SUBTITLE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN “AVANGERS

ENDGAME” MOVIE

A PAPER
Submitted to English Education Study Program of Suryakancana University in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

by:
Sofia Latifah
8820317044

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHING TRAINING
SURYAKANCANA UNIVERSITY
CIANJUR
2020
 ABSTRACT

The research on movie subtitle may seem simple for common people, but filmmakers

and translators know full well that every word carries meaning, weight and imagery.

Making of movie for sure using English and for the reason Indonesian will feel difficult

to understand the meaning of the dialogue because of a different language. So, the role

of subtitles in this case is very important for people who have difficulty watching films

in foreign languages, the presence of subtitles can make it easier to watch the film.

Movie is a product of art work that is watched by many people in different countries

and different language. In this research, the writer concerns with the translation

procedure. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze translation procedures applied in

“Avangers:Endgame” Movie subtitle, and to find out the most dominant translation

procedure that the translator used in translating this movie. This study used qualitative

research to explore the objectives of the research, the data were the script in the subtitle

of “Avengers Endgame” movie. The were analyzed by using the table of comparison

between the source text and the target text.

Keywords: Translation Procedures, Subtitle, Avengers Movie, Document Analysis

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of the research. It discusses the background of

the research, research questions, aims of the research, clarification of terms significant

of research and organization of the research.

1.1 Background of The Research

In this modern era Hollywood movie have dominated movie industry almost in

every country, including Indonesia. The success that has been obtained by the

Hollywood industry that is liked by all people, from adults, teenagers, to children. Not

only because of the image quality but also the plot of the story and the actor or actress

who played in the movie made this Hollywood movie even more increasing liked by

Indonesian people. Making of this film for sure using English and for the reason

Indonesian will feel difficult to understand the meaning of the dialogue because of a

different language. So, the translation of the language of the movie is needed (Syahrani

et al., 2019).

In this research, the writer chooses to analyze the subtitle of a movie script because

usually an audience chooses to read translated subtitle to understand the story of the

movie. According to Newmark (1988:5) in (Syahrani et al., 2019) “translation is

rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author

intended. Hence in many types of text (legal, administrative, dialect, local culture) the

temptation is to transfer as many SL (Source Language) words to the TL (Target

Language) as possible.” in the translation activity of course there are some things that

need to be considered, one of them is word choice, it is very important to make the

translation results are not read ambiguously. Meanwhile, (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1958) in
(Stieglitz et al., 2018) categorize translation procedures into direct translation which

contains borrowing, calque, and literal translation and oblique translation which

contains transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The technique that

plays an important role in solving the grammatical problem in translating a text from

SL to TL is a transposition. This technique can help a translator in avoiding the

problem of a text that cannot be translated. Maurits (1990) stated that “translation into a

foreign language can be and is an excellent exercise for testing one’s understanding of

the foreign language structure. It is however, that as such it should be indulged in, not

as a professional activity”.

There are two types of movie translation. There are dubbing and subtitling. Dries

(1995 cited in Szarkowska 2005) states that dubbing “refers to the method in which

foreign dialogue is adjusted to the mouth and movement of the actor/actress in the film

and thus makes it familiar to the target audience.” As for subtitling, it refers to

translation of the film dialogue in text and it usually appeared in the bottom of the

screen. Both of them have a same purpose that to make the audience understand and

can enjoy the whole movie by listening or by reading the text in target language. This

study focuses on identifying and classifying the translation procedures and the most

dominant of translation procedure used by the translator in translating subtitle of the

movie which is Avangers Endgame Movie.

Avengers: Endgame is a 2019 American superhero film based on the Marvel

Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed

by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the direct sequel to Avengers: Infinity

War (2018) and the 22nd film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed

by Anthony and Joe Russo and written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely,

the film features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark

Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Don Cheadle, Paul

Rudd, Brie Larson, Karen Gillan, Danai Gurira, Benedict Wong, Jon Favreau, Bradley

Cooper, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Josh Brolin. In the film, the surviving members of

the Avengers and their allies attempt to reverse the damage caused

by Thanos in Infinity War.

There is a researcher that use movie as the object of their research. he is Iqbal

(2009) focuses his study on translating idiomatic expression. This research result shows

that types of idioms mostly used in the film entitled Tropic Thunder are slang (43%),

figures of speech (18%), English phrasal compounds (17%), substitute (13%), proper

names (7%), and abbreviation (2%). The result of this research also indicates that

several methods were applied in translating the idiomatic expressions: communicative

translation (32%), literal translation (28%), semantic translation (27%), and faithful

translation (13%).

