Radiation Protection Dosimetry (2011), Vol. 147, No. 3, pp. 373– 379 doi:10.

1093/rpd/ncq459
Advance Access publication 14 December 2010

AIR KERMA TO DOSE EQUIVALENT CONVERSION

COEFFICIENTS NOT INCLUDED IN ISO 4037-3
Rolf Behrens*
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany

*Corresponding author: rolf.behrens@ptb.de

Received September 30 2010, revised October 27 2010, accepted November 10 2010

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has issued a standard series on photon reference radiation qualities
(ISO 4037). In this work, conversion coefficients from air kerma to dose equivalent quantities not included in ISO 4037-3 are

Downloaded from http://rpd.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 8, 2015

supplied for the following quantities: For Hp(0.07) for X and gamma radiation qualities for the rod, the pillar and the slab
phantom and for Hp(3) for X and gamma radiation qualities for the slab phantom. In addition, an overview of conversion
coefficients suggested for use for all quantities relevant in radiation protection is provided.

INTRODUCTION differences in the backscattering of the incident radi-

ation by the three phantoms used for calibration, the
The International Organization for Standardization
calibration factor of a dosemeter usually depends on
(ISO) has issued a standard series on photon refer-
the choice of the phantom. Therefore, there is a
ence radiation qualities (ISO 4037). In Part 1 of this
difference between calibrating a dosemeter to
series, the radiation characteristics and production
measure Hp(0.07) on a rod, a pillar or a slab
methods are described(1), in Part 2, the dosimetry is
phantom. Consequently, these three situations will
presented(2), in Part 3, the calibration of dosemeters
be distinguished in the following by using the
is focused on (3) and in Part 4, the calibration at
respective symbols Hp(0.07)rod, Hp(0.07)pillar and
low-photon energies is described in detail(4). The
Hp(0.07)slab. To monitor the eye lens dose, out of
calibrations described according to Part 3 are per-
these three phantoms, the slab is the most appropri-
formed in terms of operational quantities, while the
ate one as such dosemeters have to be worn on the
dosimetry in Part 2 is performed in terms of air
head. Accordingly, Hp(3)slab is used. The necessity to
kerma. Therefore, conversion coefficients from air
implement a head phantom specifically for eye-lens
kerma to dose equivalent quantities are given in Part
dosimetry is discussed elsewhere(8). For Hp(10), the
3 for several radiation qualities and for different
slab phantom is always used for calibrations; thus,
operational quantities. However, for all quantities,
no index is used. Area dosemeters are calibrated free
the corresponding conversion coefficients are not
in air; thus, no indices are added to the correspond-
available for all radiation qualities. Several missing
ing quantities H0 (0.07) and H*(10). The quantity
conversion coefficients are supplied in this work. In
H0 (3) is not considered at all, as no conversion coef-
particular, during recent years, the quantity Hp(3)
ficients for monoenergetic photons from air kerma
has become more and more interesting as the neces-
to this quantity are available.
sity to monitor the eye-lens dose seemed to
increase(5 – 7).
Calculation of spectrum averaged conversion
coefficients
DETERMINATION OF CONVERSION
COEFFICIENTS Spectrum averaged values of the conversion coeffi-
cients were obtained by folding the fluence spectra
Dose equivalent quantities and calibration phantoms
with the corresponding conversion coefficients for
The calibration of dosemeters needs well-defined monoenergetic photons. The calculations and data
exposure conditions and therefore, the ISO has sources used are listed in Table 1; the sources of
defined a slab phantom simulating a human body, a the X and gamma radiation spectra are given in
pillar phantom simulating a human arm and a rod Table 2.
phantom simulating a human finger in front of The different coefficients referenced in Table 1 are
which personal dosemeters have to be calibrated for given for discrete photon energies only. The follow-
use in individual monitoring(3). Because of the ing interpolation methods were applied to obtain

# The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com
 R. BEHRENS
Table 1. Conversion from photon fluence to air kerma and subsequently to dose equivalent.

