HEAT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES – UNDERSTANDING THE TERMS HEAT AND TEMPERATURE AND THEIR
UNITS

LEARNING OUTCOMES – SWBAT

• DEFINE HEAT
• DEFINE TEMPERATURE
• UNITS TO MEASURE HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

CULTURAL TARGETS
RESPECT THE SPEAKER, RAISE HAND BEFORE SPEAKING

FLOW OF THE CLASS

• DEFINITION OF HEAT
• UNIT OF HEAT
• TEMPERATURE AND UNIT
• SPECIFIC HEAT
 HEAT
Heat is a form of energy which gives us sensation of hotness
or coldness.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uyg1sa0HxPA&list=WL&
index=7&t=1s
The heat of a substance is a measure of the total kinetic
energy of atoms and the molecules of the substance.
Why it takes more time to heat 200ml of water than 100ml of
water?

200ml of water has more molecules than 100 ml of water. So to

give double the molecules the same kinetic energy, it requires
more heat and hence more time.

UNIT OF HEAT

SI Unit is Joules (J)

Other Unit - Calorie
 TEMPERATURE
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of the substance.

UNIT OF TEMPERATURE
SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K)
Other Unit - Celsius, Fahrenheit
 Thermometer

Thermometer (thermos: hot; metron: measure) is the universal

instrument used to measure temperature.

Two types of Thermometers

1. Clinical Thermometer
2. Laboratory Thermometer
 Laboratory Thermometer
Construction
1. It consists of a very fine capillary tube protected by a
thick glass tube.
2. The lower end of the capillary tube contains bulb made
of glass filled with mercury.
3. The glass tube is marked in ˚C or ˚F.
4. The commonly used laboratory thermometer have a
range from -10˚C to 110˚C.

Working
When the thermometer is in contact with a hot body, the
mercury in the capillary tube expands and rises up.

When the thermometer is in contact with a cold body, the

mercury in the capillary tube contracts and falls down.
Laboratory Thermometer
Since clinical thermometers have a short range
therefore laboratory thermometers are used to
measure temperature other than the human
body.

Laboratory thermometer Uses:

● Designed for lab purposes
● Checking the boiling point
● Checking freezing point
● Checking the temperature of other
substances/solvents/solutions in labs.
 Range of Laboratory Thermometer
Range of any instrument is the lowest and highest value that instrument can
measure. Generally Laboratory thermometers have a range from -10˚C to 110˚C.

Least Count of Laboratory Thermometer

Least count of any instrument is the gap between its
two small scale divisions.
Least count = Difference between two long graduations
Number of divisions between them
 Precautions to be taken while using laboratory thermometer
1. Thermometer should not touch the
base and the walls of the beaker. It
should be completely dipped in the
solution whose temperature is to be
measured.
2. Keep the thermometer in an upright
position.
3. Read the temperature of the object
when the thermometer is in the
substance.
4. Measure the temperature by keeping
eye level on the mercury level.
 Clinical Thermometer

● Clinical thermometers are used for measuring the human body temperature.
● It is a long narrow capillary tube with a bulb containing mercury at the end.
● The level of mercury tells our body temperature in ˚C.
● Clinical Thermometer has a kink in the capillary tube just above the bulb which
prevents mercury from falling down when clinical thermometer is removed
from the mouth so that accurate body temperature can be noted from it.
● The range of clinical thermometer is from 35˚C to 42˚C.The normal human
body temperature is 37˚C or 98.6˚F.
● Since mercury is a toxic element, thus these thermometers have been
replaced by digital thermometers nowadays.
How to use Clinical Thermometer

• The thermometer is washed with water at a normal temperature.

