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Page 720

Appendix B

The Fluxes and the Equations

of Change
§B.1 Newton’s law of viscosity
§B.20 Fourier’s law of heat conduction
§B.30 Fick’s (first) law of binary diffusion
§B.40 The equation of continuity
§B.5 The equation of motion in terms of f
§B.60 The equation of motion for a Newtonian fluid with constant i and 4
§B.70 The dissipation function Cv for Newtonian fluids
§B.8 The equation of energy in terms of q
§B.90 The equation of energy for pure Newtonian fluids with constant i and k
§B.10 The equation of continuity for species w in terms of 𝐣w
§B.11 The equation of continuity for species A in terms of aA for constant i𝒟AB

§B.1 NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY

[f = −4(∇v + (∇v)† ) + ( 23 4 − n)(∇ ⋅ v)t]

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

[ ]
𝜕vx
fxx = −4 2 + ( 23 4 − n)(∇ ⋅ v) (B.1-1)a
𝜕x
[ 𝜕v ]
y
fyy = −4 2 + ( 23 4 − n)(∇ ⋅ v) (B.1-2)a
𝜕y
[ ]
𝜕vz
fzz = −4 2 + ( 23 4 − n)(∇ ⋅ v) (B.1-3)a
𝜕z
[ 𝜕v ]
y 𝜕v
fxy = fyx = −4 + x (B.1-4)
𝜕x 𝜕y
[ ]
𝜕vz 𝜕vy
fyz = fzy = −4 + (B.1-5)
𝜕y 𝜕z
[ ]
𝜕vx 𝜕vz
fzx = fxz = −4 + (B.1-6)
𝜕z 𝜕x
in which 𝜕vx 𝜕vy 𝜕vz
(∇ ⋅ v) = + + (B.1-7)
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z
a Whenthe fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (∇ ⋅ v) may be omitted.
For monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity n is zero.
720
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§B.1 Newton’s law of viscosity (continued) 721

§B.1 NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY (continued)

Cylindrical coordinates (r,p,z):

[ ]
𝜕v
frr = −4 2 r + ( 23 4 − n)(∇ ⋅ v) (B.1-8)a
𝜕r
[ ( )]
1 𝜕vp vr
fpp = −4 2 + + ( 23 4 − n)(∇ ⋅ v) (B.1-9)a
r 𝜕p r
[ ]
𝜕vz
fzz = −4 2 + ( 23 4 − n)(∇ ⋅ v) (B.1-10)a
𝜕z
[ ( ) ]
𝜕 vp 1 𝜕vr
frp = fpr = −4 r + (B.1-11)
𝜕r r r 𝜕p
[ ]
1 𝜕vz 𝜕vp
fpz = fzp = −4 + (B.1-12)
r 𝜕p 𝜕z
[ ]
𝜕vr 𝜕vz
fzr = frz = −4 + (B.1-13)
𝜕z 𝜕r
in which
1 𝜕 1 𝜕vp 𝜕vz
(∇ ⋅ v) = (rvr ) + + (B.1-14)
r 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z
a Whenthe fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (∇ ⋅ v) may be omitted.
For monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity n is zero.

Spherical coordinates (r,p,d):

[ ]
𝜕vr
frr = −4 2 + ( 23 4 − n)(∇ ⋅ v) (B.1-15)a
𝜕r
[ ( )]
1 𝜕vp vr
fpp = −4 2 + + ( 23 4 − n)(∇ ⋅ v) (B.1-16)a
r 𝜕p r
[ ( )]
1 𝜕vd vr + vp cot p
fdd = −4 2 + + ( 23 4 − n)(∇ ⋅ v) (B.1-17)a
r sin p 𝜕 d r
[ ( ) ]
𝜕 vp 1 𝜕vr
frp = fpr = −4 r + (B.1-18)
𝜕r r r 𝜕p
[ ( ) ]
sin p 𝜕 vd 1 𝜕vp
fpd = fdp = −4 + (B.1-19)
r 𝜕 p sin p r sin p 𝜕 d
[ ( )]
1 𝜕vr 𝜕 vd
fdr = frd = −4 +r (B.1-20)
r sin p 𝜕 d 𝜕r r
in which
1 𝜕 2 1 𝜕 1 𝜕vd
(∇ ⋅ v) = (r vr ) + (vp sin p) + (B.1-21)
r2 𝜕r r sin p 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕d
a Whenthe fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (∇ ⋅ v) may be omitted.
For monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity n is zero.
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722 Appendix B The Fluxes and the Equations of Change