Conversion Equations Symbols and data sources

Fluence to air kerma: 1) ðKa ÞE ¼ FE  E  ðmen =rÞE;air Ka: Air kerma

P
2) Ka ¼ N i¼1 ðKa ÞEi (Ka)E: Spectral air kerma at photon energy E
FE: Spectral photon fluence (sources are given in
Table 2)
(men/r)E,air: Energy absorption coefficient of air taken from
Hubbell and Seltzer(9)
N: Number of energy channels
Air kerma to personal 1) ðHp ðdÞÞE ¼ ðKa ÞE  ðhpK ðdÞÞE Hp(d): Personal dose equivalent at depth d
dose equivalent at
depth d:

Downloaded from http://rpd.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 8, 2015

PN
2) Hp ðdÞ ¼ i¼1 ðHp ðdÞÞEi (Hp(d ))E: Spectral personal dose equivalent at depth d
(hpK(d))E: Conversion coefficients from air kerma to
personal dose equivalent at depth d:
(hpK(0.07)pillar)E: Taken from Grosswendt(10), which
is equivalent to the values given in
ISO 4037-3(3) up to 300 keV
(hpK(0.07;a)slab)E: Taken from ICRU Report 57,
Table A.25(12); for E above 1 MeV
from Till et al., Table 3(13)
(hpK(3;a)slab)E: Taken from Till et al., Table 4(13)

Table 2. Sources for the spectra used.

Type of radiation field Radiation qualities and abbreviationa Source of spectra

X radiation qualities with high voltage
up to 300 kV
X radiation qualities with high voltage
above 300 kV
Gamma radiation qualities from
radioactive sources
Gamma radiation qualities from
nuclear reactions
Low air-kerma rate series: L-10 up to L-240 Catalogue of X ray spectra(14)
Narrow spectrum series: N-10 up to N-300
Wide spectrum series: W-60 up to W-300
High air-kerma rate series: H-10 up to H-300
Narrow spectrum series: N-350 up to N-400 Ankerhold(15)
High air-kerma rate series: H-350 up to H-400
Photons from 137Cs and 60Co: S-Cs and S-Co EGSnrc code package(16)
Photons from the de-excitation of 12C and Behrens and Röttger(17)
16
O: R-C, R-CF and R-F

a
Where available, the abbreviations are taken from ISO 4037–1(1) or else from the corresponding reference given in
column 3.

values for photon energies between the values given.
In each case, an interpolation method was chosen so
that no significant oscillations occur between the
given data points.
† For the energy absorption coefficient of air,
(men/r)E,air, and ICRU 4-element standard tissue
(in brief: ICRU tissue), (men/r)E,ICRU, data were
taken from Hubbell and Seltzer(9) and a linear
interpolation on a double logarithmic scale was
used. The density of ICRU tissue, rICRU, is
1 g cm – 3; its composition in fractions by weight
is 10.1 % hydrogen, 11.1 % carbon, 2.6 % nitro-
gen and 76.2 % oxygen.
† For (hpK(0.07)pillar)E, a four point Lagrange
interpolation was used for energies within the

