics
Around the world, during, and then accelerated by the end of, the Cold War, many governments
started to encourage free market economic policies. A free market economy is one with
generally privately-owned businesses and property, with little to no government interactions with
the markets.
As we discussed in unit 8, specifically thinking about the Cold War across the world, the United
States of America tried everything that it could to prevent countries from falling to communism in
a containment plan. In countries like Greece and Turkey, the Truman Doctrine sent monetary
aid to countries it felt were at risk of becoming communist, to encourage a free market/capitalist
economy.
This image is courtesy of Apprend.io and demonstrates the purpose of the Truman Doctrine, which was to throw money at
Europe to prevent the spread of communism.
Economic Liberalization
Economic Liberalization is a free market policy that became popular in the post-Cold War era,
where countries' governments removed their own political controls over their markets. This
policy was used famously by the United States under Ronald Reagan, Britain under Margaret
Thatcher, China under Deng Xiaoping, and Chile under Augusto Pinochet. The College Board
says that you must know at least a couple of these examples listed above, so make sure to read
their overviews in this guide and dig deeper into their economic liberalization policies!
World Who are they? Free Market Actions

Leader
🇬🇧 The “Iron Lady”, Longest Serving New government spending policies had to be
Thatch GB Prime Minister of the 20th created to focus on inflation; less regulation
er century
🇺🇸 Anti-Communist President, Supply-Side/Reaganomics to create lower

Reaga De-escalated Cold War Tensions prices and lower taxes; Decrease of inflation
n with USSR: Détente and unemployment
🇨🇳 “The Architect” of socialist Southern Tour: Price reforms, tax reforms, new
Xiaopin thinking; made China more private ownership of previously state-owned
g Socialist/less Communist companies
🇨🇱 Assumed power in Chile after a Miracle of Chile: Privatization of
Pinoch US-backed coup; Ended civilian publicly-owned (state-run) companies,
et rule until 1990 stabilization of inflation
Post-Industrial Economies
The United States was one of the world’s biggest manufacturers from the 1860s-1960s, but this
started to change after the sixties. The US economy in the 1980s continued to transition from
having more industrial jobs to having less, as more manufacturing jobs were outsourced or
became automated. This transition into a post-industrial economy especially hurt industrial
cities in the midwest like Pittsburgh, Toledo, Detroit, and Indianapolis. They made up the new
Rust Belt, a group of cities with new depressed status as factories closed. This increased the
demand for university education, since new and growing fields like healthcare, engineering, or
computing often required college degrees.
The Knowledge Economy
Since the Industrial Revolution, many MDCs (More Developed Countries) have progressed past
a manufacturing-based economy, as described above with the Rust Belt, to a more
knowledge-based economy. Knowledge economies are based in communication technology,
the spread of information, and globalization! There are three major countries with big knowledge
economies that the College Board say you should know:
1. United States of America

2. Japan
3. Finland
The best example of a knowledge economy is in Silicon Valley, in the US. Companies like
Apple have a phrase on the box that your iPhone comes in that says “Designed by Apple in
California. Assembled in China.” This phrase exemplifies how the work of creating the designs
and plans and software for an iPhone, a high-level economic activity, takes place in a
knowledge economy, while the manufacturing of those ideas into reality takes place in a more
industrial economy.
The nodes of industrial production and manufacturing, today, are generally found in the
regions of Latin America and Asia. The major Latin American manufacturing countries are
Mexico and Honduras, while the major Asian manufacturing countries are Vietnam, Bangladesh,
and China. China, though, is becoming a more post-industrial economy at about the same time
that economic liberalization is occuring.
For example, Japan and other “Asian Tiger” countries have created export-processing
economies through nationwide education, low wages, and intensive manufacturing centers.
Multinational Corporations
Most of the business that occurs and has occurred across the world from 1900 to today is
through the new global system of business dominated by giants in every industry, also known
as multinational corporations. These MNCs, for short, are companies that operate on a global
scale but are mainly headquartered in a country in each region of the world. Some common
examples of multinational corporations are Exxon, Nissan, and Nestle, but you can choose any
number of them as good examples for your AP exam!
Multinational corporations work in highly developed knowledge economies to expand worker
growth (software designers, engineers, technology jobs) while promoting low-cost
manufacturing of knowledge economy products in other, less developed countries. Access to
world markets makes transnational corporations into global entities, which means they
aren’t confined to the laws of any single country.
🌎
9.5: Calls for Reform and Responses after 1900
Human Rights in the Global Age
Humans all around the world began to question governments and the inequitable systems set in
place. 1900—present is known as the Global Age because of the interconnectedness of the
📺
world through technology and media. Human rights issues which were once limited to the span
of one region were now on display for millions to see and hear via radio or television More
groups of people became literate and became involved in politics and professions. Marginalized
groups began to protest and advocate for reforms within their communities, which were often
oppressed by the government. These groups challenged assumptions about race, gender, and
religion.
Human Rights in China
Native Chinese citizens experienced different violations of human rights under communist ruler
Mao Zedong. Nationalist Chinese forces under Chiang-Kai Shek fought with the communist
forces in the Chinese Civil War in an effort to unite and consolidate power in China. After
communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, Mao established a communist government in China
in 1949. The Chinese Communist Party then established the People’s Republic of China.
Under this regime, many Chinese citizens were stripped of their human rights, and some were
even executed. Here are some of the things that happened under the Chinese Communist
Party:
Land Redistribution: Chinese landowners were terrorized, executed, and stripped of their land.
This land was then distributed to the peasant communities of China. Mao Zedong estimated 2 to
3 million Chinese were murdered.
Re-education Camps: Labor-based camps which were established from 1957-2013. These
camps were an extreme punishment to Chinese who broke the law or opposed the government.
The people in these camps often faced starvation and lived in scarce conditions. In its later
stages it was used solely to punish criminals.
Great Leap Forward: Communist plan to reform China from an agrarian society to a communist
society.
Gender Equality
Women and LGBTQ+ communities began to speak out against inequalities in job opportunities,
voting, and participation in politics. Women were previously denied educational opportunities;
however, rates of literacy increased exponentially during the 1900s—present. This led to
protests against suppressive systems that restricted voting from women.
Women got suffrage, or the right to vote, around the globe at different times: United States in
1920, Brazil in 1932, Turkey in 1934, Japan in 1945, and India in 1947. Remember that you
don't need to know all these exact dates, but you should have a general idea of the time period!
https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2F-y1w4y4
cVOVdl.png?alt=media&token=5c047af6-6868-41e6-b600-709fbadbfd62
This image is provided by reddit.com, and demonstrates the timeline of women's suffrage
across the world in the 1900s.
Civil Rights
Civil Rights Movement in the United States
In the United States, African Americans were discriminated against after emancipation through
a series of laws called Jim Crow Laws. African Americans were considered property of their
respective slave owners until Emancipation in 1863. But even after emancipation, many
African-American citizens continued to be discriminated against. Jim Crow Laws kept society
segregated by race and inhibited African Americans from progressing politically and
✊🏽✊🏿✊🏻
economically in society. The Civil Rights Movement was a series of protests trying to
desegregate society and provide equality for all citizens, regardless of skin color
Some key leaders:
Martin Luther King Jr, Rosa Parks, Daisy Bates, Betty Friedman, Malcolm X, and countless
others.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed in order to prohibit discrimination on the basis of race,
color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Apartheid in South Africa
Apartheid was a system in South Africa that segregated non-white citizens who had to live in a
seperate area and use separate facilities. In 1948, the Afrikaner National Party took power and
instituted apartheid, which literally means “apartness.” Nelson Mendela was arrested from 1963
to 1990 because of his involvement in Anti-Apartheid movements. The United Nations imposed
an embargo on South Africa, and the mounting pressure by the media caused F.W. De Klerk to
free Nelson Mandela and end Apartheid. In 1994, a new constitution was written. It ended
Apartheid and Nelson Mandela became President of South Africa.
Australian Aborigine Civil Rights Movement
Before European colonization, the native Australian Aborigine population was the majority, but
by the 1920s there were only 60,000 Aborigine living in Australia. The Aborigine native
population was segregated from society and had no contact with most Australians.
The Western Australia Aborigines Act placed heavy restrictions on natives, gave the
government permission to separate children from their parents, and made natives need
permission to get a job. This act was, unfortunately, an effort to eradicate the Aborigine
population.
The Racial Discrimination Act of 1975 made discrimination against indigineous Aborigine illegal.
This was a huge victory for indiginous Aborigine, and in 2008 the Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd,
addressed the country in an apology to the indiginous population of Australia for the
mistreatments they endured since colonization.
9.7: Resistance to Globalization after
1900
Globalization vs Anti-Globalization
Globalization has many benefits, like shared cultural experiences and raising awareness about
topics like humanitarianism. Sounds great, right? Well, there are some drawbacks.
Here are some reasons why people resisted globalization:
● Unequal distribution of resources. A major concern about globalization was that the
world economy favored the 2% of the population that could afford the luxury of
consumerism. The rest of the world was left to work to manufacture the demands of the
rest of the world.
● Exploitation of workers’ safety and rights. Buyers who bought cheap products often
did not know the labor conditions workers were put in to create the product. Workers of
all ages were exploited. Many worked in unsafe conditions for unreasonably low wages.
In the early 2000s, chocolate companies in West Africa used child labor in order to
harvest their cacao for the yearly quota. An estimated 2 million children took part in this.
Similarly, in 2013, the Rana Plaza Factory, an eight-story building, collapsed on workers
and killed more than 1,000 people.
● Environmental Damage. Environmental activists point to the unsustainable greenhouse
emissions that were exacerbated by shipping processes. In Brazil, thousands of square
miles were destroyed and cleared for cattle farming in the Amazon rainforest. This
practice harmed the natural ecosystems and the indiginous people living in the
rainforest. This was mainly done because meat being Brazil’s main source of revenue
from exports.
Pop Culture vs Folk Culture

Pop culture is the popular culture that is adopted by society and is heavily influenced by trends
and social media. Celebrities and influential individuals set many trends that society adopts.
These trends are easily shared throughout the globe by social media platforms like Facebook,
Instagram, and Twitter. Pop culture is also influenced by products like movies, art, film, dance,
fashion, and literature.
Pop culture is not confined to one country. Fashion trends and films transcend borders, and so
do their influences. One example is K-Pop (Korean Pop). K-Pop style and music has become
popular in non-Korean speaking cultures. This pop culture has become globalized and has
influenced their fandoms to adopt Korean culture and music.
On the other hand, folk culture is passed down from generation to generation and is less
influenced by social media. Folk culture is typically influenced by tradition.
One example of folk culture can be seen in Amish culture. The Amish way of life is influenced by
Christian ideologies and slow to adopt to modern technology. Amish culture is not influenced by
the trends of modern day society because of their exclusion from modern technology.
Social Media
Those who oppose globalization use social media to spread and perpetuate their ideas
throughout the globe (ironic, right?). Anti-globalization activists use platforms like Facebook and
Twitter to share their ideas. A simple like, comment, or share can help reach people from all
areas of the world and bring attention to a specific cause. In Urumqi, China, more than 1,000
protesters clashed with police. This was because social unrest on Facebook and Twitter
between those of Han ethnicity and those of Uighur ethnicity. This led the Chinese government
to ban these social media platforms and introduce a substitute called Weibo, a social media
platform that tracks “sensitive” content.
Other countries like Saudi Arabia use social media as a form of control. Saudi Arabia has been
reported harassing its citizens with fake news and intimidation.
As we can see, social media can be used to spread ideologies, both beneficial and harmful.
Economic Anti-Globalization
So, now that we know why people resist globalization, let's look at how!
Anti-globalization activists claim business monopolies destroy the livelihood of small

businesses. Small businesses cannot benefit from organizations like the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) or World Trade Organization (WTO) in the same way that big
corporations do. To combat this, a new movement arose to encourage some businesses,
especially restaurants, to buy from their local small businesses.
Another form of resistance is civil protests. Critics have also pointed to the World Bank, an
international organization, for favoring higher income countries. In 2001 and 2002 protesters in
over 23 countries, including lower income countries, took to the streets to support the anti-IMF
and anti-World Bank cause.
The anti-globalization cause also has social implications and often favor:
● Human Rights—Fair treatment of workers and basic freedoms

● Fair Trade—System that ensures that the person who provided goods gets a
reasonable payment
● Sustainable developments—Allows business to operate without harming future
generations
● Debt Relief—Countries do not have to risk economic breakdown in order to pay back
the IMF
9.8: Institutions Developing in a

Globalized World
The UN
After World War 1, many nations, including the USA, tried to establish a League of Nations to
help “keep the world in check” and prevent another Great War. Ultimately, the League of Nations
ideated by Woodrow Wilson failed because the rest of the US government did not approve. The
league was unsuccessful and was only sustained for a few years because most of the world’s
new superpowers like the USA, USSR, and Great Britain never fully became members.
This image is courtesy of the UN and shows all of the different divisions of the UN.
After World War 2, all of the allied forces realized that without some kind of supranational
organization (an organization that multiple sovereign nations participate in to work toward a
mutual goal), we could face another huge global war. With a council of the United States, China,
👩‍⚖️
the United Kingdom, and the USSR, they agreed in 1945 to establish a permanent organization
to be the governing body of the whole world
Today, the UN has 193 member countries and their purpose is to be “One place where the
world's nations can gather together, discuss common problems, and find shared solutions” (This
description is courtesy of the UN Website).
Now, the UN has multiple main bodies/divisions that have international power: the General
Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council,
the International Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat. We’ll discuss the International
Court of Justice and the Security council more in the peacekeeping section, but for now let’s
mainly look at the UN Secretariat and the General Assembly together.
The General Assembly of the UN (also known as the UNGA) is the legislative body of the UN
where they pass resolutions that recognize issues across the world. For example, on the 75th
session of the General Assembly in 2020, Resolution 226 was adopted on December 21, 2020
regarding the UN’s stance on the rules for migrants and asylum seekers that reaffirmed their
status internationally and officially recognized them as vulnerable people traveling across the
world with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
The Secretariat is what carries out the normal day-to-day business of the UN and publicizes
what is said by the UN General Assembly. They act similar to an administrative office of your
school, but for the UN! The leader of the UNGA and the Secretariat is the Secretary-General.
Peacekeeping
The United Nation’s main strategy for keeping the peace is prevention through diplomacy.
Instead of war being the first option, it is the last resort. United Nation diplomats travel to
different countries in the world to help prevent conflict in situations where tensions are high. The
UN also has peacekeeping forces which are forces consisting of civilians, police, and troops
that work with the UN to ease tensions. These forces have helped to end civil wars in
Mozambique, El Salvador, and Cambodia.
Peacekeeping is not always easy. UN peacekeeping forces could not prevent massacres in
Rwanda. In Somalia, the UN was forced to withdraw when a dangerous civil war was overtaking
the country.
The biggest challenge to the UN peacekeeping forces is response time. The process of getting
foreign countries to accept UN help often takes a long time. So, by the time UN forces arrive,
conflicts may have gotten too bad for intervention.
Free Trade Agreements

A Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is an agreement between two countries or more to agree on
terms of trade. This agreement affects how goods are traded, how investors are treated, and
property rights.
Free Trade Agreements can be between two or more countries, these are called multilateral
trade agreements. These agreements are more complex to navigate since each country has its
own needs and requests to be negotiated. These types of trade agreements make the nations
involved more competitive since the trade alliance covers a vast amount of land. Those in a FTA
agree to give partners the best mutual-trade terms and the lowest tariffs. Tariffs are taxes
imposed for imports or exports.
The largest multilateral trade agreement is the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA). NAFTA, also known as USMCA, is a trade agreement between the United States,
Canada, and Mexico. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a trade agreement between 12
countries including Australia, Singapore, Canada, and Chile. The United States withdrew from
TPP in 2017.
When a trade agreement reaches beyond a regional level the World Trade Organization
(WTO) gets involved to help negotiate and enforce the agreements.
9.9: Continuity and Change in a