Based on the previous study, there are differences from this research The research

by Iqbal (2009) is focusing in idiomatic expression and translation method in

translation idiomatic expression. Meanwhile, in this research, the writer will focuses on

analyzing the category by Vinnay and Darbelnet they are direct translation which

contains Borrowing, calque, literal translation . oblique translation which contains

transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation and the writer will find most

dominant translation procedures used in this movie.

1.2 Research Questions

This research is carried out to analyze the following research questions:

1. What types of translation procedures are applied in the subtitle of Avengers

Endgame Movie?
 2. What is the most dominant translation procedure that the translator used in

translating subtitle of Avangers Endgame Movie?

1.3 Aims of Research

Specifically, this research is focused on two objectives:

1. To find out the types of translation procedures are applied in the subtitle of

the movie.

2. To find out the most dominant translation procedure that the translator used

in translating subtitle of “Avangers Endgame“Movie.

1.4 Significant of The Research

The research will complete and give more information about translating the

literary work generally and translating movie especially for the writer herself and

for the others who concern in translating the literary works.

1.5 Clarification of Terms

To avoid misunderstanding in this chapter, the researcher has clarified some of

the terms below.

1. Direct translation Procedures, Vinay and Darbelnet (1958/2000) in (Waliński,

2015) note that due to structural and metalinguistic parallelisms that occur

between languages it is often possible to overcome gaps (or lacunae) between

the source language and the target language by transposing the SL message

piece by piece into the TL. In such cases, when the translator notices a gap in

the target language, they can employ either a parallel category or a parallel
 concept to convey the meaning of the source text. This can be accomplished

with one of the following direct translation procedures:

1. Borrowing

2. Calque

3. Literal Translation

2. Oblique Translation Procedures, Vinay and Darbelnet (1958/2000) in (Waliński,

2015)note that due to structural and metalinguistic differences between

languages certain stylistic effects are unattainable without upsetting the lexis or

the syntactic order in the target language. In such cases more complex methods

must be employed to convey the meaning of the source text. Although at a

cursory glance they might look fairly sophisticated, or even unusual, the oblique

translation procedures.

1) Transposition

2) Modulation

3) Equivalence

4) Adaptation

3. Subtitle is words that translate what is said in a film or movie into a different

language and appear on the screen at the bottom. Subtitles are also used,

especially on television, to help deaf people (Amil et al., 2020) (Hornby, 2005).

4. Avengers: Endgame is a 2019 American superhero film based on the Marvel

Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and

distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the direct sequel

to Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and the 22nd film in the Marvel Cinematic

Universe (MCU).
 5. Document Analysis is a form of qualitative research on which documents are

interpreted by the researcher to give voice and meaning around an assessment

topic (Bowen, 2009).

1.6 Organization of the Research

This paper of study is organized into five chapters as follows:

Chapter I, Introduction, this chapter consists of the background of the research,

research questions and its aims, and the key terms.

Chapter II, Theoretical Foundation, in this chapter the writer explains the theories

that are discussed on this study are Translation, Theories of Translation, Translation

Procedures, Translation Process, Avangers:Endgame The Movie and Previous

Study.

Chapter III, Methodology, in this chapter the writer explains how to feed the body

of this research by the data. There are Research design, Data Source, Datta

Collection, Data Analysis, Concluding Remarks.

Chapter IV, Findings and Discussion, this chapter sets out the data obtained from

the result of document analysis. The data were used to answer all the research

questions.

Chapter V, Conclusions and Suggestions, this chapter is divided into two parts. The

first part tells the conclusion of this study and the second one discusses the

suggestion from the research.

 8

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

This chapter focuses on literature review which provides the basic theory in conducting

the research. There are seven main points that will be elaborated in this chapter as

follow:

2.1 Translation

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by

means of an equivalent target-language text. (Verity & Larson, 1986) states that

basically, translation is a change of form. The form is referring to the words,

phrases, clauses, sentences, or paragraph. The change of form is done by replacing

the form of source language to the form of receptor or target language. In general,

the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts including religious,

literary, scientific, and philosophical texts in another language and thus making

them available to wider readers.

According to Newmark (1988:5) in (Mojola, 1989), translation is perceived as

rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author

intended the text. In line with that theory, Munday (2001:5) states that translation

refers to the changing of an original source text of one language into a target text in

a different language.

