Professional Documents
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RE
TEMPERATURE
Temperature is measure of hotness or coldness of an
object.
Temperature is measured by using thermometer.
The units of temperature are: Kelvin (K), degree
Celsius (°C) and Fahrenheit (F).
Thermocouple thermometer
1. Laboratory thermometer
Laboratory thermometer is used to measure the temperature
different things while doing experiments.
The laboratory thermometer shown below, the liquid in the
bulb expands when the temperature rises. The tube is made
narrow so that a small increase in volume of liquid produces a
large movement along the tube.
So which means in laboratory thermometer the physical
property varies with temperature is volume of the liquid.
Main design features Purpose or working principle
1 The mercury or alcohol is contain Thin wall of the bulb allow s
in a thin wall glass bulb conduction of heat quickly through
the glass (a poor conductor of heat)
to the liquid.
2 Bulb is made small to contain a Small amount of liquid will be more
small amount of liquid. responsive to heat
3 The bore of capillary tube is fine The fine tube allows noticeable
and uniform movement of the liquid for small
change in temperature, (i.e. good
sensitivity). The uniform tube
ensures even expansion of the
liquid.
4 The walls of the long tube above This acts as a magnifying glass for
the bulb are made thick and easy reading of the mercury thread
circular shape. in the stem.
5 The size of the thermometer is The small size allows it to be
relatively small. portable and also cheap to produce.
2. Clinical thermometer
Clinical thermometers are used to measure the
temperature of human body in hospitals.
In clinical thermometer also the physical
property varies with temperature is volume of
the liquid.
Main design features Purpose of working principles
1 The glass wall of the bulb is thin Thin wall of the bulb allow s conduction
of heat quickly through the glass (a poor
conductor of heat) to the liquid.
Range
The span of temperature that the thermometer can measure.
Example: For laboratory thermometer, −10°C to 110°C
For clinical thermometer, 35°C to 42 °C
Sensitivity, linearity and range of liquid-glass-thermometers
Linearity
The liquid of the thermometer expands linearly with increase
in temperature.
For the same increase in temperature, the length of mercury
thread increased by the same amount.
3. Thermocouple thermometer
Thermocouple thermometer is used to measure very high
temperatures in industries. It make use of physical property
varies with temperature is electromotive force (e.m.f).
Thermocouple has two junctions hot and cold junctions. To use
thermocouple its ends are connected to a sensitive voltmeter. The
one junction is place in melting ice at 0°C while other end is placed
in object whose temperature is measured. The voltmeter shows the
reading. The greater the voltage produce, the bigger difference in
temperatures between two junctions. The thermocouple must be
calibrate so that the temperature can be deduce from voltage.
Calibrating thermometer scale
First put the unmarked thermometer into the ice and wait until
the liquid of the thermometer becomes steady. When it
becomes steady by using marker mark that point, which is ice
point or lower fixed point.
After that put the unmarked thermometer into the boiling
water and wait until the liquid of the thermometer becomes
steady. When it becomes steady by using marker mark that
point, which is steam point or upper fixed point.