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Different scales exist to measure temperature

 Celsius (C) Scale

 Fahrenheit (F) Scale
 Kelvin (K) Scale
 Scales of Temperature…!
Reference points for measuring temperature
• Ice Point
• Steam Point
 Celsius Scale
• Ice Point 0 Termed as Centigrade scale
• Steam Point 100

• Celsius scale temperature is also called

Anders Celsius centigrade temp scale, is the scale based on 0
for freezing point and 100 for the boiling point

• Invented in 1742 by Swedish astronomer

Anders Celsius

• The intervals between freezing and boiling is

divided into 100 equal parts called degrees
Celsius (°C)

• Used in most of the world

 Fahrenheit Scale
• Ice Point 32

• Steam Point 212

• Fahrenheit scale named after German

Gabriel Fahrenheit
physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit.
• Freezing point of water is 32 degrees
• Melting point of water is 212 degrees
• Melting and boiling points of water are 180
degrees apart.
• Zero degree indicates the lowest
temperature Fahrenheit could obtain by
mixture of ice and salt.
Relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit

9
𝑇 𝐹 = 𝑇 𝐶 +32
5
𝑇 𝐶 =35
9
𝑇 𝐹 = x 35+32
5
𝑇 𝐹 =9 x 7+32
𝑇 𝐹 =63+ 32=95
Relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit
9
𝑇 𝐹 = 𝑋 𝑇 𝐶 +32
5

5
𝑥 (10− 32)=𝑇 𝐶
9
5 x (− 2 2)
=𝑇 𝐶
9
−12.2=𝑇 𝐶
 Kelvin Scale

Water freezes at 273 K

Water boils at 373 K

The kelvin scale avoids negative temperatures by

assigning 0 K to the coldest temperature possible.

0 K is called absolute zero, it is the temperature at

which molecular motion stops
 Relation between , & K

9
𝑇 𝐹 = 𝑇 𝐶 +32
5

𝐾 =𝑇 𝑐 + 273
Today’s Homework- 04/04/20
1. Gallium is a metal that can melt in your hand at 302.93 K. What
is the temperature in Celsius 

2. Body temperature is 98.6 F. What is the temperature in Celsius?

3. The average surface temperature on Mars is -63 C. What is the

temperature in Fahrenheit

4. Which temperature is hotter: 17 C or 58 F?

Topics To be covered Why do we use co
Utensils
Hot and Cold Can we use labora
Temperature
measure our body
Measurement of Temperature When you heat ai
Thermometers.
Even though diam
Heat Transfer: good conductor o
Conduction
Person A and B ar
Convection
rod respectively, i
Radiation fire, whose hand w
Clothes in Summer and Winter
In winter, which o
thick blanket or tw
Topics To be covered Why do we use copper bottom on SS Utensils

Hot and Cold Can we use laboratory thermometer to

measure our body temperature
Temperature
Measurement of Temperature
When you heat air filled balloon it bursts why
Thermometers.
Even though diamond is non-metal it is a
Heat Transfer:
good conductor of heat. Why?
Conduction
Convection Person A and B are having metal and glass
rod respectively, if they place those rods on
Radiation
fire, whose hand would burn first?
Clothes in Summer and Winter
In winter, which one do you prefer, one
thick blanket or two thin blankets?
Precautions while handling thermometer
• Handle with to prevent breaking

• Wash before and after use

• Jerk the thermometer to ensure mercury falls back below 35 before using
it
• Hold the thermometer at eye level while reading
• Do not hold the bulb while reading
 Laboratory Thermometer
Reads temperature from -10 to 110
Used to measure temperatures of various objects

Reading a Laboratory Thermometer

Reading needs to be noted while the

thermometer bulb is in contact with the object

Thermometer to be hold upright

 Precautions while handling a Lab Thermometer

Handle with care to prevent breaking

Wash before and after use
Hold thermometer such that bulb is surrounded by the object on all sides

Do not tilt the thermometer while measuring

Can we use laboratory thermometer to measure our body temperature?

YES or NO? Why?

No, As soon as laboratory thermometer is taken out, mercury falls down

Why mercury is used in thermometer?

