Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1500's
Georg Bauer: systematic metallurgy
Paracelsus: medicinal application of minerals
1600's
Robert Boyle:The Skeptical Chemist. Quantitative experimentation, identification of
elements
1700s'
Georg Stahl: Phlogiston Theory
Joseph Priestly: Discovery of oxygen
Antoine Lavoisier: The role of oxygen in combustion, law of conservation of
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mass, first modern chemistry textbook
Brief History
1800's
Joseph Proust: The law of definite proportion (composition)
John Dalton: The Atomic Theory, The law of multiple proportions
Joseph Gay-Lussac: Combining volumes of gases, existence of diatomic molecules
Amadeo Avogadro: Molar volumes of gases
Jons Jakob Berzelius: Relative atomic masses, modern symbols for the elements
Dmitri Mendeleyev: The periodic table
J.J. Thomson: discovery of the electron
Henri Becquerel: Discovery of radioactivity
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Brief History
1900's
Robert Millikan: Charge and mass of the electron
Ernest Rutherford: Existence of the nucleus, and its relative size
Meitner & Fermi: Sustained nuclear fission
Ernest Lawrence: The cyclotron and trans-uranium elements
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory
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Five Principles of Dalton’s Atomic Theory
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Subatomic Particles
▸ Experiments by several scientists in the
mid-1800s led to the first change to Dalton’s
atomic theory. Scientists discovered that
atoms can be broken into pieces after all.
▸ The smaller parts that make up atoms are
called subatomic particles.
▸ The three subatomic particles that are most
important for chemistry are the electron, the
proton, and the neutron.
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Discovery of Electrons
In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray tube to deduce
the presence of a negatively charged particle.
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Discovery of Electron’s Mass
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Discovery of Nucleus
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Discovery of Nucleus
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Discovery of Nucleus
▸ The nucleus is the dense, central portion
of the atom.
▸ The nucleus is made up of protons and
neutrons.
▸ The nucleus has all of the positive charge,
nearly all of the mass, but only a very small
fraction of the volume of the atom.
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Protons and Neutrons
▸ Protons are the subatomic particles that have a positive
charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom.
▹ The number of protons of the nucleus is the atomic number,
which determines the identity of an element.
▹ Because protons and electrons have equal but opposite charges,
a neutral atom must contain equal numbers of protons and
electrons.
• Neutrons are the subatomic particles that have no charge
and that is found in the nucleus of an atom.
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Protons and Neutrons
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Protons and Neutrons
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Are Protons and Neutrons Fundamental
Particles?
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Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers
▸ The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus of an atom.
▸ One can calculate the number of neutrons in an atom by subtracting
the atomic number (the number of protons) from the mass number
(the number of protons and neutrons).
▸mass number – atomic number = number of neutrons
▸ Unlike the atomic number, the mass number can vary among atoms of
a single element.
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Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers
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Atomic Structures Can Be Represented by
Symbols
▸ Each element has a name, and the same
name is given to all atoms of an
element.
▹ Example: sulfur is composed of
sulfur atoms.
▸ Each element has a symbol, and the
same symbol is used to represent one of
the element’s atoms.
▸ Atomic number and mass number are
sometimes written with an element’s
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symbol.
Isotopes
▸ are atoms of the same element having different masses
because they contain different numbers of neutrons. In
other words, isotopes have different mass numbers.
▸ For example, all of the following are isotopes of hydrogen
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Isotopes
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Sample Problem 1
18 8 8 18
Arsenic 75 33 75
Phosphorus 16 15 31
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Rutherford Vs. Bohr Model