§B.2 FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTIONa

[q = −k∇T]

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

𝜕T
qx = −k (B.2-1)
𝜕x
𝜕T
qy = −k (B.2-2)
𝜕y
𝜕T
qz = −k (B.2-3)
𝜕z

Cylindrical coordinates (r,p,z):

𝜕T
qr = −k (B.2-4)
𝜕r
1 𝜕T
qp = −k (B.2-5)
r 𝜕p
𝜕T
qz = −k (B.2-6)
𝜕z

Spherical coordinates (r,p,d):

𝜕T
qr = −k (B.2-7)
𝜕r
1 𝜕T
qp = −k (B.2-8)
r 𝜕p
1 𝜕T
qd = −k (B.2-9)
r sin p 𝜕d

a For mixtures, the term Fw (Hw ∕Mw )jw must be added to −k∇T (see Eq. 19.3-3).
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§B.4 The Equation of Continuity 723

§B.3 FICK’S (FIRST) LAW OF BINARY DIFFUSIONa

[jA = −i𝒟AB ∇aA ]

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

𝜕 aA
jAx = −i𝒟AB (B.3-1)
𝜕x
𝜕 aA
jAy = −i𝒟AB (B.3-2)
𝜕y
𝜕 aA
jAz = −i𝒟AB (B.3-3)
𝜕z

Cylindrical coordinates (r,p,z):

𝜕 aA
jAr = −i𝒟AB (B.3-4)
𝜕r
1 𝜕 aA
jAp = −i𝒟AB (B.3-5)
r 𝜕p
𝜕 aA
jAz = −i𝒟AB (B.3-6)
𝜕z

Spherical coordinates (r,p,d):

𝜕 aA
jAr = −i𝒟AB (B.3-7)
𝜕r
1 𝜕 aA
jAp = −i𝒟AB (B.3-8)
r 𝜕p
1 𝜕 aA
jAd = −i𝒟AB (B.3-9)
r sin p 𝜕 d
a To get the molar fluxes with respect to the molar average velocity, replace jA , i, and aA by J*A , c, and xA .

§B.4 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITYa

[𝜕 i∕𝜕t + (∇ ⋅ iv) = 0] (B.4-1)

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

𝜕i 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
+ (iv ) + (ivy ) + (ivz ) = 0 (B.4-2)
𝜕t 𝜕x x 𝜕y 𝜕z

Cylindrical coordinates (r,p,z):

𝜕i 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
+ (irvr ) + (iv ) + (ivz ) = 0 (B.4-3)
𝜕t r 𝜕r r 𝜕p p 𝜕z

Spherical coordinates (r,p,d):

𝜕i 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
+ (ir2 vr ) + (ivp sin p) + (ivd ) = 0 (B.4-4)
𝜕t r2 𝜕r r sin p 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕d

a When the fluid is assumed to have constant mass density i, the equation simplifies to (∇ ⋅ v) = 0.
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724 Appendix B The Fluxes and the Equations of Change

§B.5 THE EQUATION OF MOTION IN TERMS OF f

[iDv∕Dt = −∇p − [∇ ⋅ f] + ig]

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):a

( ) [ ]
𝜕vx 𝜕v 𝜕v 𝜕v 𝜕p 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
i + v x x + vy x + vz x =−
− f + fyx + fzx + igx (B.5-1)
𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕x 𝜕x xx 𝜕y 𝜕z
( 𝜕v 𝜕vy 𝜕vy 𝜕vy ) [ ]
y 𝜕p 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
i + vx + vy + vz =− − f + fyy + fzy + igy (B.5-2)
𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕y 𝜕x xy 𝜕y 𝜕z
( ) [ ]
𝜕vz 𝜕v 𝜕v 𝜕v 𝜕p 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
i + vx z + vy z + vz z = − − f + fyz + fzz + igz (B.5-3)
𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕z 𝜕x xz 𝜕y 𝜕z
a These equations have been written without making the assumption that f is symmetric. This means, for

example, that when the usual assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, fxy and fyx may be
interchanged.