Liquid at room temperature

High coefficient of thermal expansion
Does not stick to the walls of thermometer
Shiny appearance
Low melting point : -39 °C
High boiling point: 357 °C
Reason why mercury is preferred to alcohol
As thermometric Liquid

1. Mercury has much greater conductivity than alcohol and

expands rapidly, and indicates temperature change quickly.
Alcohol being a relatively poor conductor, expands slowly
and thus responds to temperatures changes slowly

2. Its silvery surface makes mercury opaque, and hence it can

be easily seen. Alcohol has to be colored to be easily seen.
Reason why mercury is preferred to alcohol
As thermometric Liquid

3. Mercury does not wet glass but alcohol because of its

concave meniscus tends to cling to the walls of thermometer.
This leads to inaccurate reading.

4. Mercury is not easily vaporized where as alcohol is very

easily vaporized even at low temperatures.

5. Mercury boils at 357 while alcohol boils at 78. mercury can

therefore be used to measure higher temperatures than alcohol
Reason why mercury is preferred to alcohol
As thermometric Liquid

Advantage of alcohol over mercury

1. Alcohol freezes at -115 whereas mercury freezes at -39. alcohol
can therefore be used for measuring very low temperatures
 HEAT
It all started with burning of Hands?
Heat is a form of energy
HEAT increases movement of particles
Vibrations in Solids
HEAT increases movement of particles
Vibrations in Solids
 Effects of Heat- 3 main effects

1. Expansion (with few exceptions)

2. Phase change (Solid to liquid, liquid to gas)

3. Hotness/Coldness or Temperature change

 HEAT
Heat is a form of energy
 HEAT
Transfer of heat energy from one system to another or one part
of the system to another by virtue of temperature difference
 Do all materials conduct heat
Not all materials are conductors
Conductors and Insulators

 Conductors
Materials which conduct heat
Good conductors of hear
 Insulators
Materials which do not allow heat to pass
easilyconductors of heat
Poor
 Conduction
Conduction can be understood as the process, which enables direct transfer
of heat through the matter, due to the difference in temperature, between
adjacent parts of the object.

It happens when the temperature of the molecules present in a substance

increase, resulting in vigorous vibration. The molecules collide with
surrounding molecules, making them vibrate too, resulting in the
transportation of thermal energy to neighbouring part of the object
 Conduction
In simple terms, whenever two objects are in direct contact
with one another, there will be a transfer of heat from the
hotter object to the colder one, which is due to conduction.
 Convection
Convection implies the form of heat transfer, by real movement of matter,
that occurs only in fluids. Fluid alludes to any substance, whose molecules
move freely from one place to another, such as liquid and gases
 Convection

Convection implies the form of heat transfer, by real movement of matter,

that occurs only in fluids. Fluid alludes to any substance, whose molecules
move freely from one place to another, such as liquid and gases

Gravity has a great role to play in natural convection such that when the
substance is heated from below, leads to the expansion of the hotter part.
Due to buoyancy, the hotter substance rises as it is less dense and the
colder substance replaces it by sinking at the bottom, due to high density,
which when gets hot moves upward, and the process continues.
 Radiation
Whenever you feel heat without actually touching the object, it is
because of radiation. Moreover, colour, surface orientation, etc. are
some of the surface properties on which radiation depends greatly

In this process, the energy is transmitted through electromagnetic waves

called as radiant energy. Hot objects generally emit thermal energy to
cooler surroundings. Radiant energy is capable of travelling in the
vacuum from its source to the cooler surroundings
Absorption of Radiative Energy

Does not absorb any color,

reflects every color
 Key differences between C, C and R
1. Conduction is a process in which heat is transported between parts of
a continuum, through direct physical contact. Convection is the
principle, wherein heat is transmitted by currents in a fluid, i.e. liquid or
gas. Radiation is the heat transfer mechanism, in which the transition
takes place through electromagnetic waves.