Jakobson (1959/2000:114) in Munday (2001:5) divides and defines translation

into three categories as follow:

1. Intralingual translation or ‘rewording’. It is an interpretation of verbal

signs through other signs of the same language. This translation is similar
 9

to paraphrase, because it occurs when we rephrase an expression or text in

the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or

written. Another example is when a lecturer explains the material in front

of the class and the students make a note from what he says.

2. Interlingual translation or 'translation proper'. It is an interpretation of

verbal signs through the same and other signs some other languages. For

example, the interpreter in a conference who interprets the English

language from the speaker into Indonesian to the audience.

3. Intersemiotic translation or ‘transmutation’. It is an interpretation of verbal

signs through signs of non-verbal sign systems. This translation occurs if a

written text were translated, for example, a film version of a novel and an

advertisement that represents in image.

Meanwhile, Hatim and Munday (2004:6) in Munday (2009:7) define translation as:

1. The process of transferring a written text from SL to TL, conducted by a

translator, or translators, in a specific socio-cultural context.

2. The written product, or TT, which results from that process and which

functions in the socio-cultural context of the TL. 3. The cognitive,

linguistic, visual, cultural and ideological phenomena which are an

integral part of 1 and 2.

Other definitions are proposed by Bassneet (2002:6) who defines that

translation is not just the transfer of texts from one language into another, but also

a process of negotiation between texts and cultures. It means that translation is not

only transmitting a language, transferring the meaning, and conveying the

message, but also transmitting a cultural aspect of the SL.

 10

Besides that, (Nida et al., 1982) postulate that translation is reproducing the

receptor language from the closest natural equivalent of the source language

message, in terms of meaning and style. According to them, in reproducing the

message, meaning aspect is the first concern as well as the importance of form and

style, because translation is not merely changing one language to another, but also

conveying the message from SL to TL.

From these theories, the researcher concluded that translation is a process of

substituting or replacing messages in a text in one language to another language by

optimizing the equivalent between source text/language and target text/target

language.

2.2 Translation Procedures

In this research, the researcher used the definition theory of translation

procedures proposed by Peter Newmark which is collaborated with the seven

translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet.

Peter Newmark (1988b) in (Mahmoud Ordudari, 2013) defines translation

procedures as “the procedures that are used to translate a source language text in to

a target language especially for sentences and the smaller units of language”.

Translation procedures focuses on the semantic and syntax realm of words or

sentence structure. Procedures means ways of translating Source Language text

into Target Language text. Newmark also states that the literature which applies

linguistics to translation procedures perfectly was composed by Vinay and

Darbelenet. Vinay and Darbelnet (1958/2000) in (Waliński, 2015) note that due to

structural and metalinguistic parallelisms that occur between languages it is often

possible to overcome gaps (or lacunae) between the source language and the target

language by transposing the SL message piece by piece into the TL. In such cases,
 11

when the translator notices a gap in the target language, they can employ either a

parallel category or a parallel concept to convey the meaning of the source text.

This can be accomplished with one of the following direct translation procedures.

1. Borrowing

Borrowing is a translation procedure that involves using the same word,

phrase or expression in the source language into the target language without

translation. The words, phrases, or expressions borrowed are usually

written in italics. For example:

Source Language Target Language

“West Virginia” “West Virginia”

2. Calque

Calque is a translation procedure in which an expression in the source

language is translated word-by-word into the target language literally. The

translator adopted the structure of the source language in the target

language.

Source Language Target Language

“Captain America” “Kapten Amerika”

3. Literal Translation

Literal translation is a procedure of translating directly source language

word-by-word grammatically and idiomatically suitable and appropriate in

the target language. Literal translation is acceptable if the translated

 12

language contains the same word, phrase, or sentence structure, meaning,

and style as the source language.

Source Language Target Language

“I can do this all day” “saya bisa melakukan

ini seharian”

4.

2.3 Theories of Translation

1. The Equivalence Theory

According to Jakobson in Munday (37)(Suganda et al., 2013) equivalence

focuses on the structure and terminology of language rather than any inability

of target language to render a message from source language. Furthermore,

Nida in (Evans & Guo, 2016) divides equivalence into two types; those are

formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence focuses on

the message itself, in both form and content. It concerns with the formal

relationship between ST and TT structures, such as when a noun phrase in the

ST is substituted by a noun phrase in the TT. It is also called by a “gloss

translation” which aims to allow the reader to understand the SL context as

much as possible.

2. The Skopos Theory

 13

2.4 The ObliqueTranslation

Vinay and Darbelnet (1958/2000) in (Waliński, 2015) note that due to

structural and metalinguistic differences between languages certain stylistic effects

are unattainable without upsetting the lexis or the syntactic order in the target

language. In such cases more complex methods must be employed to convey the

meaning of the source text. Although at a cursory glance they might look fairly

sophisticated, or even unusual, the oblique translation procedures allow translators

to exert a strict control over the reliability of their efforts.