Cylindrical coordinates (r,p,z):b

( ) [ ]
𝜕vr 𝜕vr vp 𝜕vr 𝜕vr v2p 𝜕p 1 𝜕 ( ) 1 𝜕 𝜕 fpp
i + vr + + vz − =− − rfrr + f + f − + igr (B.5-4)
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z r 𝜕r r 𝜕r r 𝜕 p pr 𝜕z zr r
( ) [ ]
𝜕vp 𝜕v v 𝜕v 𝜕v vv 1 𝜕p 1 𝜕 (2 ) 1 𝜕 𝜕 fpr − frp
i + vr p + p p + vz p + r p = − − 2 r frp + fpp + fzp + + igp (B.5-5)
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z r r 𝜕p r 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z r
( ) [ ]
𝜕vz 𝜕v v 𝜕v 𝜕v 𝜕p 1 𝜕 ( ) 1 𝜕 𝜕
i + v r z + p z + vz z = − − rfrz + fpz + fzz + igz (B.5-6)
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z 𝜕z r 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z

b These equations have been written without making the assumption that f is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual

assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, frp − fpr = 0.

Spherical coordinates (r,p,d):c

( )
𝜕vr vp + vd
2 2
𝜕vr 𝜕v v 𝜕v vd 𝜕p
i + vr r + p r + − =−
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕 d r 𝜕r
[ ]
1 𝜕 (2 ) 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 fpp + fdd
− 2 r frr + (fpr sin p) + fdr − + igr (B.5-7)
r 𝜕r r sin p 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕d r
( )
𝜕vp vr vp − vd cot
2
𝜕vp 𝜕v v 𝜕v vd p 1 𝜕p
i + vr p + p p + + =−
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕d r r 𝜕p
[ ]
1 𝜕 (3 ) 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 (fpr − frp ) − fdd cot p
− 3 r frp + (fpp sin p) + fdp + + igp (B.5-8)
r 𝜕r r sin p 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕d r
( )
𝜕vd 𝜕vd vp 𝜕vd vd 𝜕vd vd vr + vp vd cot p 1 𝜕p
i + vr + + + =−
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕 d r r sin p 𝜕 d
[ ]
1 𝜕 (3 ) 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 (fdr − frd ) + fdp cot p
− 3 r frd + (f sin p) + f + + igd (B.5-9)
r 𝜕r r sin p 𝜕 p pd r sin p 𝜕 d dd r
c These
equations have been written without making the assumption that f is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual
assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, frp − fpr = 0.
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§B.6 The Equation of Motion for a Newtonian Fluid with Constant i and 4 725

§B.6 THE EQUATION OF MOTION FOR A NEWTONIAN FLUID WITH

CONSTANT i AND 4
[iDv∕Dt = −∇p + 4∇2 v + ig]

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

( ) [ 2 ]
𝜕vx 𝜕v 𝜕v 𝜕v 𝜕p 𝜕 vx 𝜕 2 vx 𝜕 2 vx
i + vx x + vy x + vz x =−
+4 + + + i gx (B.6-1)
𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕x 𝜕x2 𝜕y2 𝜕z2
( 𝜕v [ 2 ]
y 𝜕vy 𝜕vy 𝜕vy ) 𝜕p 𝜕 vy 𝜕 2 vy 𝜕 2 vy
i + vx + vy + vz =− +4 + + + i gy (B.6-2)
𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕y 𝜕x2 𝜕y2 𝜕z2
( ) [ 2 ]
𝜕vz 𝜕v 𝜕v 𝜕v 𝜕p 𝜕 vz 𝜕 2 vz 𝜕 2 vz
i + vx z + v y z + v z z =− +4 + + + igz (B.6-3)
𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕z 𝜕x2 𝜕y2 𝜕z2