Globalized World
Continuity
Although many new ideas and technologies spread around the world, many aspects of society
stayed the same. Religions like Judiasm, Islam, Christianity, and many more remained present
in society. After WWII some borders changed, but for the most part countries remained the
same.
Culture
Traditional culture aspects remained the same, especially in cultures that honor tradition as a
part of their identity. For example, although transportation technology accelerated during the
time period, some Jewish people continued to observe the Sabbath and abstained from
transportation on Saturdays. This is an example of a continuity that transcended the immense
changes in the 20th century.
Social Structures
Social structures remained the same within respective cultures. In the West, the middle class
continues to consist of white-collar workers, or those whose status was dependent on
education, skills, and earned wealth. Countries like Russia, Brazil, China, and India have
modernized rapidly but continue to not yet match the West.
A great example of a continuity in social structure is seen in modern-day India. Religion has
caused the caste system in India to continue.
The Rig Veda caste system is structured like this:
● Brahmins—Priests who are at the top of the social hierarchy

● Kshatriyas—Warriors and rulers
● Vaisyas—Skilled traders, merchants, and minor officials
● Sudras—Unskilled workers
● Untouchables—The outcasts of society and the lowest of the caste system.
This caste system is seen most prominently in the rural areas of India, and subtly in the
suburban areas as well. The untouchables are still oppressed by society and mobs and sexual
harassment are common.
Change
In the 20th century, technology rapidly advanced at a rate that the world had never experienced
before. These advances in science and technology altered the way humans viewed the cosmos.
Advances in communication, transportation, medicine, agriculture, and industry improved the
quality of life for many humans on Earth. These advancements changed the way people
approached politics, culture, and the environment. Many positive changes came from these
advancements; however, some were also negative.
Economics
Advancements in energy resources like petroleum and nuclear power helped to increase
productivity in factories and transportation. This led to an uptake in the scheme of the global
economy. More nations proceeded to exploit under-developed nations for raw materials and
resources. However, the United States’ status as the global superpower was beginning to be
challenged by nations who were growing economically like China, Japan, South Korea, and
Taiwan. Asian countries, in particular, relied on cheap labor and good quality manufacturing to
compete against the Western economy. China became the 2nd largest economy in the world
and a major export-based economy. During the 1900s—present, nations became more involved
in the regulation of their country’s economy. This changed the economic system from the
previous laissez-faire (hands off) policy to a more controlled economy.
Environment
Changes in the environment came from contributants like pollution, human activity, politics, and
transportation technology. The uptake in air travel shortened the time it took to get places. In
fact, by 2006 there were over 20,000 airports just in the United States. What previously took
days or weeks, now took just a few hours! The space race in 1959 also pushed the boundaries
of human exploration with the first man landing on the moon.
This rise in transportation meant that the global demand for fuel also rose. This demand
changed the way humans interacted with the environment because petroleum extraction
became more prominent. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Norway, and other oil-rich countries rely on their
oil reserves to support their economies. The burning of oil and other fossil fuels led to more
greenhouse gases being emitted. Pollution from factories, automobiles, and human waste also
contributed to climate change and negatively impacted the environments on Earth.
Politics
Change in politics was largely credited to activism and protests which spread through social
media platforms. Pressure from civilians, online spectators, and other countries helped to push
for political change and reform. One example is the nonviolent protests led by Gandhi in India.
Protesters hoped to gain independence from Great Britain. Activists in North America and South
Africa protested against systems of inequality within their respective countries. This led to the
Civil Rights Act being passed in the United States, and the abolishment of Apartheid in South
Africa. These types of changes in policy did not come easily and some governments were slow
to accommodate the modern world. Some governments killed, harassed, or imprisoned
protesters.
Technology
Technology is one of the prominent changes in this time period. Technology and science rapidly
advanced with the rise of the internet.
Major Advancements can be split into 5 categories:
● Medicine—The developments of vaccines, improvements in sanitation, and the

