Equilibrium: Topic 17 Name:

17.1 (B) Equilibrium Law

Understandings:

• The position of equilibrium corresponds to a maximum value of entropy and a minimum in the value of the Gibbs free energy.

• The Gibbs free energy change of a reaction and the equilibrium constant can both be used to measure the position of an
equilibrium reaction and are related by the equation, ∆Gᶱ = −RTln𝐾𝐾c

Applications and skills:

• Relationship between ΔG and the equilibrium constant.

• Calculations using the equation ∆Gᶱ = −RTln𝐾𝐾c

1:

2:

3:

1: Free energy change (∆Gᶱ) and the equilibrium constant (K) are related by the equation ∆Gᶱ = −RTln𝐾𝐾c. Which reaction is
most likely to go to completion?
-1
Reaction ∆Gᶱ (kJ mol )
A. 2SO3(g) ↔ 2SO2(g) + O2(g) +141.7
+ -
B. H2O(g) ↔ H (aq) + OH (aq) +79.9
C. N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g) -32.9
2+ 2+
D. Zn(s) + Cu (aq) → Zn (aq) + Cu(s) -211

(1 mark)

2: Free energy change (∆Gᶱ) and the equilibrium constant (K) are related by the equation ∆Gᶱ = −RTln𝐾𝐾c. Which combination
does not show the correct relationship?
Standard Gibbs free Equilibrium constant Composition of
energy change (∆Gᶱ) (Kc) equilibrium mixture
A. <0 K>1 mostly products
B. =0 K=1 neither reactants or
products favored
C. >0 K>1 mostly products
D. >0 K<1 mostly reactants

(1 mark)
3: Free energy change (∆Gᶱ) and the equilibrium constant (K) are related by the equation ∆Gᶱ = −RTln𝐾𝐾c. Which combination is
most likely for a reaction to go to completion at all temperatures?
∆Hᶱ ∆Sᶱ Kc
A. - + >1
B. + + >1
C. - - <1
D. - - >1
(1 mark)

-1
4. Calculate the value of Kc at 298K for the following reaction given that ∆Gᶱ = -32.96 kJ mol .
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g)
(Total 2 marks)

5. Calculate the equilibrium constant at 300K for the oxidation of iron.

3
2Fe(s) + /2O2(g) ↔ Fe2O3(s)
-1
∆Hᶱ = -824.2 kJ mol
-1 -1
∆Sᶱ = -270.5 J K mol
(Total 3 marks)
6. Calculate the value of the concentration of ammonia at equilibrium given the following information.
o
Temperature = 27.0 C
-1
∆Gᶱ = -33.32 kJ mol
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g)
-3
[N2]equilibrium = 0.020 mol dm
-3
[H2]equilibrium = 0.020 mol dm
(Total 8 marks)
7. The Kc for the following reaction is 6.78 at a certain temperature. The initial conditions of NO and SO3 were both 0.0300 mol
-3
dm . Calculate the equilibrium concentration of each reactant.
SO3(g) + NO(g) ↔ NO2(g) + SO2(g)

(Total 4 marks)
8. Sulfur dioxide, SO2, is oxidized in the presence of the catalyst vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5. In this reaction 2.0 mol SO2 and 1.4
3
mol of O2 are mixed in a 3.0 dm sealed container and the system is allowed to come to equilibrium. At 700K a conversion
rate of 15% is achieved. Calculate the equilibrium constant and the standard Gibbs free energy change for this reaction.

(Total 4 marks)
 -1
9. Ammonia production is important in industry. N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g) ∆Hᶱ = -92 kJ mol

-1 -1
a) The standard entropy values, S, at 298K for N2(g), H2(g), and NH3(g) are 193, 131, and 192 J K mol respectively.
a) Calculate ∆Sᶱ for the reaction as shown for the equation above.
(2 marks)

b) Determine ∆Gᶱ for the reaction at 298K.

(2 marks)

c) Describe and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the spontaneity of the reaction.
(2 marks)

d) Determine the value of the equilibrium constant at 298K by using the value of ∆Gᶱ that you obtained in b).
(3 marks)
 3
e) 0.20 mol of N2(g) and 0.20 mol of H2(g) were allowed to reach equilibrium in a 1 dm closed container at a temperature T2
-3
a) which is different to 298K. At equilibrium the concentration of NH3(g) was found to be 0.060 mol dm . Determine the
a) value of Kc at temperature T2.
(3 marks)

f) Comment on the two different value of Kc that you have obtained.

(2marks)

g) Describe how increasing the pressure affects the yield of ammonia.

(2marks)

o
h) In practice, typical conditions used in the Haber process are a temperature of 500 C and a pressure of 200 atmospheres.
a) Suggest why these conditions are used rather than those that give the highest yield.
(2marks)

i) Iron is used as a catalyst in this manufacturing process. A catalyst has no effect on the value of Kc or on the position of
a) equilibrium. Suggest why a catalyst is used in this process.
(1mark)

(Total 19 marks)