Cylindrical coordinates (r,p,z):

( ) [ ( ) ]
𝜕vr 𝜕vr vp 𝜕vr 𝜕vr v2p 𝜕p 𝜕 1 𝜕 ( ) 1𝜕 v 𝜕2 v 2 𝜕v
2
i + vr + + vz − =− +4 rvr + 2 2r + 2r − 2 p + igr (B.6-4)
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z r 𝜕r 𝜕r r 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z r 𝜕p
( ) [ ( ) ]
𝜕vp 𝜕vp vp 𝜕vp 𝜕vp vr vp 1 𝜕p 𝜕 1 𝜕 ( ) 1 𝜕 vp 𝜕 vp 2 𝜕vr
2 2
i + vr + + vz + =− +4 rvp + 2 2 + + 2 + i gp (B.6-5)
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z r r 𝜕p 𝜕r r 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z2 r 𝜕p
( ) [ ( ) 2 ]
𝜕vz 𝜕vz vp 𝜕vz 𝜕vz 𝜕p 1 𝜕 𝜕vz 1 𝜕 vz 𝜕 vz
2
i + vr + + vz =− +4 r + 2 2 + + i gz (B.6-6)
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z 𝜕z r 𝜕r 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z2

Spherical coordinates (r,p,d):

( )
𝜕vr 𝜕vr vp 𝜕vr vd 𝜕vr v2p + v2d 𝜕p
i + vr + + − =−
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕 d r 𝜕r
[ ( ) ]
1 𝜕 (
2 ) 1 𝜕 𝜕v 1 𝜕 2 vr
+ 4 2 2 r2 vr + 2 sin p r + + igr (B.6-7)a
r 𝜕r r sin p 𝜕 p 𝜕p r2 sin2 p 𝜕 d2
( )
𝜕vp 𝜕vp vp 𝜕vp vd 𝜕vp vr vp − v2d cot p 1 𝜕p
i + vr + + + =−
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕 d r r 𝜕p
[ ( ) ( ) ]
1 𝜕 𝜕v 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 ( ) 1 𝜕 2 vp 2 𝜕vr 2 cot p 𝜕vd
+4 2 r2 p + 2 vp sin p + + − + i gp (B.6-8)
r 𝜕r 𝜕r r 𝜕 p sin p 𝜕 p r2 sin2 p 𝜕 d2 r2 𝜕 p r2 sin p 𝜕 d
( )
𝜕vd vp 𝜕vd
𝜕vd vd 𝜕vd vd vr + vp vd cot p 1 𝜕p
i + vr + + + =−
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕 d r r sin p 𝜕 d
[ ( ) ( ) ]
1 𝜕 𝜕v d 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 ( ) 1 𝜕 2v
d 2 𝜕vr 2 cot p 𝜕vp
+4 2 r2 + 2 v sin p + + 2 + 2 + igd (B.6-9)
r 𝜕r 𝜕r r 𝜕 p sin p 𝜕 p d 2 2
r sin p 𝜕 d 2 r sin p 𝜕d r sin p 𝜕 d

a Thequantity in the brackets in Eq. B.6-7 is not what one would expect from Eq. (M) for [∇ ⋅ ∇v] in Table A.7-3, because we have added
to Eq. (M) the expression for (2∕r)(∇ ⋅ v), which is zero for fluids with constant i. This gives a much simpler equation.
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726 Appendix B The Fluxes and the Equations of Change

§B.7 THE DISSIPATION FUNCTION Cv FOR NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

(SEE EQ. 3.3-3)

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

[( ) ( 𝜕v )2 ( ) ] [ 𝜕v ]2 [ ]2 [ ] [ ]2
𝜕vx 2 y 𝜕vz 2 y 𝜕v 𝜕vz 𝜕vy 𝜕vx 𝜕vz 2 2 𝜕vx 𝜕vy 𝜕vz
Cv = 2 + + + + x + + + + − + +
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕z 𝜕x 3 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z
(B.7-1)