2. Conduction shows, how heat is transferred between objects in direct

contact, but Convection reflects how heat travels through liquids and
gases. As against this, radiation indicates how heat travels through
places having no molecules
 Key differences between C, C and R
3. Conduction takes place as a result of the difference in temperature, i.e.
heat streams from high-temperature area to low temperature area.
Convection happens due to the variation in density, such that the heat
moves from low-density region to high-density region. On the contrary,
all object release heat, having a temperature more than 0 K.

4. Conduction usually occurs in solids, through molecular collision.

Convection occurs in fluids by mass motion of molecules in the same
direction. In contrast, Radiation takes place through the vacuum of
space and does not heat up the intervening medium
 Key differences between C, C and R

5. The transfer of heat is through heated solid substance, in conduction,

whereas in convection the heat energy is transmitted by way of
intermediate medium. Unlike, radiation uses electromagnetic waves to
transfer heat.

6. The speed of conduction and convection is slower than radiation

 Dark colored surfaces and colored surfaces
Dark coloured surfaces absorb more heat than white coloured surfaces
Take two tin cans of the same size. Paint the outer surface of one black and
the other white. Pour equal amounts of water in each and leave them in
sunlight for about one hour. Measure the temperature of water in both the
cans. The water in the black can is warmer than the water in the white can.

Dark coloured surfaces radiate more heat than white coloured surfaces
Take two tin cans of the same size. Paint the outer surface of one black and
the other white. Pour equal amounts of hot water of the same temperature
(say 600C). Leave them in a room or shade for 10 to 15 minutes. Measure
the temperature of water in both the cans. The water in the black can is
cooler than the water in the white can
 Dark colored surfaces and colored surfaces
Dark coloured surfaces absorb more heat than light coloured surfaces
Take two tin cans of the same size. Paint the outer surface of one
black and the other white. Pour equal amounts of water in each and
leave them in sunlight for about one hour. Measure the
temperature of water in both the cans. The water in the black can is
warmer than the water in the white can.
Dark coloured surfaces radiate more heat than white coloured surfaces
Take two tin cans of the same size. Paint the outer surface of one black and the
other white. Pour equal amounts of hot water of the same temperature (say
600C). Leave them in a room or shade for 10 to 15 minutes. Measure the
temperature of water in both the cans. The water in the black can is cooler than
the water in the white can
 Dark colored surfaces and colored surfaces
Dark coloured surfaces absorb more heat than white coloured surfaces
Take two tin cans of the same size. Paint the outer surface of one black and
the other white. Pour equal amounts of water in each and leave them in
sunlight for about one hour. Measure the temperature of water in both the
cans. The water in the black can is warmer than the water in the white can.

Dark coloured surfaces radiate more heat than light coloured surfaces
Take two tin cans of the same size. Paint the outer surface of one black
and the other white. Pour equal amounts of hot water of the same
temperature (say 600C). Leave them in a room or shade for 10 to 15
minutes. Measure the temperature of water in both the cans. The water
in the black can is cooler than the water in the white can
 Kind of cloth we wear in summer and winter
Dark coloured surfaces absorb more heat than light coloured surfaces
Dark coloured surfaces radiate more heat than light coloured surfaces

We wear dark coloured clothes in winter because it absorbs more heat

and keep us warm

We wear light coloured clothes in summer because it reflects most of

the heat and keeps us cool.

We wear wollen clothes in winter because

wool is a poor conductor of heat and the air
in between the wool fibres prevents loss of
heat from our body. So we feel warm.
 Wind
Wind is the horizontal movement of air from an area of high
pressure to lower pressure.
There is uneven heating of earth that result in Global Wind Pattern.

Local winds are the winds that blow over

short distances.

Global winds are the winds that blow

steadily from specific directions over
long distances.
 Wind
Wind is caused by differences in temperature and differences in pressure

Warm air rises.

–Warming air make the molecules move faster and spread out.
–This makes the air less dense.
–Less dense air is light and will rise.

Cold air sinks.

–Cooling air makes the molecules move slower
and group together.
–This makes the air more dense.
–More dense air will sink.
 Differences in pressure
Rising air creates Low pressure.
–If air is lifted up, that means there is Less air pushing down on Earth.

Sinking air creates High pressure.

–If air is sinking, then air is pushing down on the surface of Earth with a
High amount of pressure