development of new medical technology all helped to decrease the global mortality rate.
Diseases like polio, tuberculosis, and tetanus were cured or eradicated by vaccines.
Antibiotics like penicillin saved countless soldiers and civilians in WWII.
● Energy—Nuclear power became a new source of energy. The environmental issues
caused by nonrenewable resources pushed the world to find new ways to extract energy.
This led to the development of renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and thermal
energy.
● Communication—Developments like digital phones, computers, and social media
revolutionized the way humans communicated. Instead of having to wait days or weeks
for a letter to arrive in the mail, loved ones could be seen with video call applications or
through videos. Global transferring of information increased exponentially.
● Transportation—Cars, planes, boats, and public transportation all increased in
efficiency and quantity. The rise of online commerce companies like Amazon, eBay, and
Alibaba led to better shipping transportation. Ships became larger and faster to haul big
loads of goods. This resulted in the expansion of the trade network on a global scale.
● Agriculture—Crops became more resistant to drought and bugs because of genetically
modified crops entering farms. These crops were mutated to withstand dry seasons and
diseases. This led to what is known as the Green Revolution, which is a period where
agricultural productivity increased and led to higher population growth, especially in less
developed countries.

AP World History Study Guide

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AP World History Study Guide

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT 1: The Global Tapestry (1200-1450)

Unit 1- Slide Show

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange (1200-1450)

Unit 2 - Notebook Notes

Goods Tech Religion

Silk Road Silk, Porcelain, Saddles and Buddhists,

Trans-Saharan Horses, Salt, Gold, Saddles Islam

Unit 3 Land-Based Empires (page 147)

Unit 3- Slide Notes

Unit 4 - Slide Notes

First Sino-Japanese War. There Stands No Enemy Where We Go: Surrender of

Imperialist Empire in 1750 Areas of Expansion Responses

France North America, Caribbean, Armed resistance

Belgium None (state did not exist Brutal exploitation

Japan None First Sino-

Russia Eurasia War with the

Samory Touré. Image Credit: Wikipedia

Environmental Factors & the Global

Image Credit: Flickr user Irene2005 via Wikipedia, CC 2.0)

Violence and injustice

7.2 | Causes of World War I

7.3 | Conducting World War I

● Nations adopted the strategy of total war on the home front.

7.4 | The Economy in the Interwar Period

7.5 | Unresolved Tensions After World War I

7.6 | Causes of World War II

● Remember the acronym FIGURE:

7.8 | Mass Atrocities After 1900

7.9 | Causation in Global Conflict

1918-1920: Estonian war for independence

1919: Gandhi’s first satyagraha; Egyptian Revolution; Syrian National Congress

1919: May 4th Movement

1929: Great Depression begins

1929-1947: Indian protest for independence

1931-32: Japanese invasion of Manchuria

1933: Great Depression ends

1939: World War II starts

1945: World War II ends/Yalta and Potsdam conferences

1947: Marshall Plan

1948: Israel created

1950-53: Korean War

1955: Bandung Conference

1957: Ghanaian independence

1959-1975: Vietnam War

1962: Cuban Missile Crisis

1963: Kenyan independence

1974-1990: Pinochet in Chile

1975-2002: Angolan Civil War

This would lead to… you guessed it, decolonization!

WWII Event Effect

Colonies fought on the side of their Increased nationalism in the colonies

🎥Watch: WHAP - The Cold War

Hold up… what was the Cold War?

End of WWII/Start of Cold War Tensions

U.S. vs. USSR

Non-Violent Cold War Conflicts

Why didn’t nuclear war happen?

Art from the May Fourth Movement Courtesy of Chinese Posters

Communism’s Spread in Other Areas

Land reform in Kerala and other states in India

Reform in Latin America 🌎

● Chinese Revolution puts into place a republic led by Sun Yat-sen

What was Decolonization?

India's Decolonization Courtesy of FREEMANPEDIA!