Cylindrical coordinates (r,p,z):

[( ) ( )2 ( ) ] [ ]2 [ ]2 [ ]
𝜕vr 2 𝜕vz 2 ( ) 𝜕vr 𝜕vz 2
1 𝜕vp vr 𝜕 vp 1 𝜕vr 1 𝜕vz 𝜕vp
Cv = 2 + + + + r + + + + +
𝜕r r 𝜕p r 𝜕z 𝜕r r r 𝜕p r 𝜕p 𝜕z 𝜕z 𝜕r
[ ]2
2 1 𝜕 ( ) 1 𝜕vp 𝜕vz
− rvr + + (B.7-2)
3 r 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z

Spherical coordinates (r,p,d):

[( ) ( )2 ( )2 ]
𝜕vr 2 1 𝜕vp vr 1 𝜕vd vr + vp cot p
Cv = 2 + + + +
𝜕r r 𝜕p r r sin p 𝜕 d r
[ ( ) ]2 [ ( ) ]2 [ ( )]2
𝜕 vp 1 𝜕vr sin p 𝜕 vd 1 𝜕vp 1 𝜕vr 𝜕 vd
+ r + + + + +r
𝜕r r r 𝜕p r 𝜕 p sin p r sin p 𝜕 d r sin p 𝜕d 𝜕r r
[ ]2
2 1 𝜕 (2 ) 1 𝜕 1 𝜕vd
− r vr + (v sin p) + (B.7-3)
3 r2 𝜕r r sin p 𝜕 p p r sin p 𝜕 d

§B.8 THE EQUATION OF ENERGY IN TERMS OF q

[iĈ p DT∕Dt = − (𝛁 ⋅q) − (𝜕 ln i∕𝜕 ln T)p Dp∕Dt − (f : 𝛁v)]

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

( ) [ ] ( )
̂ 𝜕T 𝜕T 𝜕T 𝜕T 𝜕qx 𝜕qy 𝜕qz 𝜕 ln i Dp
iC + v + v + v = − + + − − (f : 𝛁v) (B.8-1)a
p
𝜕t x
𝜕x y
𝜕y z
𝜕z 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕 ln T p Dt

Cylindrical coordinates (r,p,z):

( ) [ ] ( )
̂ 𝜕T 𝜕T vp 𝜕T 𝜕T 1 𝜕 ( ) 1 𝜕qp 𝜕qz 𝜕 ln i Dp
iCp + vr + + vz =− rqr + + − − (f : 𝛁v) (B.8-2)a
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z r 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z 𝜕 ln T p Dt

Spherical coordinates (r,p,d):

( ) [ ]
𝜕T 𝜕T vp 𝜕T vd 𝜕T 1 𝜕 (2 ) 1 𝜕 1 𝜕qd
̂
iC + vr + + =− r qr + (q sin p) +
p
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕 p r sin p 𝜕d r2 𝜕r r sin p 𝜕 p p r sin p 𝜕d
( )
𝜕 ln i Dp
− − (f : 𝛁v) (B.8-3)a
𝜕 ln T p Dt
a The viscous dissipation term, −(f : ∇v), is given in Appendix A, Tables A.7-1, A.7-2, and A.7-3. This term may usually be neglected,

except for systems with very large velocity gradients. The term containing (𝜕 ln i∕𝜕 ln T)p is zero for fluids with constant i.
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§B.10 The Equation of Continuity for Species w in Termsa of jw 727

§B.9 THE EQUATION OF ENERGY FOR PURE NEWTONIAN FLUIDS WITH

CONSTANTa i AND k
[iĈ p DT∕Dt = k∇2 T + 4Cv ]

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

( ) [ ]
̂ 𝜕T 𝜕T 𝜕T 𝜕T 𝜕2 T 𝜕2 T 𝜕2 T
iC + vx + vy + vz =k + + + 4Cv (B.9-1)b
p
𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕x2 𝜕y2 𝜕z2

Cylindrical coordinates (r,p,z):

( ) [ ( ) ]
̂ 𝜕T 𝜕T vp 𝜕T 𝜕T 1 𝜕 𝜕T 1 𝜕2 T 𝜕2 T
iC + vr + + vz =k r + 2 2 + 2 + 4Cv (B.9-2)b
p
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z r 𝜕r 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z

Spherical coordinates (r,p,d):

( ) [ ( ) ( ) ]
vd
̂ 𝜕T + v 𝜕T + vp 𝜕T +
iC
𝜕T
=k
1 𝜕
r2 𝜕T
+ 2
1 𝜕
sin p
𝜕T
+
1 𝜕2 T
+ 4Cv (B.9-3)b
p
𝜕t r
𝜕r r 𝜕 p r sin p 𝜕d r2 𝜕r 𝜕r r sin p 𝜕p 𝜕p r2 sin2 p 𝜕 d2
a This form of the energy equation is also valid under the less stringent assumptions k = constant and (𝜕 ln i∕𝜕 ln T) Dp∕Dt = 0. The
p
assumption i = constant is given in the table heading because it is the assumption more often made.
b The function Cv is given in §B.7. The term 4Cv is usually negligible, except in systems with large velocity gradients.

§B.10 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR SPECIES w

IN TERMSa OF jw
[iDaw ∕Dt = −(∇ ⋅ jw ) + rw ]

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

( ) [ ]
𝜕 aw 𝜕a 𝜕a 𝜕a 𝜕jwx 𝜕jwy 𝜕jwz
i + vx w + vy w + vz w =− + + + rw (B.10-1)
𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z

Cylindrical coordinates (r,p,z):

( ) [ ]
𝜕 aw 𝜕a v 𝜕a 𝜕a 1 𝜕 ( ) 1 𝜕jwp 𝜕jwz
i + vr w + p w + vz w = − rjwr + + + rw (B.10-2)
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z r 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z

Spherical coordinates (r,p,d):

( ) [ ]
𝜕 aw 𝜕a v 𝜕a vd 𝜕 aw 1 𝜕 (2 ) 1 𝜕 1 𝜕jwd
i + vr w + p w + =− r jwr + (jwp sin p) + + rw (B.10-3)
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕d r2 𝜕r r sin p 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕d
a To obtain the corresponding equations in terms of J*w make the following replacements:
Replace i aw jw v rw
∑
N
by c xw J*w v* R w − xw Rv
v=1
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728 Appendix B The Fluxes and the Equations of Change

§B.11 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR SPECIES A IN TERMS

OF aA FOR CONSTANTa i𝒟AB

[iDaA ∕Dt = i𝒟AB ∇2 aA + rA ]

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

( ) [ ]
𝜕 aA 𝜕a 𝜕a 𝜕a 𝜕 2 aA 𝜕 2 aA 𝜕 2 aA
i + vx A + vy A + vz A = i𝒟AB + + + rA (B.11-1)
𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝜕x2 𝜕y2 𝜕z2

Cylindrical coordinates (r,p,z):

( ) [ ( ) ]
𝜕 aA 𝜕a v 𝜕a 𝜕a 1 𝜕 𝜕 aA 1 𝜕 aA 𝜕 aA
2 2
i + v r A + p A + vz A = i𝒟AB r + + + rA (B.11-2)
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p 𝜕z r 𝜕r 𝜕r r2 𝜕 p2 𝜕z2

Spherical coordinates (r,p,d):

( )
𝜕 aA 𝜕a v 𝜕a vd 𝜕 a A
i + vr A + p A +
𝜕t 𝜕r r 𝜕p r sin p 𝜕 d
[ ( ) ( ) ]
1 𝜕 𝜕 a 1 𝜕 𝜕a 1 𝜕 2 aA
= i𝒟AB 2 r2 A + 2 sin p A + + rA (B.11-3)
r 𝜕r 𝜕r r sin p 𝜕 p 𝜕p r2 sin2 p 𝜕 d2
a To obtain the corresponding equations in terms of xA , make the following replacements:
Replace i aA v rA
by c xA v* xB R A − xA R B