374
 CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS NOT INCLUDED IN ISO 4037-3
available database. For energies below the avail-
able database (below 4 keV), the values were
extrapolated according to the exponential attenu-
ation law in ICRU tissue leading to
ðhpK ð0:07Þpillar ÞE ¼ ðhpK ð0:07Þpillar Þ4 keV :
expððmen =rÞE;ICRU  rICRU  0:07 mmÞ
: averaged over the electron spectrum produced by the
expððmen =rÞ4 keV;ICRU  rICRU  0:07 mmÞ
Above the available database (above 1250 keV),
the values were extrapolated by
ðhpK ð0:07Þpillar ÞE ¼ (1:12 þ 0:0805
expð0:00323  EÞÞSv =Gy 
resulting in a nearly constant value
independent of the photon energy. As rec-
ommended in ISO 4037-3, these data are
assumed to be valid for angles of incidence
from 08 up to 608.
† For (hpK(0.07;a)slab)E, a natural cubic spline was
used for energies within the available database up to
1 MeV photon energy, above that energy an inter-
polation was used to prevent oscillations (logarith-
mic in energy and linear in the values). For energies
below the available database (below 5 keV), the
values were extrapolated according to the exponen-
tial attenuation law in ICRU tissue, leading to
ðhpK ð0:07; aÞslab ÞE ¼ ðhpK ð0:07; aÞslab Þ5 keV :
expððmen =rÞE;ICRU  rICRU  0:07 mm=cosðaÞÞ
:
expððmen =rÞ5 keV;ICRU  rICRU  0:07 mm=cosðaÞÞ RESULTS
Monoenergetic data are available up to 10 MeV;
thus, no extrapolation above that energy is
necessary.
† For (hpK(3;a)slab)E, a natural cubic spline was used
for energies within the available database up to
1 MeV photon energy, above that energy an interp-
olation was used to prevent oscillations (logarith-
mic in energy and linear in the values). For energies
below the available database (below 10 keV), the
values were extrapolated according to the exponen-
tial attenuation law in ICRU tissue, leading to
ðhpK ð3; aÞslab ÞE ¼ ðhpK ð3; aÞslab Þ10 keV :
expððmen =rÞE;ICRU  rICRU  3 mm=cosðaÞÞ
:
expððmen =rÞ10 keV;ICRU  rICRU  3 mm=cosðaÞÞ
Monoenergetic data are available up to 10 MeV;
thus, no extrapolation above that energy is
necessary.
375
Collisional air kerma or total air kerma
In ISO 4037-2(2), primary photon dosimetry is
described in terms of air kerma. According to
Equations (2), (4) –(6), (A.5) and (A.6), the total air
kerma Ka ¼E.F .mtr/r, is in use as the energy transfer
coefficient of air, mtr/r, is applied: mtr/r ¼(men/r)/
(12ga) with ga the bremsstrahlung radiation yield
initial photon interactions. However, the conversion
coefficients from air kerma to the operational quan-
tities are valid for the collisional air kerma,
Ka,c ¼E.F .men/r. This is obvious from all publi-
cations containing conversion coefficients, see, for
example, Grosswendt (10). In ISO 4037-3, it is not
Downloaded from http://rpd.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 8, 2015
specified whether the total or the collisional air
kerma has to be multiplied with the conversion coef-
ficient to obtain the operational quantities, thus, the
total air kerma seems to be relevant as only this one
is determined in ISO 4037-2, see above. Using the
total air kerma instead of the collisional air kerma
leads to operational quantities that are —by about
0.3, 1.6 and 2.3 %— too large for the radiation qual-
ities S-Co, R-C and R-F, respectively. The values
were obtained by averaging 1/(12ga) over the
respective fluence spectrum with the monoenergetic
values for (12ga) taken from Table 1 in ISO 4037-2.
For radiation qualities with lower photon energies
than about 1 MeV, the difference between the total
and the collisional air kerma is negligible. As a con-
sequence, it is suggested to replace the total by the
collisional air kerma in a future revision of ISO
4037-2.
Table 3 gives an overview of the conversion coeffi-
cients suggested for use. The selection rules are as
follows:
† If a value is contained in ISO 4037-3 this
value is recommended for use except for X-ray
spectra. Values for spectra from X-ray tubes
contained in ISO 4037-3(3) are based on
spectra from old fashioned X-ray tubes with a
significant ripple of the high voltage. However,
spectra from modern X-ray tubes which do not
have a significant ripple of the high voltage
lead to different conversion coefficients(11).
Therefore, values valid for modern X-ray tubes
should be used.
† If no values are contained in ISO 4037-3, values
from other publications are cited.
† If no other publication contains any values, they
were determined in this work.
In Tables 4 and 5, the conversion coefficients
determined for this work are given.
 R. BEHRENS
Table 3. Overview of conversion coefficients suggested for use available at different sources.