• It is given a few jerks. We notice that the jerks bring the level of
mercury down. We ensure that it falls below the 37⁰C mark or the
98⁰F mark, the normal human body temperature.
• The thermometer is then kept under the tongue or the arms to get
the reading on the thermometer.
• The thermometer is then held horizontally in the line of sight so that
it can be read correctly.
Precautions to be taken while using Clinical Thermometer

• The thermometer should be washed before and after the use, preferably with an
antiseptic solution.
• Ensure that the mercury level is below 35∘ C.
• Read the thermometer keeping the level of the mercury along the line of sight.
• Do not hold the thermometer bulb while reading.
• Handle the thermometer with care, if it hits a hard object it will break.
• Avoid keeping the thermometer in the sun or near the flame, it may break.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNDERSTANDING THE METHOD AND DIRECTION OF TRANSFER OF HEAT, MEANING AND
APPLICATIONS OF CONDUCTION

SUCCESS CRITERIA – IWBAT

• TELL THE DIRECTION OF TRANSFER OF HEAT
• DEFINE CONDUCTION
• DEFINE GOOD AND BAD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT
• EXPLAIN APPLICATIONS OF GOOD AND BAD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT

CULTURAL TARGETS
I WILL RESPECT THE SPEAKER
I WILL RAISE SILENT HAND BEFORE ASKING QUESTION
FLOW OF THE CLASS

• TRANSFER OF HEAT AND DIRECTION OF FLOW OF HEAT – 5Mins

• CONDUCTION – 13 MINS
• GOOD AND BAD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT – 10 MINS
• APPLICATIONS – 7 MINS
 TRANSFER OF HEAT

DIRECTION OF FLOW OF HEAT

FROM HOT TO COLD

THREE WAYS OF TRANSFER OF HEAT

1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
 CONDUCTION
Conduction is the process of transfer of heat in a body from the
hotter end to the colder end without any actual movement of the
molecules from one place to another. Molecules just vibrate at their
own places.
 EXPERIMENT FOR CONDUCTION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JH-ki-uq3U&t=70s
CONDITIONS FOR THE CONDUCTION OF HEAT

Heat can be conducted from one body to another only when they are
a) in contact with each other
b) at different temperatures
Why conduction can occur easily in solids, less easily in liquids but
hardly at all in gases?
This is because in solids atoms are closely packed. So when one
atom vibrate others also vibrate and in the gas atoms are too far
apart to affect each other.

Why conduction cannot happen in vacuum?

It cannot occur in a vacuum as there are no particles which can
vibrate.
 GOOD CONDUCTORS AND BAD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT

Good conductors- Material that allow heat to pass through them

easily are called good conductors of heat.
Metals are good conductors of heat as they have free electrons.

Bad conductors – Material that do not allow heat to pass through

them easily are called bad conductors of heat.
For example wool, plastic, air etc
Why we wear woollen clothes in winters?
Wool is a bad conductor of heat and also woollen fibres have lot of
air trapped inside them. Air is a poor conductor of heat so it will not
allow body heat to go out.

Which of the two will keep us more warm in winters: wearing one
thick woollen blanket or two thin woollen blankets?

How false ceiling keeps the room warm during winters and cool
during summers?
Why slabs of ice are covered with gunny bags?

Walls and the doors of refrigerator have two layers, with

insulating material in the middle. Why?

Why eskimos make double- walled houses called igloos using

blocks of ice?

Why cooking utensils are generally made up of metals and their

handles are made up of wood and plastic?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNDERSTANDING THE METHOD OF CONVECTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

SUCCESS CRITERIA – IWBAT

• DEFINE CONVECTION
• EXPLAIN THE APPLICATIONS OF CONVECTION
• EXPLAIN SEA AND LAND BREEZE

CULTURAL TARGETS
I WILL RESPECT THE SPEAKER
I WILL RAISE SILENT HAND BEFORE ASKING QUESTION

FLOW OF THE CLASS

• MEANING OF CONVECTION – 5Mins
• EXPERIMENT SHOWING CONVECTION – 10 MINS
• SEA BREEZE AND LAND BREEZE – 10 MINS
• APPLICATIONS OF CONVECTION – 5 MINS
 CONVECTION
The process of transfer of heat in liquid or gas by the actual
movement of particles of the liquid or gas is called convection.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDBqlk5wxCo&list=WL&index=1
Why convection takes place only in liquids and gases not in solids?
In liquids and gases heat is transferred by convection as their
molecules are quite free to move. The molecules of solids are closely
packed and their movement is not possible so convection cannot
takes place in solids.
Why ventilators and exhaust fans are provided near the ceiling?
The air we breathe out is hot and it rises up and escapes through the
ventilator and fresh air comes in through window.
 SEA BREEZE

• During the day time, land heats up

more quickly than the sea water.
• Thus, the air above the land surface,
being heated, expands and rises up.
• The cooler air above the sea surface
blows towards the land to take its
place.
• This cool air from the sea blowing
towards the land is called sea breeze.
 LAND BREEZE

• Land loses heat faster than the sea.

