Science

4
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Investigate Properties and
Characteristics of Light and Sound

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Science – Grade 4
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Investigating Properties and Characteristics of Light and
Sounds
First Edition 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

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Undersecretary:
Assistant Secretary:

Development Team of the Module

Writer: JOSIE A. YUTUC, LEGARDA E/S
Editor: REBECCA M. ROXAS, Science Education Program Supervisor
Validator: JONATHAN P. DEREZ, PSDS
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MARIA MAGDALENA M. LIM,CESO V,SCHOOLS SUPERINTENDENT
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COORDINATOR

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 4

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 4
Investigate Properties and
Characteristics of Light and Sound
This instructional material was collaboratively developed and
reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and
or/universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to
email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Teaching and learning of Science contribute to one ultimate objectives. For
every Filipino who appreciates the handwork of God, such reverence will inspire him
to find fulfillment through being responsible and concerned and useful for his
community, his country and the world.
For the Learners:
This module for Science,Grade 4, has been prepared for you to apply the
concepts and skills learned in your everyday lessons.
You will use basic processes and higher order thinking skillsin answering the
exercises on Characteristics and Properties of Light and Sounds.
We share with you this module,to invite you the wonderful world of Science.
For the Parents:
Please guide your children in answering the activities in this module. Let them
explore each activity with safety precautions. They need your help…
 What I need to know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master on how the Properties and Characteristics of Lioght and Sound. The scope of
this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are using.

The module is divided into seven lesson lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1- Reflection of Light

 Lesson 2- How light is reflected
 Lesson 3- Refraction of light
 Lesson 4- How light is refracted
 Lesson 5- Reflection and refraction of light using various materials
 Lesson 6- Loud and soft sounds
 Lesson 7- What happens to the volume of sound as one moves from
the sound source

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Investigate properties and characteristics of light and sound.

1 Define reflection and refraction ofd light

2 Describe reflection and refraction of light
3 Demonstrate reflection and refraction of light using various ma-
terials.
4. Infer what happens to the volume of sound as one moves from
sound.
5.Develop K-12 life skills such as communication, critical thinking,
creativity, collaboration and character.
 What I know

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1.Which of the following produce soft sound?

a.drum
b. jet
c. whistle
d. buzzing bee
2. The bouncing back of light that strike a clear surface.
a. Refraction
b. Reflection
c. Radiation
d. Retention
3. A narrow but powerful beam of light.
a. candle
b. flashlight
c. laser
d. magnifying glass
4. What happens to the loudness of the sound when as one goes away from it?
a. remain the same
b. increases gradually
c. fades abruptly
d. sink and floats
5. Which of the following is good to use to protect our ears from the noise in the
environment?
a. ear muffs
b. cotton buds
c. earrings
d. all of these

Lesson Reflection of Light

 1

Let’s Learn (Communication Skill)

REFLECTION
One of the properties of light is that it reflect off smooth surfaces. This
propertry allows us to see images from smooth surfaces. When we look at a mirror,
we see our own image because the mirror reflects the image back. But when we see
ourselves reflected in the mirror and wink our left eye,the image apparently winks the
right eye.

What is the reflection of light?

Reflection is when lights bounces off an object. If the surface is smooth
and shiny, like glass,water or polished metal, the light will reflect at the same angle as
it hit the surface. This is called specular reflection. Types of reflection. Lights
reflected from a smooth surface at the same angle as it hits the surface.

What is reflection of light explain with diagram?

When a ray of light approaches a smooth polished surface and the light ray
back,it is called the reflection of light….the figure below shows the reflection of an
incident beam on a plane mirror. Here, the angle of incidence and angle of reflection
are with respect to normal to the reflective surface.
 WHAT YOU WILL DO (Collaboration Skill)

I. Look at the pictures below. Write “yes” under the things that can reflect light and
write “no” if it cannot reflect light.
 ________________ __________________ ____________________

________________ ___________________ _____________________

___________________ ___________________ __________________

LET US STUDY AND ANALYZE THIS! (Critical Thinking Skill)

