EQUATIONS

You may find the following equations useful.

energy transferred = current × voltage × time E = I×V×t

1 1
frequency = f=
time period T
work done W
power = P=
time taken t
energy transferred W
power = P=
time taken t
2π × orbital radius 2×π×r
orbital speed = V=
time period T

(final speed)2 = (initial speed)2 + (2 × acceleration × distance moved)

v2 = u2 + (2 ×a ×s)

pressure × volume = constant p1 × V1 = p2 × V2

pressure p1 p2
= constant =
temperature T1 T2

Where necessary, assume the acceleration of free fall, g = 10 m/s2.

6
1 Planets and comets in our Solar System orbit the Sun.

(a) Which force causes planets and comets to orbit the Sun?
(1)

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(b) The diagram shows the orbits of a planet and a comet around the Sun.
[not to scale]

. . . . ..................................

......................................

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(i) On the diagram, label the planet, the comet and the Sun.
(1)

(ii) Explain why it is possible for a planet and a comet in our Solar System to collide.(2)

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(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)

2 The photograph shows a fuel delivery at a petrol station.

Source: Jeeferson Siegel, New York Daily News

(a) Explain how a fuel tanker can become electrically charged while it is moving.
(2)

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(b) Pumping fuel from an electrically-charged tanker can be dangerous.

(i) Describe a possible danger of pumping fuel from an electrically-charged tanker.(1)

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(ii) The driver connects an earth wire to the fuel tanker before pumping fuel.
Explain how connecting the earth wire reduces the possible dangers.

(2)
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(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

3 Liquid helium boils at 4.2 K.
(a) Convert 4.2 K to a temperature in qC.
(1)

temperature = .............................................................. qC

(b) Liquid helium boils to form helium gas.

(i) State two ways in which the arrangement and motion of the molecules change
as the helium becomes a gas.
(2)

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(ii) The average kinetic energy of the molecules in helium gas depends on its
Kelvin temperature.
Sketch a graph on the axes below to show this relationship.
(2)

average
kinetic energy

0
0
temperature in Kelvin
 (c) Some air is trapped in a narrow glass tube so that its pressure remains constant.

end of tube open

to atmosphere

narrow glass tube

liquid

column of
trapped air

Describe how this apparatus can be used to investigate the relationship between
the temperature and the volume of air at constant pressure.
You may add to the diagram to help your answer.
(4)

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(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

4 An unstable isotope of strontium has a half-life of 28.8 years. It is
a beta emitter and can be represented by this symbol.

90
Sr
38

(a) (i) What is the mass number of this isotope?

(1)

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(ii) Explain the meaning of the term half-life.

(2)

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(iii) A person can absorb strontium atoms, which stay in their bones.

Explain why strontium-90 in the bones is a serious health hazard.

(2)

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 (b) When a strontium-90 nucleus emits a beta particle, it decays to form yttrium-90.

(i) Complete the equation for this decay.

(2)

90

Sr o Y  ȕ–
38 39

(ii) Yttrium-90 is also an unstable isotope.

Explain why strontium-90 and yttrium-90 can both be described as isotopes,
even though they have different numbers of protons.
(2)

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(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)

5 The chart lists some electromagnetic radiations.

visible
radio microwave infrared ultraviolet x-ray gamma
light

(a) Complete the table by giving one radiation from the chart for each use.
You may give each type of radiation once, more than once or not at all.
(3)

Use for radiation Type of radiation

cooking

treating cancer

identifying broken bones

(b) All types of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun are emitted with
(1)

A the same amplitude

B the same frequency
C the same speed
D the same wavelength
(c) William Herschel was a scientist who investigated infrared radiation.
He passed electromagnetic radiation from the Sun through a triangular glass prism.
The prism refracted different radiations by different amounts.
The paths of yellow and blue visible light rays are shown in the diagram.

radiation from the Sun

prism

yellow light

blue light

(i) Add to the diagram to show how the prism refracts an infrared ray.
(2)
(ii) William Herschel used a thermometer to detect infrared radiation.
He coloured the surface of his thermometer to make it more effective.
Which colour surface would work best?
(1)
A black
B red
C silver
D white

(Total for Question 5 = 7 marks)

6 An ice skater throws a 0.23 kg snowball with a velocity of 13 m/s.

snowball
13 m/s

ice

(a) (i) State the equation linking momentum, mass and velocity.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the initial momentum of the snowball.