At night, the land cools more quickly
than the sea.
• Thus, the air above the sea being
warmer, rises up and the cooler air
from above the land surface flows
towards the sea to take its place.
• The cool air from the land moves
towards the sea. This is called land
breeze.
 SEA BREEZE LAND BREEZE

It occurs during day. It occurs during

night.
Hot air rises from the Hot air rises from the
land. sea.
Cool air moves from Cool air moves from
sea towards the land. land towards the sea.
 RADIATION
Radiation is a process of transfer of heat from a hot body to cold
body without affecting the medium.
Radiation needs no medium.
Note:
1.All objects radiate infrared rays, but hotter objects radiate
more infrared energy and radiate infrared radiation of
shorter wavelength.
Less hot objects radiate infrared radiations of longer
wavelength.
Infrared radiations from the sun
(shorter wavelength) can pass
through glass in a Greenhouse but
the longer wavelength infrared
radiation from the ground and the
plants inside the greenhouse cannot
pass back out through the glass.
Infrared radiation is trapped and
warms the contents of the
greenhouse.
2. Absorbing power or reflecting power of any substance
depends upon
a.Nature of its surface - Shiny, smooth surfaces are better
reflectors, while dull, rough surfaces are better absorbers.
b.The colour of the object -Dark coloured objects are good
absorbers of heat whereas light colour object are good
reflectors of heat.
 
NAME THE PROCESS OF TRANSFER OF HEAT IN THE FOLLOWING
PICTURES
NAME THE PROCESSES OF TRANSFER OF HEAT IN THE FOLLOWING
PICTURES
 THERMO FLASK
Thermo flask is a special type of vessel which keeps hot liquid ‘hot’ and cold liquid ‘cold’
for a long time.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNDERSTANDING THE METHOD AND DIRECTION OF TRANSFER OF HEAT, MEANING AND
APPLICATIONS OF CONDUCTION

SUCCESS CRITERIA – IWBAT

• TELL THE DIRECTION OF TRANSFER OF HEAT
• DEFINE CONDUCTION
• DEFINE GOOD AND BAD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT
• EXPLAIN APPLICATIONS OF GOOD AND BAD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT

CULTURAL TARGETS
I WILL RESPECT THE SPEAKER
I WILL RAISE SILENT HAND BEFORE ASKING QUESTION
FLOW OF THE CLASS

• TRANSFER OF HEAT AND DIRECTION OF FLOW OF HEAT – 5Mins

• CONDUCTION – 13 MINS
• GOOD AND BAD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT – 10 MINS
• APPLICATIONS – 7 MINS
 TRANSFER OF HEAT

DIRECTION OF FLOW OF HEAT

FROM HOT TO COLD

THREE WAYS OF TRANSFER OF HEAT

1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
 CONDUCTION
Conduction is the process of transfer of heat in a body from the
hotter end to the colder end without any actual movement of the
molecules from one place to another. Molecules just vibrate at their
own places.
 EXPERIMENT FOR CONDUCTION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JH-ki-uq3U&t=70s
CONDITIONS FOR THE CONDUCTION OF HEAT

Heat can be conducted from one body to another only when they are
a) in contact with each other
b) at different temperatures
Why conduction can occur easily in solids, less easily in liquids but
hardly at all in gases?
This is because in solids atoms are closely packed. So when one
atom vibrate others also vibrate and in the gas atoms are too far
apart to affect each other.

Why conduction cannot happen in vacuum?

It cannot occur in a vacuum as there are no particles which can
vibrate.
 GOOD CONDUCTORS AND BAD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT

Good conductors- Material that allow heat to pass through them

easily are called good conductors of heat.
Metals are good conductors of heat as they have free electrons.