Type of Source of conversion coefficients from air kerma to dose equivalent for the quantity
radiation
field
Hp(0.07)rod Hp(0.07)pillar Hp(0.07)slab Hp(3)slab Hp(10) H0 (0.07) H*(10)

X radiation Ankerhold(14)a Table 4a Table 4a Table 5 Ankerhold(14)a Ankerhold(14)a Ankerhold(14)a

qualities
with high
voltage up
to 300 kV
X radiation Ankerhold(15) Table 4 Table 4 Table 5 Ankerhold(15) Ankerhold(15) Ankerhold(15)
qualities
with high
voltage

Downloaded from http://rpd.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 8, 2015

above 300
kV
Gamma DIN 6818- Table 4 Table 4 Table 5 DIN 6818- DIN 6818- ISO 4037–3(3)
radiation 1(18) 1(18)b 1(18)
qualities
from
radioactive
sources
Gamma Behrens and Table 4 Table 4 Table 5 Behrens and Behrens and Behrens and
radiation Röttger(17) Röttger(17)b Röttger(17) Röttger(17)b
qualities
from
nuclear
reactionsc

a
Values are available in ISO 4037-3, however, not for spectra of modern X-ray tubes without a ripple.
b
Values are available in ISO 4037-3, however, not for angles of incidence of 158 and 758. For other angles of incidence, the
values are equal to those in ISO 4037-3; only few values for the radiation qualities R-C and R-F deviate by ,1 % from
those given in ISO 4037-3. Rounding effects may be the reason for the small differences.
c
Values for the radiation quality R-CF are only available in the sources given in this line.

Table 4. Conversion coefficients hpK(0.07;R)pillar and hpK(0.07;R,a)slab for different radiation qualities R and angles of
incidence a in Sv Gy – 1.

Radiation hpK(0.07;R)pillar hpK(0.07;R,a)slab

quality R
08 up to 608 08 158 308 458 608 758

L-10 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.87 0.79

L-20 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.95
L-30 1.12 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.06
L-35 1.17 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.20 1.16 1.10
L-55 1.34 1.58 1.57 1.55 1.51 1.44 1.32
L-70 1.39 1.71 1.70 1.68 1.64 1.56 1.43
L-100 1.37 1.71 1.70 1.69 1.66 1.60 1.48
L-125 1.34 1.63 1.62 1.62 1.60 1.56 1.47
L-170 1.29 1.52 1.52 1.53 1.51 1.48 1.44
L-210 1.26 1.45 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.44 1.41
L-240 1.24 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.40
N-7.5a 0.89 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.72 0.57
N-10 0.93 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.85 0.76
N-15 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.91
Continued

376
 CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS NOT INCLUDED IN ISO 4037-3
Table 4. Continued

Radiation hpK(0.07;R)pillar hpK(0.07;R,a)slab

quality R
08 up to 608 08 158 308 458 608 758

N-20 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.94

N-25 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.02 0.99
N-30 1.09 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.04
N-40 1.20 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.25 1.21 1.14
N-60 1.33 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.50 1.43 1.31
N-80 1.39 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.66 1.58 1.45
N-100 1.37 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.66 1.60 1.48
N-120 1.35 1.66 1.65 1.65 1.62 1.57 1.48
N-150 1.32 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.57 1.54 1.47
N-200 1.27 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.43

Downloaded from http://rpd.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 8, 2015

N-250 1.24 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.43 1.42 1.40
N-300 1.22 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.38
N-350 1.21 1.34 1.35 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.36
N-400 1.20 1.32 1.32 1.33 1.33 1.35 1.34
W-30a 1.06 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.01
W-40a 1.15 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.09
W-60 1.30 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.43 1.37 1.27
W-80 1.36 1.64 1.63 1.61 1.57 1.50 1.38
W-110 1.38 1.71 1.70 1.69 1.65 1.59 1.47
W-150 1.34 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.60 1.55 1.47
W-200 1.30 1.54 1.54 1.54 1.53 1.50 1.45
W-250 1.26 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.45 1.42
W-300 1.24 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.43 1.42 1.40
H-10 0.93 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.83 0.73
H-20 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.89
H-30 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.96
H-40a 1.07 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.02
H-60 1.21 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.23 1.16
H-80a 1.29 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.44 1.38 1.27
H-100 1.33 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.52 1.46 1.35
H-150a 1.36 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.61 1.55 1.44
H-200 1.33 1.62 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.54 1.45
H-250 1.31 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.54 1.51 1.44
H-280 1.28 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.43
H-300 1.28 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.43
H-350 1.26 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.41
H-400 1.25 1.43 1.43 1.44 1.43 1.43 1.40
S-Cs 1.14 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.28
S-Co 1.13 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.21 1.23
R-C 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.17
R-CFb 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.19
R-F 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.15

a
These radiation qualities are defined in DIN 6818-1(18).
b
This radiation quality was defined by Behrens and Röttger(17).

Table 5. Conversion coefficients hpK(3;R,a)slab for different radiation qualities R and angles of incidence a in Sv Gy – 1.

Radiation hpK(3;R,a)slab
quality R
08 158 308 458 608 758

L-10 0.160 0.149 0.122 0.078 0.0290 0.00153

L-20 0.73 0.73 0.70 0.65 0.56 0.36
Continued

377
 R. BEHRENS
Table 5. Continued

Radiation hpK(3;R,a)slab
quality R
08 158 308 458 608 758

L-30 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.06 0.97 0.74

L-35 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.15 1.07 0.85
L-55 1.65 1.65 1.62 1.56 1.44 1.19
L-70 1.80 1.79 1.76 1.70 1.58 1.31
L-100 1.80 1.80 1.77 1.73 1.62 1.39
L-125 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.65 1.57 1.36
L-170 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.54 1.49 1.33
L-210 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.44 1.31
L-240 1.46 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.41 1.29
N-7.5a 0.0167 0.0144 0.0092 0.0034 0.00039 0.00000057

Downloaded from http://rpd.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 8, 2015

N-10 0.131 0.122 0.098 0.061 0.0213 0.00099
N-15 0.42 0.41 0.38 0.32 0.238 0.129
N-20 0.66 0.66 0.63 0.58 0.49 0.31
N-25 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.80 0.71 0.49
N-30 1.04 1.04 1.03 0.97 0.89 0.65
N-40 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.22 1.13 0.91
N-60 1.63 1.63 1.60 1.54 1.43 1.17
N-80 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.71 1.59 1.33
N-100 1.81 1.80 1.78 1.73 1.62 1.39
N-120 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.68 1.59 1.38
N-150 1.66 1.65 1.65 1.62 1.55 1.35
N-200 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.51 1.47 1.32
N-250 1.46 1.46 1.45 1.45 1.41 1.30
N-300 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.40 1.37 1.28
N-350 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.35 1.27
N-400 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.33 1.27
W-30a 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.89 0.80 0.57
W-40a 1.17 1.17 1.15 1.10 1.01 0.79
W-60 1.55 1.54 1.52 1.46 1.35 1.11
W-80 1.71 1.71 1.68 1.62 1.50 1.25
W-110 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.72 1.60 1.37
W-150 1.71 1.70 1.69 1.65 1.56 1.36
W-200 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.56 1.51 1.34
W-250 1.52 1.51 1.51 1.50 1.45 1.31
W-300 1.46 1.46 1.45 1.45 1.41 1.30
H-10 0.112 0.103 0.082 0.050 0.0168 0.00074
H-20 0.43 0.42 0.39 0.34 0.262 0.151
H-30 0.74 0.74 0.71 0.66 0.57 0.38
H-40a 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.89 0.80 0.58
H-60 1.32 1.32 1.30 1.25 1.15 0.92
H-80a 1.54 1.53 1.51 1.46 1.35 1.10
H-100 1.65 1.64 1.62 1.56 1.45 1.20
H-150a 1.74 1.74 1.72 1.67 1.56 1.33
H-200 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.63 1.55 1.34
H-250 1.62 1.62 1.61 1.58 1.51 1.34
H-280 1.57 1.56 1.56 1.54 1.48 1.33
H-300 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.48 1.32
H-350 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.49 1.45 1.31
H-400 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.42 1.30
S-Cs 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.25 1.25 1.22
S-Co 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.19
R-C 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.15
R-CFb 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.16
R-F 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14

a
These radiation qualities are defined in DIN 6818-1(18).
b
This radiation quality was defined by Behrens and Röttger(17).

378
 CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS NOT INCLUDED IN ISO 4037-3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to thank Oliver Hupe and Peter
Ambrosi, both from PTB, for their fruitful
discussions.
REFERENCES
1. International Organization for Standardization. X and
gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters
and doserate meters and for determining their response
as a function of photon energy—Part 1: Radiation
characteristics and production method. ISO 4037-1. ISO
(1996).
2. International Organization for Standardization. X and
gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters
and doserate meters and for determining their response
as a function of photon energy—Part 2: Dosimetry for
radiation protection over the energy ranges 8 keV to 1.3
MeV and 4 MeV to 9 MeV. ISO 4037-2. ISO (1997).
3. International Organization for Standardization. X and
gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters
and doserate meters and for determining their response
as a function of photon energy—Part 3: Calibration of
area and personal dosemeters and the measurement of
their response as a function of energy and angle of inci-
dence. ISO 4037-3. ISO (1999).
4. International Organization for Standardization. X and
gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters
and doserate meters and for determining their response
as a function of photon energy—Part 4: Calibration of
area and personal dosemeters in low energy x reference
radiation fields. ISO 4037-4. ISO (2004).
5. Optimization of Radiation Protection of Medical Staff
(ORAMED): Project within the 7th framework programme
of the European Union: http://www.oramed-fp7.eu/en
6. Vanhavere, F., Carinou, E., Donadille, L., Ginjaume,
M., Jankowski, J., Rimpler, A. and Sans Merce, M. An
overview on extremity dosimetry in medical applications.
Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 129, 350 –355 (2008).
7. Behrens, R. and Dietze, G. Monitoring the eye lens:
which dose quantity is adequate? Phys. Med. Biol. 55,
4047–4062 (2010).
8. Mariotti, F. and Gualdrini, G. A new Monte Carlo
approach to define the operational quantity Hp(3). RT/
2009/1/BAS.
379
9. Hubbell, J. H. and Seltzer, S. M. Tables of X-ray mass
attenuation coefficients and mass energy-absorption coeffi-
cients 1 keV to 20 MeV for elements Z ¼ 1 to 92 and 48
additional substances of dosimetric interest. Report
NISTIR 5632 (1995). The data are available at http://
physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/cover.html
10. Grosswendt, B. Angular dependence factors and air
kerma to dose equivalent conversion coefficients for
cylindrical phantoms irradiated by plane-parallel
extended monoenergetic photon beams. Radiat. Prot.
Dosim. 59, 165–179 (1995).
11. Ankerhold, U., Behrens, R. and Ambrosi, P. X ray
spectrometry of low-energy photons for determining con-
version coefficients from air kerma, Ka, to personal dose
equivalent, Hp(10), for radiation qualities of the ISO
narrow spectrum series. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 81,
Downloaded from http://rpd.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 8, 2015
247–258 (1999).
12. International Commission on Radiation Units and
Measurements. Conversion coefficients for use in
Radiological protection Against External Radiation.
ICRU Report 57. ICRU Publications (1998).
13. Till, E., Zankl, M. and Drexler, G. Angular dependence
of depth doses in a tissue slab irradiated with monoener-
getic photons. GSF-Report 27/95 (1995) ISSN 0721–
1694.
14. Ankerhold, U. Catalogue of X-ray spectra and their
characteristic data—ISO and DIN radiation qualities,
therapy and diagnostic radiation qualities, unfiltered X-
ray spectra—Report PTB-Dos-34 ISBN 3-89701-513-7
(2000) Download of the spectra at http://www.ptb.de/
en/org/6/63/f_u_e/dos34spc.zip
15. Ankerhold, U. X reference radiation qualities produced
with tube voltages above 300 kV for the calibration and
testing of dosemeters. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 123, 137–142
(2006) The spectra were obtained from the author.
16. Kawrakow, I. and Rogers, D. W. O. The EGSnrc code
system: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon
transport. NRCC Report PIRS-701 (2006) Available on
http://irs.inms.nrc.ca/software/egsnrc/
17. Behrens, R. and Röttger, S. Characterization of three
high-energy photon and fast neutron reference radiation
fields. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 132, 283 –296 (2008) The
spectra were obtained from the author.
18. Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.
Strahlenschutzdosimeter—Allgemeine Regeln. DIN
6818–1, Beuth Verlag (2004).