I. . Complete these diagrams by drawing in the reflected rays

 A

Lesson HOW LIGHT IS

2 REFLECTED
Do you know how light is reflected? (Communication Skill)

Look at the picture…what are

your observation from this
picture?
 Just as heat and sound travel,so does light. Light travels in straight lines.
Sometimes it bounces back into the direction of the source. We call this reflection.
Water, windows, shiny metal, and mirrors are just some of the many objects that
reflect light. As light travels, it travels in a straight line. However, when light passes
from one materials into a second material like mirror or water, the light path is either
bent or reflected back. The way light bounces back is very much similar to the way a
ball bounces back on the hard smooth surface. When you throw a ball straight down,
it will bounce straight back at you. When you throw a ball at an angle, it will bounce
off the same angle away from you. Light reflects the same way off a mirror. Light
bounces off at the same angle that it struck the mirror.

What to do….

Take the mirrors and attach them together using a

tape so that they form a right angle.
Face the clock toward the two mirrors(just in
front of the angle).
Open and face the book toward the two mirrors.
Try to read what you see in the mirrors.
Try to look at yourselfin the mirrors and comb
your hair.
 .

WHAT YOU WILL DO (Creativity Skill)

II. Find the missing words from the torch below to find out how is light reflected Just as
heat and sound travel, So does _______. (1)

Light travels in ______(2)line when going through

single medium, . In some media, such as air, light
travels ________.
(3)

Sometimes it bounces back into the direction of the

source. The way light bounces back is very much
similar to the way a ____ bounces
(4) back on hard smooth
surface. We call this __________.
(5)

Light reflects the same way off a _______. Light

(6) bounces
off at the same angle that it struck the mirror.
Mirrors, shiny metals are just some objects that reflect light.

STRAIGHT
REFLECTION LIGHT
MIRROR BALL
REFRACTION QUICKLY

LET US STUDY AND ANALYZE THIS! (Critical Thinking Skill)

A. Check the appropriate box.

1. Look at this diagram of a light ray being reflected by a

mirror.
Which is the correct reflected ray? A

A
B
B
C
C
D

D
 2. When you are riding a bicycle at night, your bicycle’s
reflectors help people
in cars see your bicycle. How do bicycle reflectors work?
They are made of a special material that gives off
its own light.
They are hooked up to batteries that allow them to
produce light.
They are covered with paint that glows in the dark.
They bounce light back from other sources.
3. A student sees a mirror image of a duck in the water of
the lake. What causes this mirror image?
Black light coming from under the water
Refracted light bending through the water
Reflected light bouncing off the surface of the water
Absorbed light given off by the water
4. The picture of this frog is an example of reflection
because...

The light is bending around the frog so you see

underneath it.
The light is being absorbed by the frog.
The light is scattering all around the frog.
The light is bouncing back so the frog's image is
reflected underneath it.

B. Is the statement correct? Color the if it’s correct and color

the if it’s incorrect.

1.Refraction is the bouncing back of light that strikes a clear

surface.
 2.Light travels faster in air than in liquids.

3.an be reflected if it is directed towards a mirror.

4. A wood can reflects light.

5. When somebody faces a mirror, his reflection can be

seen in a reversed manner.

Lesson REFRACTION OF
3 LIGHT
LET US LEARN! Communication Skill

What is REFRACTION?

REFRACTION is the ability of light to bend when it

passes a semi-transparent or transparent object. When
light enters a denser from one that is less dense, it
bends. The greater the density difference between the
two objects,the more the light bends. This property is
often seen in lenses where light enables us to to see
things larger or smaller.
 The fact or phenomenon of light, radio waves, etc. being deflected in passing obliquely
through the interface between one medium and another or through a medium of varying
density. change in direction of propagation of any wave as a result of its traveling at different
speeds at different points along the wave front. measurement of the focusing characteristics
of an eye or eyes.

What are example of REFRACTION?

An example of refraction is a bending

of the sun's rays as they enter raindrops,
forming a rainbow. An example of
refraction is a prism.
 WHAT YOU WILL DO

Put a pencil or straw in a cup of water.

Kneel down to the level of the cup and
look at the pencil or straw through the
water. You will notice that the pencil
looks like it is bent!

Problem:
What will happen to the appearance of the pencil if placed inside a half-filled glass of
water if seen from the side?
Hypothesis:
The pencil will __________________________________________________.
Direction: Pour water into the glass. The glass should be half-filled. Then, place the
pencil. Lastly, observe the appearance of the pencil. Write your observation below.

Observation 1 Observation 2

Conclusion: I therefore conclude that pencil will appear

1. (BEKRON) ________________________. The pencil that is placed in water appears to be
2. (DEWIR) ____________________ than the portion of the pencil that is not submerged.
What property of light is shown? ________________________________________
 LET US STUDY AND ANALYZE THIS! (Collaboration Skill)

A.CIRCLE the picture inside the box that shows refraction.

B. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if not

___________ 1. Light rays undergo refraction is evidence to support the idea that
light is a wave motion.
___________ 2. The more light slows down the more light refracted.
___________ 3. The change of light at the boundary of a substance
causes refraction.
___________ 4. Rainbow is a real life example of refraction.
___________ 5. Refraction also means when light bounces off an object.

Lesson HOW LIGHT IS

4 REFRACTED
LETS LEARN ! (Communication Skill)
 Light refracts whenever it travels at an angle into a
substance with a different refractive index (optical
density). This change of direction is caused by a
change in speed. For example, when light travels
from air into water, it slows down, causing it to
continue to travel at a different angle or direction.
REFRACTION is the responsible for image
formation by lenses and eye.
REFRACTION is an important characteristic of
lenses allowing them to focus a beam of light onto a
single point.

REFRACTION at the
surface of water WHAT YOU WILL DO

WHAT YOU WILL DO (Critical Thinking Skill)

ACTIVITY 1
Materials:
clear glass, water, bond paper, sunlight
Problem:
What will you see if the sun’s rays passes through the glass of water?
Hypothesis:
I will see ______________________________________________________.
Direction: You will need strong sunlight. Pour water into the glass. Place the glass of
water under the sun with the bond paper underneath the glass of water.

Observe.

What did you see? ____________________________does this activity tell us about

white light? White light has

1. (DEEIFFRNT) _____________________________colors which is the color of the

2. (ABRINOW) _____________________________.

1. What are the colors of the rainbow?

R- ___________________________
O- ___________________________
Y- ___________________________
G- ___________________________
B- ___________________________
I- ________________________
V- ___________________________

LET US STUDY AND ANALYZE THIS! (Critical Thinking Skill)

Encircle the correct answer
1. The diagram shows a ray of light AB striking the interface of medium X and
medium Y. BC is the refracted ray. Which one of the following statements is correct?
A) Medium X is optically denser than Y and ray BC travels faster than AB.
B) Medium X is optically denser than Y and ray BC travels slower than AB.
C) Medium X is optically less dense than Y and ray BC travels slower than AB.
D) Medium X is optically less dense than Y and ray BC travels faster than AB.
 2.When light passes from one medium into another, refraction occurs.
This is because of _______.
A) a change in color of the light. B) a change in velocity of the light.
C) the absorption of light. D) the reflection of light.

3.A light ray does not bend at a boundary between two media of different optical
densities if its angle of incidence is _______.
A) 0o B) 180o C) 90o D) 45o

4.A light ray travelling in glass strikes the glass-air boundary. Some light is
reflected and some is refracted. Which diagram shows the paths of the rays?
A) D
B) C
C) A
D) B

5.A light ray in water is incident onto a spherical air bubble as shown. Which of
the following represents the emergent ray?
A) D
B) B
C) A
D) C

REFLECTION AND
Lesson REFRACTION OF LIGHT
5 USING VARIOUS
MATERIALS
LETS LEARN! (Communication Skill)

Light is all around us. It is one of the different electromagnetic radiations that are
emitted by the sun, and the only one that can be perceived by the unaided eye. It is the
energy that allows us to see the world around us. Light is essential in order for us see
the things. Without it, life will not have colors, and it will be very hard for us to see
the things around us. Light is our gateway to the beautiful things around us.
 The way light bounces back is very much similar to the way a ball bounces back
on hard smooth surface. When you throw a ball straight down, it will bounce straight
at you. When you throw a ball at an angle. It will bounce off at the same angle away
from you. Light reflects the same way off mirror. Light bounces off at the same angle
that it struck the mirror.
 The pencil appears to be broken. This appearance shows that light is bent as it
passes from air to the glass of water. Light bends as it passes from some objects when
viewed at an angle. The light travels slower in the water and the glass than in the air.
This visual effect is witnessed if you look at a pencil placed in a glass half-filled with
water. As you look through the side of the glass at the portion of the pencil located
above the water’s surface, light travels directly from the pencil to your eye. Since this
light does not change medium, it not refract. As you look at
the portion of the pencil that was placed in the water, light travels from water to air
( or from water to glass to air). This light changes material to pass through (from air to
water ) and undergoes refraction. As a result, the image of the pencil appears to be
broken. Furthermore, the portion of the pencil that is placed in water appears to be
wider than the portion of the pencil that is not submerged.

Refraction is the bending of light as it travels from one type of material to

another like from air to water.

The color of the rainbow and all the colors that we see around us are colors that
we see around us are colors that come from the light of the sun. A rainbow is formed
when the light from the sun passes through raindrops. That is why we see a rainbow
after it rained. A rainbow is the result of sunlight breaking into different colors. In the
activity, the glass of water reflects lights. As the light bends, it separates into different
colors or the colors of the rainbow which is red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,
and violet or the ROYGBIV.
 WHAT YOU WILL DO (Critical Thinking Skill)

Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What do you call objects that allow light to pass through then?
a. opaque c. transmission
b. translucent d. transparent

2.When you play hide and seek, you go behind a wall or a big tree trunk
because
they are ____?
a. blurred c. translucent
b. opaque d. transparent

3.Objects under water are not as near as they look. What property of light
explains this?
a. absorption c. refraction
b. reflection d. radiation

4.Which among of them is not an example of good reflectors of light?

a. mirror c. wall
b. spoon d. shiny car

5.Which among of them is an example of opaque material?

a. Plastic c. surface of water
b. Screen protector d. shiny glass
 LET US STUDY AND ANALYZE THIS! (Collaboration Skill)

. A .Identify the following. Choose your answer inside the box below.
Opaque Reflection Refraction
Transparent Transparent

__________1. What do we call those materials that do not allow light to pass
through at all?
_________2. This is the bouncing back of the light from the surface it hits.
__________3. What do we call the bending of light occurs when light passes through
a liquid water?
__________4. What do we call those materials that transmit light?
__________5. These materials allow some light to pass through an object.

B. Identify the following statements. Write T if statement is TRUE and F it is

FALSE.
__________1. Some materials do not transmit light.
__________2. Frosted window, tined plastic cups and sunglasses are examples of
transparent materials.
__________3. Our body is an example of opaque material.
__________4. The walls in the room emit their own light.
__________5. Objects that usually smooth and have shiny surfaces are good
reflectors of light.
 Lesson
LOUD AND SOFT SOUNDS
6
LETS LEARN ! Communication Skill

The loudness of a sound refers to how strong the sound

seems to us when it reaches our ears. Loud sound also means
intense sound. Sound loses intensity as it spreads outward in
all directions from the source. So the loudness of a sound
decreases between a person and the source of the sound.
The softness and/ or loudness of sound is called volume. If
the volume of the sound is controlled there will be varying
degree of loudness.

Sound is a type of energy made by vibrations.

When any object vibrates, it causes movement in the
air particles. These particles bump into the particles
close to them, which makes them vibrate too causing
them to bump into more air particles. This
movement, called sound waves, keeps going until
they run out of energy. If your ear is within range of
the vibrations, you hear the sound.
 The sounds that you hear may vary in different
ways. Some sounds may be too loud vibration. The
application of a stronger force causes a louder volume
of sound as in case of the rumbling thunder. A lesser
force makes a softer sound as in the soft breeze of the
fine day. Other soft sounds may not be loud enough to
be heard by the human ear. Loud sounds may not be
pleasing to the ears.
WHAT YOU WILL DO (Critical Thinking Skill)

A. Identify the properties of sound by matching column A to column B.

A B
_________1. What do we call the a. Medium
matter that support the sound. b. Frequency creates
_________2. This is the number of vibrations c. Pitch
a sound energy creates. d. Tone
_________3. It describe how high and low e. Amplitude
a sound produce is
__________4. It is the measure of
the quality of sound wave.
__________5. This is referred as the height of the wave.

B. Write L if the object produces LOUD SOUND and S if it id produces SOFT

SOUND.
__________1. Thunder __________6. Alarm clock
__________2. Exploding bomb __________7. Roar of a lion
__________3. Chirping bird __________8. Exploding fireworks
__________4. Mother sings a lullaby __________9. Sound of an old air condition
__________5. Party music from a neighbor __________10. Barking dogs

LET US STUDY AND ANALYZE THIS! (Collaboration Skill)

A.Identify the following statements. Write T if statement is TRUE and F if it is
FALSE.
_________1. Sound needs a source and a medium to travel and a receiver to detect
the sound.
__________2. The basic properties of sound are pitch, loudness and dynamics.
__________3. An echo is a reflection of sound, arriving at the listener sometimes
after the direct sound.
__________4. Sound wave changes speed in different medium.
__________5. Sound energy is produced by wind.
B. Read carefully the question. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1.Which of these measure the quality of sound wave?
a. loudness c. tone
b. pitch d. volume
2. What is the best way to minimize echoes in a theater?
a. Make a floor shiny c. Paint the wall to absorb the
sound
b. Put foams and carpets d. Open windows to let the sound go out.
3. Which of these creates a higher frequency of sound?
a. roar of a lion c. crow of a roaster
b. tweet of a brad d. sound of a carabao
4. Which would prove that music is pleasing to ear?
a. The pitch of music is high.
b. Music has a jagged pattern of sound.
c. Music has a regular pattern of sound.
d. Music has an alternately low and loud sound.
5. In which situation will sound travel faster?
a. When the sound produced is very loud.
b. When someone is simply talking you from a distance.
c. When someone strikes two stone while you are under a pool.
d. When someone knocks at a wall and your ear is on the other side of
the wall.

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE VOLUME

Lesson OF SOUND AS ONE MOVES AWAY
7 FROM THE SOUND SOURCE

What could you infer from the following pictures? Communication Skill
What can you say about the
sound of an approaching
vehicle if you are standing in
the place of the boy?

What about the sound of the

vehicle when it is already
within your place?

What can you say about the

sound of the vehicle when it
is already moving away from
you?
 When you describe a sound, the first thing you think
about is loudness. You whisper around a sleeping baby, but
might give an all out shout when your favorite basketball
player scored in a crucial end-game. Loudness is a measure of
how strong a sound seems to us. If we apply greater force in
an object, we produce soft sounds.
If you are far from the source of a sound it will not sound
as loud as if you were standing nearer to it. The sound is heard
louder if we are near the source and the gradually fades or
becomes softer as we move away from it. The sound does not
lose some of its energy as it travel through the air. The energy
just spreads out to cover a larger area like the ripples in a
pond or river.

WHAT YOU WILL DO (Critical Thinking Skill)

Read carefully the question. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1 Which of these measure the quality of sound wave?
a. loudness c. tone
b. pitch d. volume
2 What is the best way to minimize echoes in a theater?
a. Make a floor shiny c. Paint the wall to absorb
the sound
 b. Put foams and carpets d. Open windows to let the sound
go out.
3 Which of these creates a higher frequency of sound?
a. roar of a lion c. crow of a
roaster
b. tweet of a brad d. sound of a carabao
4 Which would prove that music is pleasing to ear?
a. The pitch of music is high.
b. Music has a jagged pattern of sound.
c. Music has a regular pattern of sound.
d. Music has an alternately low and loud sound.
5 In which situation will sound travel faster?
a. When the sound produced is very loud.
b. When someone is simply talking you from a distance.
c. When someone strikes two stone while you are under a
pool.
d. When someone knocks at a wall and your ear is on the other
side of the wall.

LET US STUDY AND ANALYZE THIS! (Critical Thinking Skill)

Identify what is described in each sentences.

______________________1. It is any undesirable sound which disturbs the activities
of human or animal life.
______________________2. It is an energy made by vibrations.
______________________3. It refers to how strong the sound seems to us when it
reaches our ears.
______________________4. When the vibrations are fast, you hear a sound.
______________________5. When the vibrations are slow, the sound is __
HUMAN CONNECTIVITY (CHARACTER)
Demonstrate the conceptual understanding of properties and characteristics of light
and create a logo to show three ways to protect ourselves from too much exposure to
light.

LET’S SUMMARIZE!

1.REFLECTION - is when lights bounces off an object. If the surface is

smooth and shiny, like glass, water or polished metal, the light will
reflect at the same angle as it hit the surface. This is called specular
reflection.
2.REFRACTION - is the ability of light to bend when it passes a semi-
transparent or transparent object. When light enters a denser from one
that is less dense, it bends.
3.Light travels in straight lines.
4.The Properties of Lights
-Reflection
-Refraction
5.Light enables us to see the beautiful things around us. 6.Light can
be manipulated by knowing its different properties.
7. The loudness of a sound refers to how strong the sound seems to us
when it reaches our ears
8. Sound is a type of energy made by vibrations.
9. The softness and/ or loudness of sound is called volume.
10. Loudness is a measure of how strong a sound seems to us.
11. If we apply greater force in an object, we produce soft sounds.

ASSESSMENT
A. Read each question very carefully. Select the letter of the
correct answer.

1.What affects the speed of sound as it travels?

A. Person receiving it. C. The origin of the sound.
B. The nature of materials. D. Loudness of the sound.
2. Which of the following statements about sound is CORRECT?
A. Sound cannot travel through a solid.
B. Sound travels faster in air than in liquids.
C. Sound travels faster in solids than in air.
D. The travel of sound is not affected by the medium through which it
travels.
3. Which of the following produce soft sound?
A. Drum set B. whistle C. jet D.
buzzing bee
4. Which of the following produces the loudest sound?
A. jet B. piano C. telephone D.
cry of a baby
5. Why does sound become weaker or fainter as it moves away from the
observer?
 A. The sound is lowered by the operator.
B. The sound spreads to cover the smaller area.
C. The sound spreads to cover a larger area.
D. The sound is already absorbed by the environment.
6. Which pair of words is true?
A. Flute: loudest sound C. whisper: soft sound
B. Cricket : no sound D. ambulance siren : soft
sound
7. Which is TRUE about the characteristics of sound?
A. Sound could either be soft or loud.
B. The loudness of sound decreases as it moves nearer the observer.
C. Sound is not heard when it is exactly on the same spot as the
listener.
D. The loudness of sound increases as it moves away from the
observer.
8. When we are in the classroom, which of the following sound may reach our
ears first?
A. Sound from tapping the table.
B. Ring of the bell from the Principal’s Office.
C. Whisper of your classmates seated behind the room.
D. Chirps of the bird in a nearby acacia tree.
9. Which of the following statement is true?
A. Light always travel in a straight line.
B. Sound travels faster in air than in solid.
C. Heat transfer through liquid is called radiation.
D. Sound cannot travel through the air.
10. What happens to the loudness of the sound as one goes away from it?

A. Remains the same. C. Decrease gradually.

B. Increase gradually. D. Fades abruptly

B.Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong.

____________11. Light travels in a zigzag path.

____________12. The light cannot pass through a cardboard because the cardboard
block the path light.
____________13. Accident may happen during night time because the light is not
focused on the road especially when it bump or is being blocked by objects in the
road.
____________14. Light travels in a straight light when it passes through a single
medium.
_____________15. The light that strikes a thick cardboard bends and find another
way to pass through
_____________16. Light rays could not be blocked and could pass through all types
of materials since they travel on the straight line.
_____________17. Light can be reflected if it is directed towards a mirror.
_____________18. Refraction is the bouncing back of light that strikes a clear
surface.
_____________19. The loudness of the sound decreases as we move away from the
source.
_____________20. The loudness of a sound increases as we move away from the source of
the sound.

KEY
REFERENCES

Books:
Science Learner’s Material (2015), Lexicon Press
Balatbat, FF. (2017). Science Links. Rex Bookstore
Sarte E et.al, (2015). Science in our World. Vibal Publishing House

Electronic Sources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nR5EarZ2iSg&t=17s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skGmQC87Bvg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_xZZt99MzY&t=98s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-xKZKxXuu0&t=58s