Homework 5

Problem 1:

(A – B) – C = (A – C) – B

(A – B) – C ⊆ (A – C) – B
x ∈ (A – B) – C → (A – C) – B
assume (A – B) – C
then x ∈ (A∩ B́)∩ Ć
then (x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B́ ) ∧ x ∈ Ć
(x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ Ć) ∧ x ∈ Ć Associative
x ∈ (A∩ Ć )∩ B́
x ∈ (A – C) – B
∴ (A – B) – C ⊆ (A – C) – B

(A – C) – B ⊆ (A – B) – C
x ∈ (A – C) – B → (A – B) – C
assume (A – C) – B
then x ∈ (A∩ Ć)∩ B́
then (x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ Ć ) ∧ x ∈ B́
(x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B́ ) ∧ x ∈ Ć Associative
x ∈ (A∩ B́)∩ Ć
x ∈ (A – B) – C
∴ (A – B) – C ⊆ (A – C) – B

∴ (A – B) – C = (A – C) – B

Problem 2:
B
A

A⊕(B⊕C)

C
 B
A

(A⊕B)⊕C

b.
A⊕(B⊕C)
A B C B⊕C A⊕(B⊕C)
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1
≡
(A⊕B)⊕C
A B C A⊕B (A⊕B)⊕C
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1

∴ A⊕(B⊕C) = (A⊕B)⊕C
c.
A⊕(B⊕C) = (A⊕B)⊕C

A⊕(B⊕C) ⊆ (A⊕B)⊕C
x A⊕(B⊕C) ∈ → (A⊕B)⊕C
assume A⊕(B⊕C)
then x ∈ A⊕(B⊕C)
then x ∈ A ⊕ (x ∈ B ⊕ x ∈C)
(x ∈ A ⊕ x ∈ B) ⊕ x ∈C Associative
x ∈ (A⊕ B)⊕ C
∴ A⊕(B⊕C) ⊆ (A⊕B)⊕C

(A⊕B)⊕C⊆ A⊕(B⊕C)
x ∈ (A⊕B)⊕C → A⊕(B⊕C)
assume (A⊕B)⊕C
then x ∈ (A⊕B)⊕C
then (x ∈ A ⊕ x ∈ B) ⊕ x ∈C
x ∈ A ⊕(x ∈ B ⊕ x ∈C ) Associative
x ∈ A⊕(B⊕C)
∴ A⊕(B⊕C) ⊆ A⊕(B⊕C)

∴ A⊕(B⊕C) = (A⊕B)⊕C

Problem 3:

a) f(n) = − ¿ ¿n
+¿ ¿

Counter example: n = 2 , f(2) = 2, -2

∴ NOT A FUNCTION

n
b) f(n) = ⌈ ⌉
2
Every element of domain, integers, maps to one element of codomain, all real numbers
∴ FUNCTION

c) f(n) = √ n2 +1
Every element of domain, integers, maps to one element of codomain, all real numbers
∴ FUNCTION

d) f(n) = √ n
Counter example: n < 0 , f(n) = i
∴ NOT A FUNCTION
 1
e) f(n) = 2
n −4
1
Counter example: n = 2, f(n) =
0
∴ NOT A FUNCTION

Problem 4:

a. ONE-TO-ONE
∀ x ∀ y (f ( x )=f ( y )) → x = y
Assume f(s) = f(t) → s = t
1 – 2s = 1 – 2t
-2s = -2t
s=t
∴ One-to-one function when n < 0

∀ x ∀ y(f(x) = f(y)) → x = y
Assume f(s) = f(t) → s = t
2s = 2t
s=t
∴ One-to-one function when n > 0

ONTO
∀ y ∃ x(f ( x )= y )
m = 1 -2n
1−m
n= 2
1−m
−¿→ ∈N − {0 }→ n ∈N −{0} ¿
m ∈Z 2
odd
∴ Onto when n < 0

∀ y ∃ x(f ( x )= y )
m = 2n
m
n= 2
m
+¿→ ∈N − {0} → n∈ N − {0} ¿
m ∈Z 2
even
∴ Onto when n > 0

∴ f ( n )= {1−22 n nn>0n ≤0
b.
f −1 (n)= 2 n−1 ,∧n>0
{ −2n ,∧n<0