2.5 Translation Process

According to Munday (2001:5), the process of translation is the act of

producing the translation, otherwise known as translating. Newmark (1988:19-25)

proposes three ways of translating as follow:

1. Choosing a method of approach whether the translator will translate the source

text sentence by sentence for the first paragraph or chapter, to get the feel and

the feeling tone of the text; or translate the source text after reading the whole

text two or three times, and finding intention, register, tone, mark the difficult

words and passages, then start translating when the translator has taken their

bearing.2.

2. Translating the translation with four levels, those are:

a. The SL text level (the textual level). In this level, the translator starts to

translate the SL to the TL by using literal translation and transposes the SL

grammar (clauses and groups) into the TL equivalents, then translates the

lexical unit into the appropriate sense.

 14

b. The referential level. In this level, the translator visualizes and builds up the

essential parts of the text, both of the comprehension and the reproduction

process. In other words, the translator gains the perspective from the language.

c. The cohesive level. This level follows both of the structure and the moods of

the text. At this level, the translator reconsiders the lengths of paragraphs and

sentences, the formulation of the title, and the tone of the conclusion to

summarize an argument at the beginning of a final sentence.

d. The level of naturalness. In this level, the translator attempts to make the

translation of common language appropriate to the writer or the speaker in a

certain situation. In other words, the translation product is making sense and

following the grammatical structure.

3. Revising the procedure of the translation which constitutes at least half of the

complete process.

2.6 “Avangers : Endgame” The Movie

a. Movie

Movie as a form of literature can be a very entertaining media. It can be

proved by the fact that almost every family in the world has at least one

television set at home. The reason that film become the most popular literature

product is that it offers moral values, produced in a many genres, interesting

with many colorful animation and special effects, easy and cheap to get, and

often include language and culture content. (Putri Anggraeni, Januarius

Mujiyanto, 2019).

b. Subtitle
 15

According to Wikipedia (Asia, n.d.) Subtitles are text derived from either

a transcript or screenplay of the dialogue or commentary in films, television

programs, video games, and the like, usually displayed at the bottom of the

screen, but can also be at the top of the screen if there is already text at the

bottom of the screen. They can either be a form of written translation of a

dialogue in a foreign language, or a written rendering of the dialogue in the

same language, with or without added information to help viewers who

are deaf or hard-of-hearing, who cannot understand the spoken language, or

who have accent recognition problems to follow the dialogue. Sometimes,

mainly at film festivals, subtitles may be shown on a separate display below

the screen, thus saving the film-maker from creating a subtitled copy for

perhaps just one showing. Television subtitling for the deaf and hard-of-

hearing is also referred to as closed captioning in some countries.

c. Avangers : Endgame

Avengers: Endgame is a 2019 American superhero movie based on the

Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios

and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the direct sequel

to Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and the 22nd film in the Marvel Cinematic

Universe (MCU). This movie tells the story of a of heroes who fight against

their enemies. After the indiscriminate events of 'Avengers: Infinity War'

(2018) the universe was destroyed, especially Earth due to Thanos' actions.

With troops remaining, the Avengers must survive and assemble once again to

stop Thanos' attempts to halve the world's population. The remaining

Avengers heroes such as Captain America, Iron Man, Black Widow, Hulk,
 16

Hawkeye, and Thor even the presence of Captain Marvel will make a game

changer to face the main villain of this film, namely Thanos. In order to

restore order to the universe as before, Steve Rogers and his friends are

required to cultivate their minds to fix what Thanos has and wants to destroy

(Ruffalo et al., 2019)

The Cast of “Avangers:Endgame” Movie

Actor Role

Robert Dowdey Jr. Tony Stark/Iron Man

Chris Evan Steven G. Rogers/Captain America

Mark Ruffalo Bruce Banner/Hulk

Chris Hemsworth Thor

Scarlet Johansson Natasha Romanoff/Black Widow

Jeremy Renner Clint Barton/Hawkeye

Don Cheadle Rodhey/War Machine

Paul Rudd Scott Lang/Ant-Man

Brie Larson  Carol Denvers/Captain Marvel

Karen Gillan Nebula

Tom Holland Peter Parker/Spiderman

Danai Gurira Okoye

Benedict Wong Wong

Bradley Cooper Rocket

Gwyneth Paltrow  Pepper Pots

Josh Brolin Thanos

2.7 Previous Study

 17

Asriyani (2010) (Julia Eka Rini, 2014) in her research “An Analysis of

Translation Procedures in the Novel Adventure of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain”

applied Peter Newmark’s theory in analyzing translation procedures of the text.

