AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

1
SEM 2017-2018
 1. understand the importance of your decisions when designing
research and the need to achieve methodological coherence
throughout your research design;
2. explain the differences between quantitative, qualitative and
mixed methods research designs and choose between these;
3. explain the differences between exploratory, descriptive,
explanatory and evaluative research;
4. identify the main research strategies and choose from among
these to achieve coherence throughout your research design;

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

2
SEM 2017-2018
 5. consider the implications of the time frames required for
different research designs;

6. consider some of the main ethical issues implied by your

research design;

7. understand criteria to evaluate research quality and consider

these when designing your research;

8. consider the constraints of your role as researcher when

designing your research.

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

3
SEM 2017-2018
 Research design is the way a research
question and objectives are
operationalised into a research project.

The research design process involves a

series of decisions that need to combine
into a coherent research project.

Research design will be informed by your

research philosophy.

A choice has to be made to use

quantitative or qualitative methods, or
both, to create a mono method, multi-
method or mixed methods research design.

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st 4

SEM 2017-2018
AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st 5
SEM 2017-2018
 • Quantitative
• Qualitative
• Mixed Methods

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

6
SEM 2017-2018
AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st
7
SEM 2017-2018
 Quantitative methods emphasize objective
measurements and the statistical,
mathematical, or numerical analysis of
data collected through polls,
questionnaires, and surveys, or by
manipulating pre-existing statistical data
using computational techniques.

Quantitative research focuses on

gathering numerical data and generalizing
it across groups of people or to explain a
particular phenomenon.

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st 8

SEM 2017-2018
 Research Approach to Characteristics Research
Philosophy Theory Strategies
Development
Positivism Deductive Examines Survey
relationships
between
variables
Pre-determined The focus is on Measured Experimental
& highly using data to test numerically
structured data theory Analysed using
collection statistical
techniques software
Quantitative research consists of those studies in which the data concerned
can be analysed in terms of numbers

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

9
SEM 2017-2018
 Qualitative Research is primarily
exploratory research.

It is used to gain an understanding of

underlying reasons, opinions, and
motivations.

It provides insights into the problem or

helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for
potential quantitative research.

Qualitative Research is also used to

uncover trends in thought and opinions,
and dive deeper into the problem.

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st 10

SEM 2017-2018
 Research Approach to Characteristics Research
Philosophy Theory Strategies
Development
Interpretive Inductive Studies participants Action Research
meaning & the
relationships
between them
Researcher needs to Naturalistic & Use variety of data Case Study Research
make sense of the Emergent research collection techniques
subjective and design is used to and analystical Narrative Research
socially constructed build theory or procedures to
meanings expressed develop richer develop framework
about the theoretical and theoretical
phenomenon being perspective than contribution.
studied. already exist in Data collection is Ethnography
literature. non-standardised
Grounded Theory

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

11
SEM 2017-2018
 Mixed methods is the branch of
MULTIPLE METHODS RESEARCH that
combines the use of Quantitative and
Qualitative data collection techniques and
analytical procedures.

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

12
SEM 2017-2018
 Research Approach to Characteristics Research
Philosophy Theory Strategies
Development
Realism Deductive & Quantitative & Different
Inductive Qualitative are combinations of
combined mixed research
methods lead to
various research
designs
Pragmatism Test theoretical Refer figure 5.3 page Concurent
proposition, followed 170 triangulation,
by further concurrent
quantitative or embedded design
qualitative research etc
to develop a richer
theoretical
understanding.

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

13
SEM 2017-2018
AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st 14
SEM 2017-2018
 There is an Researcher may
external, objective use Quantitative
reality to the world Analysis of
in which we live, officially
they way we published data
interprets and
understands it will
be affected by our
particular social Critical
conditioning
Realists
Then followed by
Qualitative
Research
methods to
explore
perceptions

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

15
SEM 2017-2018
 INITIAL EXPLORATORY DISCUSSIONS
NEGITIATE ACCESS/AGREE OF SCOPE OF
SENIOR MANAGERS
PROJECT

INDIVIDUAL IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS

TO ESTABLISH THE ISSUES & HELP TO
28 EMPLOYED STAFF
INFORM CONTENT OF THE QUESTIONNAIES

QUESTIONNAIRES
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF EMPLOYEES DATA ANALYSED

PRESENTATION TO GROUPS OF EMPLOYEES

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st 16

SEM 2017-2018
 • Exploratory
• Descriptive
• Explanatory
• Evaluative
• Combined

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st 17

SEM 2017-2018
 An exploratory study is a
valuable means to ask OPEN
WHAT
QUESTIONS to discover what is
HOW
happening and gain insights
about a topic of interest

Exploratory is particular
useful

To clarify your understanding

of an ISSUE, PROBLEM, or
PHENOMENON

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st 18

SEM 2017-2018
 WHO The purpose of DESCRIPTIVE is to gain
WHAT accurate profile of events, persons, or
WHERE situations
WHEN
HOW

An extension of a piece of
Exploratory research or a
forerunner to a piece of
Explanatory Research

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

19
SEM 2017-2018
 CAUSAL

Studies that establish CAUSAL

relationships between variables

Study a SITUATION or PROBLEM in

WHY or HOW order to explain the relationships
between variables

OR
Collect Qualitative data to explain the
reasons why customers of the company
rarely pay their bills according to
prescribed payment terms

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

20
SEM 2017-2018
EVALUATIVE
UNDERSTANDING:
Questions asked during
data collections; The purpose of EVALUATIVE
1. What RESEARCH is to find out how well
2. How something works.
3. Why
Evaluative is likely to be concerned with
EVALUATIVE STUDY: assessing the effectiveness of an
1. Make comparisons organisational or business strategy, policy,
between events, programme, initiatives or process.
situations, groups,
places, period
• MARKETING CAMPAIGN
• PERSONNEL POLICY
• COSTING STRATEGY
• DELIVERY OF SUPPORT SERVICE
WHICH
WHEN
WHO
WHERE
AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st 21
SEM 2017-2018
A research may combine more than one
purpose of its design. This may be achieved
by the use of mixed methods in the
research design

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st 22

SEM 2017-2018
 1. Logic of Triangulation. The findings from one type of study can be checked
against the findings deriving from the other type. For example the results of a
qualitative investigation might be checked against a quantitative study.
2. Qualitative research facilitates Quantitative research. Qualitative
research may: help to provide background information on context and subjects;
act as a source of hypotheses; aid scale construction.
3. Quantitative research facilitates Qualitative research. Usually this
means quantitative research helping with the choice of subjects for a qualitative
investigation.
4. Quantitative and Qualitative research are combined in order to
provide a general picture. Quantitative research may be employed to plug
the gaps in a qualitative study which arise because, for example the researcher
cannot be in more than one place at any one time. Or if not all issues are
amenable solely to a quantitative or a qualitative investigation.
5. Structure and Process. Quantitative research is especially efficient at
getting at the structural features of social life while qualitative studies are usually
stronger on process aspects.

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

SEM 2017-2018 23
6. Researchers' and subjects' perspectives. Quantitative research is usually
driven by the researcher's concerns, whereas qualitative research takes the
subject's perspective.
7. Problem of Generality. The addition of some quantitative evidence may help
generalizability.
8. Qualitative research may facilitate the interpretation of
relationships between variables. Quantitative research readily allows the
researcher to establish relationships among variables, but is often weak when it
comes to exploring the reasons for those relationships. A qualitative study can be
used to explain th efactors underlying the broad relationships.
9. Relationship between Macro and Micro levels. Employing both
quantitative and qualitative research may provide a means of bridging the macro-
micro gulf. Qualitative research can tap large-scale structural features of social life
while qualitative research tends to address small-scale behavioural aspects.
10. Stage in the Research Process. Use at different stages of a longitudinal
study.
11. Hybrids. Use of qualitative research is a quasi-experimental quantitative
study.
AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st
(Adapted from Punch, 1998: 247) SEM 2017-2018 24
 Exploratory Descriptive Explanatory
Degree of Problem
Definition Key Variables not Key variables are Key variables & key
defined defined relationships are
defined

“Quality of service is What have been the Which of tow training

declining & we don’t trends in organisational programmes is more
know why” downsizing over the effective for reducing
Possible Situations past ten years? labour turnover?
Would people be Did last year’s product Can I predict the value
Zikmund, interested in our new recall have an impact of energy stocks if I
Babin, product idea? on our company's share know the current
price dividends & growth
Carr & Griffin
rates of dividends'?
(2013)
How important is Has the average merger Do buyers prefer our
business process re- rate for financial product in a new
engineering as a institutions increased package?
strategy? in the past decade?

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

25
SEM 2017-2018
 A form of research that owes much to the natural sciences,
although it features strongly in psychological and social
science research.

The purpose of an experiment is to study the probability of a change

in an INDEPENDENT variable causing another change in DEPENDENT
variable

TYPES OF TABLE 5.2

VARIABLES Page 179

26
AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st
 The opposite
of what you
are testing

The claim
you are
testing
AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st
27
SEM 2017-2018
 The survey strategy is
always associated with
DEDUCTIVE approach
and answer Qs of:
What
Who
Where
How Much
How Many

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st 28

SEM 2017-2018
Categories of textual documents:

1. COMMUNICATIONS between individual-emails, letter, social media

and blog posting

2. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS- diaries, electronic calendars and notes

3. ORGANISATIONAL SOURCES-administrative records, agenda,

minutes of meetings, agreements, contracts, memos, personnel
records, etc

4. GOVERNMENT SOURCES- publications, reports and national

statistics

5. MEDIA SOURCES- printed and online articles etc

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st
29
SEM 2017-2018
 A case study is an IN-DEPTH INQUIRY
into a topic or phenomenon within its real-
life setting …Yin (2014)

May refer to a person, a group, an organisation, an association,

a change process, an event, as well as others.

A case within Leading to rich,

has the capacity to generate
empirical descriptions
a real-life insights from intensive &
and the development
setting in-depth research
of theory

Contextual
variables are
highly controlled
AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st
30
SEM 2017-2018
 H
The study of CULTURE or SOCIAL
world of a group

The underlying purpose of

ethnographic research is to
describe what the people in
some particular place or status
ordinarily do, and the
meanings they ascribe to what
they do…..(Wolcott, 1999, p.
68)
Hammersley &
Atkinson, 1995. p.1

Ethnographer participating OVERTLY or

COVERTLY in people’s daily life for an
extended period of time, watching what
happens, listening to what is said………to
throw light on the issue that are the focus
AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st of research
31
SEM 2017-2018
AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st
32
SEM 2017-2018
 REALIST INTERPRETIVE CRITICAL
ETHNOGRAPHY ETHNOGRAPHY ETHNOGRAPHY

Believes in Has a RADICAL

OBJECTIVITY purpose designed
Places much
, factual to explore &
greater stress on
reporting, and explain the
SUBJECTIVE
identifying impact of power,
impressions than
true meanings privilege &
objectivity
authority on
those who are
subject to these
Shopalongs influences or
Types of Mobile ethnography marginalised by
Ethnography Netnography them.
Ethnophotography

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

SEM 2017-2018
33
Action research is an emergent and iterative process of
inquiry that is designed to develop solutions to real
organisational problems through a participative and
collaborative approach, which uses different form of
knowledge, which will have implications for
participants and the organisation beyond the projects

To promote organisational learning to

produce practical outcomes through
identifying issues, planning action, taking
actions and evaluating action

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st 34

SEM 2017-2018
 The Three
Cycles of the
Action
Research
Spiral

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

35
SEM 2017-2018
 R
Refers to the data collection techniques
and analytic procedures that it uses EO
GT was developed by Glaser & Strauss (1967)
Methodological
approach, a
Used to develop theoretical
method
explanations of social of inquiry and
interactions & processes the result
of a research
Straus & Corbin 1998
process
Coding: Bryant & Charmaz 2007
1. Open
2. Axial Grounded Theory Concurrent
3. Selective
collection & analysis
of data
Charmaz 2006

Initial Coding Memo

Focused Coding Writing
BOX 5.9 page
196
AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st
36
SEM 2017-2018
AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st
37
SEM 2017-2018
 An account of an experience that is
A story; a
told in a sequenced way, indicating a
personal account
flow of related events that taken
which interprets
together are significant for narrator
an event or
and which convey meaning to the
sequence of
researcher
events

Narrative inquiry uses field texts, such as

stories, autobiography, journals, field
notes, letters, conversations, interviews,
family stories, photos, and life experience,
as the units of analysis to research and
understand the way people create meaning
in their lives as narratives.

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

38
SEM 2017-2018
A Classical Experiment Strategy

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

39
SEM 2017-2018
 CROSS
LONGITUDINAL
SECTIONAL

Study of Data
particular collected
phenomenon over
at a extended
particular period of
time time

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

40
SEM 2017-2018
Will be covered in
chapter 6

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

41
SEM 2017-2018
Reliability Validity
Reliability refers to Validity refers to the
replication and appropriateness
consistency of the measures used, accuracy
of analysis of the results and
generalisability of the findings

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

42
SEM 2017-2018
 R
U ES
RESEARCH
DESIGN

AP DR YUHANIS ABDUL AZIZ: 1st

43
SEM 2017-2018