Bad conductors – Material that do not allow heat to pass through

them easily are called bad conductors of heat.
For example wool, plastic, air etc
Why we wear woollen clothes in winters?
Wool is a bad conductor of heat and also woollen fibres have lot of
air trapped inside them. Air is a poor conductor of heat so it will not
allow body heat to go out.

Which of the two will keep us more warm in winters: wearing one
thick woollen blanket or two thin woollen blankets?

How false ceiling keeps the room warm during winters and cool
during summers?
Why slabs of ice are covered with gunny bags?

Walls and the doors of refrigerator have two layers, with

insulating material in the middle. Why?

Why eskimos make double- walled houses called igloos using

blocks of ice?

Why cooking utensils are generally made up of metals and their

handles are made up of wood and plastic?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNDERSTANDING THE METHOD OF CONVECTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

SUCCESS CRITERIA – IWBAT

• DEFINE CONVECTION
• EXPLAIN THE APPLICATIONS OF CONVECTION
• EXPLAIN SEA AND LAND BREEZE

CULTURAL TARGETS
I WILL RESPECT THE SPEAKER
I WILL RAISE SILENT HAND BEFORE ASKING QUESTION

FLOW OF THE CLASS

• MEANING OF CONVECTION – 5Mins
• EXPERIMENT SHOWING CONVECTION – 10 MINS
• SEA BREEZE AND LAND BREEZE – 10 MINS
• APPLICATIONS OF CONVECTION – 5 MINS
 CONVECTION
The process of transfer of heat in liquid or gas by the actual
movement of particles of the liquid or gas is called convection.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDBqlk5wxCo&list=WL&index=1
Why convection takes place only in liquids and gases not in solids?
In liquids and gases heat is transferred by convection as their
molecules are quite free to move. The molecules of solids are closely
packed and their movement is not possible so convection cannot
takes place in solids.
Why ventilators and exhaust fans are provided near the ceiling?
The air we breathe out is hot and it rises up and escapes through the
ventilator and fresh air comes in through window.
 SEA BREEZE

• During the day time, land heats up

more quickly than the sea water.
• Thus, the air above the land surface,
being heated, expands and rises up.
• The cooler air above the sea surface
blows towards the land to take its
place.
• This cool air from the sea blowing
towards the land is called sea breeze.
 LAND BREEZE

• Land loses heat faster than the sea.

At night, the land cools more quickly
than the sea.
• Thus, the air above the sea being
warmer, rises up and the cooler air
from above the land surface flows
towards the sea to take its place.
• The cool air from the land moves
towards the sea. This is called land
breeze.
 SEA BREEZE LAND BREEZE

It occurs during day. It occurs during

night.
Hot air rises from the Hot air rises from the
land. sea.
Cool air moves from Cool air moves from
sea towards the land. land towards the sea.
 RADIATION
Radiation is a process of transfer of heat from a hot body or cold
body without affecting the medium.
Radiation needs no medium.
Note:
1.All objects radiate infrared rays, but hotter objects radiate
more infrared energy and radiate infrared of shorter
wavelength.
Less hot objects radiate infrared radiations of longer
wavelength.
Infrared radiations from the sun
(shorter wavelength) can pass
through glass in a Greenhouse but
the longer wavelength infrared
radiation from the ground and the
plants inside the greenhouse cannot
pass back out through the glass.
Infrared radiation is trapped and
warms the contents of the
greenhouse.
2. Absorbing power or reflecting power of any substance
depends upon
a.Nature of its surface - Shiny, smooth surfaces are better
reflectors, while dull, rough surfaces are better absorbers.
b.The colour of the object -Dark coloured objects are good
absorbers of heat whereas light colour object are good
reflectors of heat.
 
NAME THE PROCESS OF TRANSFER OF HEAT IN THE FOLLOWING
PICTURES
NAME THE PROCESSES OF TRANSFER OF HEAT IN THE FOLLOWING
PICTURES
 THERMO FLASK
Thermo flask is a special type of vessel which keeps hot liquid ‘hot’ and cold liquid ‘cold’
for a long time.