The result of the study shows that the translator mostly uses transposition,

modulation and adaptation. The research also helps the writer in understanding

how to apply the translation procedures in the translated text. In her research, she

analyzes the translation procedures in novel. She uses Peter Newmark’s theory in

analyzing translation procedures of the text while this research will analyze

translation procedures in movie subtitles.

Suliman (2013) (Kusumastuti, 2019) in his research “An Analysis of the

Translation of the Idiomatic Expressions Used in the Subtitles of Tangled” applied

Newmark‘s eight translation methods in analyzing the translation of the idiomatic

expressions in the subtitles of Tangled. The result of the study shows that most

English idiomatic expressions in Tangled movie script are literally translated. The

research presents the definition of idioms and to see what they are. Then, it

classifies the idioms into different categories. In the end, gives some techniques

and procedures to translate them. The research also helps the writer in

understanding how to classify the idioms based on Adelnia and Dastjerdi. In his

research, he analyzes the translation methods of idiomatic expressions in subtitles

of movie while this study analyze to find most dominant translation procedure use

in subtitles of movie using Newmark’s theory.

 18

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is an important element in this research activity. In this chapter

the authors include several aspect used to cunduct research on Subtitle Analysis of
 19

Translation Procedures in Avangers Endgame Movie. It includes research design, data

source, data collection, data analysis, and concluding remaks.

3.1 Research Design

This study will employ a qualitative descriptive method. Qualitative method is

employed because the data of this research are in the form of words, phrases and

clauses. Descriptive method is used to describe the findings of the research, which

are the procedures used in translating the movie subtitle. In this research, the writer

only collect, classify and analyze the data, and in the end, draw conclusion based

on the data and total of analyzed the data will attached in appendix. As Creswell

(Chu, PH. and Chang, 2017) stated that “Qualitative research is an approach for

exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or group ascribe to a social

or human problem. The process of research involves emerging questions and

procedures, data typically collected in the participant’s setting, data analysis

inductively building from particulars to general themes, and the researcher making

interpretations of the meaning of the data”. “Often the distinction between

qualitative research and quantitative research is framed in terms of using words

(qualitative) rather than numbers (quantitative), or using close-ended questions

(quantitative hypothesis) rather than open-ended questions (qualitative interview

questions).”

3.2 Data Source

The data of this research the transcript of the dialogue in Source Language,

English, and the subtitles in Target Language, Bahasa Indonesia. Both of the data

are found on a website named www.subscene.com. The source of data is from

 20

Avangers:Endgame movie. The translator of subtitles in the website is

www.Zenomovie.com and the editor of the timing in the subtitles of Bahasa

Indonesia is Lebah Genteng. The primary data is taken from www.subscene.com

because both of them are well-matched with the dialogues in the movie.

3.3 Data Collection

According to (Creswell, 2013),data collection steps include setting the boundaries

for the study, collecting information through unstructured or semi structured

observation and interviews, documents, and visual materials, as well as

establishing the protocol for recording information. Without knowing the

technique to collect the data, the writer would not acquire the data that appropriate

with the needed to answer research. The writer also needs instruments as a tool in

collecting data. In this research, the writer use document analyzed as a technique

to collect the data.

3.4 Data Analysis

First, Avangers:Endgame movie subtitles are taken as the data source of this

study. Both English and Bahasa Indonesia script are found on a web named

subscene. com. Second, the movie dialogues and the subtitles are matched in

order to write the whole translation of the movie subtitle. The entire subtitle in the

movie is written, both Bahasa Indonesia and English subtitle. Third, After writing

down the subtitles of the movie, the writer matches them with their translation in

Bahasa Indonesia. Then, the data are analyzed to find out the translation

procedures using Newmark’s theories. Lastly, based on the data analysis,

conclusions are drawn and suggestions are made.

The steps of analysis:

 21

1. To start, the writer reads the subtitle of Avangers: Endgame both in English

and Bahasa Indonesia

2. The data will be collected by finding sentences which contain translation

procedures, The writer will look for the type and the most dominant

translation procedure used in this movie.

3. Then, the result can be interpreted by displaying the data in a form of table. If

the result is not matched to the category of analysis, the data should be

reviewed from the start by rechecking the subtitles of the movie.

4. Conclusion is drawn

3.5 Concluding Remarks

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 22

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