(2)

initial momentum = ....................................................................... kg m/s

(b) When the skater throws the snowball forwards, she slides backwards on the ice.
Explain why she moves in this direction.
(3)

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 (c) The skater wears soft knee pads that compress easily.

Explain how the pads protect her knees when she falls on the ice.
(3)

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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 9 marks)

7 The photographs show how an electric toothbrush fits on its charger.

The charger and the toothbrush each have a coil of wire inside them.
The diagram shows how the two coils are linked by a U-shaped core.

coil in charger

coil in toothbrush

input
output

U-shaped core in charger

 This arrangement of core and coils acts as a transformer that reduces voltage.

(a) (i) Name the type of transformer that reduces voltage.

(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain why the core is made of a soft magnetic material, such as iron.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) State the equation linking the input (primary) and output (secondary) voltages
and the turns ratio of a transformer.
(1)

(ii) The transformer has 520 primary turns and 30 secondary turns.
The input voltage to the transformer is 44 V.
Calculate the output voltage.
(2)

output voltage = ............................................... V

 (c) (i) The alternating current in the transformer has a frequency of 27 000 Hz.
The toothbrush vibrates at the same frequency when it is being charged.

Explain why these vibrations cannot be heard.

(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) A circuit in the toothbrush delivers regular pulses of direct current.

There is a pulse every 1.5 ms.
Calculate the frequency of the pulses.
(2)

frequency = ............................................... Hz

(Total for Question 7 = 10 marks)

8 The particles in the different states of matter behave differently.

(a) Draw a straight line linking each state of matter with the description of its particles.
(2)

state of matter description of particles

close together, moving about and

solid
can slide past one another

far apart, moving quickly and at

liquid
random

close together, vibrating about

gas
fixed positions
 (b) Ethyne is a substance that is a gas at room temperature.
At a temperature of –81qC, ethyne can exist as a solid, a liquid or a gas.
This temperature is called the triple point of ethyne.

(i) Complete the table by giving the missing temperatures.

(2)

Temperature in qC Temperature in kelvin

room temperature 291

triple point of ethyne –81

(ii) State what happens to the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules as the
temperature is lowered from room temperature to the triple point of ethyne.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) State what happens to the volume of an ethyne molecule when the gas
changes to a solid at the triple point.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 8 = 6 marks)

9 A foghorn makes a loud, low-pitched warning sound when a ship is moving in fog.

(a) What is the relationship between the frequency of a sound wave and the pitch of
the sound?
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The foghorn emits sound waves with a frequency of 160 Hz.
The speed of sound is 340 m/s.
(i) State the equation linking wave speed, frequency and wavelength.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the wavelength of these sound waves.

(2)

wavelength = .............................................. m
 (c) A student investigates how the speed of sound in air varies with temperature.
The student’s results are shown on the graph.

speed of sound
in m/s
345

340

335

330

325

320
–20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 20
temperature in qC

(i) Draw a straight line of best fit on the graph.

(1)
(ii) Use the graph to find the speed of sound when the air temperature is 20 qC.
(2)

speed of sound = .............................................. m/s

(d) The air temperature decreases while the foghorn continues to emit sound waves
with a frequency of 160 Hz.
Explain how this decrease in temperature affects the wavelength of the sound
waves.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

(Total for Question 9 = 9 marks)

10 A direct current passes around a flat, circular coil as shown.

On the diagram, sketch the magnetic field caused by the current in the coil.
(2)

to d.c. power supply

(Total for Question 10 = 2 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS