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Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1398 – 1404

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© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016
Keywords: 1HROLWKLFFDQRQRIDUFKLWHFWXUHDUFKHW\SHRIVDQFWXDU\1HROLWKLFWHPSOHFXOWEXLOGLQJFXOWHQFORVXUH



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1877-7058 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.600
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