Heat and temperature

Roadmap-
 Temperature
 Temperature scale
 Thermometer & its types
 Heat
 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
 Thermos falsk
PARTICLE MODEL THEORY

 All matter is made up of particles that are much too small to be seen.

 The particles are always in motion.
 They vibrate, rotate, and (in liquids and gases) move from place to place.
 The particles have empty spaces between them – intermolecular spaces.
 Heat changes the speed of moving particles of matter. Transferring heat to a substance
increases the movement or kinetic energy of the particles in that substance.
 KINETIC ENERGY: 
Energy that a particle possesses by being in motion.

 All matter exists in various forms, we call these forms states of matter. All matter changes its form
depending on the kinetic energy of particles within it.    
 Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. Thermal energy
measures the total kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. The greater the motion of particles,
the higher a substance's temperature and thermal energy.

                                                   Gases:

        LIQUID
SOLID
:
CHANGES OF STATE OF MATTER
 HEAT
 Is the energy that transfers from a substance whose particles
have a higher kinetic energy to a substance who particles
have a lower kinetic energy.
 The more heat you add to matter the faster its particles move,
therefore its temperature increases!
 Why does it move?
Difference in kinetic energy
 Always from high energy to low energy
 COLD
 Is a lack of thermal energy
 In a mercury thermometer, the level of mercury rises when its bulb comes in contact with a
hot object. What is the reason for this rise in the level of mercury ?
  In a mercury thermometer, the level of mercury rises when its bulb comes in contact with
a hot object because mercury expands when the temperature is increased and hence it rises
in the capillary tube.
 TEMPERATURE
 Temperature indicates the average energy (speed)  kinetic energy - of the particles in
motion in a substance.
 Gauges how hot or cold matter is.
 THERMAL ENERGY:

 Total kinetic energy of all the particles the substance contains

 Which has the greater thermal energy, the tea cup or tea pot?
 JOULE:
 Measurement of heat energy
 Q- Define a) Equilibrium temperature,

Ans- a) When there is a difference in temperature between the two bodies,

there is flow of heat from the body at high temperature to the body at low
temperature till both the bodies reach the same temperature. This
temperature is known as equilibrium temperature.
temperature at which the heat flow between the two bodies stops is equilibrium
temperature.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UtfegG4DU8
expansion
Three commonly used scales of temperature -
Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit
Interconversion between Scales
a. 60°C into °F
F = 9C/5 + 32 F = 9X60/5 + 32 F = 140°F

b. 70°C into K
K = C + 273 K = 70 + 273 K= 343

c. 303 K into °C
C = K – 273 C = 303 – 273 C = 30°C

d. 140°F into °C
C = 5/9 (F – 32) C = 5/9 (140 – 32) C = 60°C
 Thermometer
Thermometer is a device used to measure temperature of a body. It can be used to measure the temperature of the
body during fever. It can also be used to measure the atmospheric temperature and temperature during chemical
reactions. It consists of a long narrow glass tube appearing as a continuous silver line because it is filled with
mercury readily expands or contracts at the slightest change in temperature and a bulb at one end.

Mercury is used as a thermometric liquid because it has the following advantages-

a. It shows uniform rate of expansion with the rise in temperature.
b. It does not stick to the walls of a glass tube.
c. Mercury is an opaque and shiny substance. Hence, it is easily visible.
d. Mercury has high boiling point. Hence, it can be used over a wide range of temperature
 Clinical Thermometer
•The thermometer used by us or doctors to measure the body temperature when we have fever is a clinical
thermometer.
                                                 
•The scale used to measure the temperature is known as Celsius scale denoted by °C or Fahrenheit denoted by
°F.
•It reads temperature from 35°C to 42°C or from 94°F to 108°F.
•It consists of a long, slender and uniform glass tube with a bulb at one end containing mercury.
•There is a small shining thread of mercury outside the bulb.
•There is a kink near the bulb which prevents mercury level from falling on its own.

                                                                    
Laboratory thermometer
 Clinical thermometer can never be used for measuring the temperature of any object other
than human body.
 It is used to measure the temperatures in school or other laboratories for scientific purpose
as they measure temperatures to a range higher than clinical thermometers.
 One such thermometer is known as the laboratory thermometer with a scale generally
ranging from –10°C to 110°C. It has a long stem with a silver bulb at the end unlike
clinical thermometer.
 The silver colour at the bulb normally points toward the presence of mercury which
expands with the rise in temperature thereby raising the reading and contracts on lowering
of temperature thereby lowering the reading.
 HOW ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED 

 
THERMAL EXPANSION :
 As matter is heated (energy is transferred) the temperature rises and the spaces between
particles increases, this is thermal expansion.
 Thermal expansion decreases density
 THIS VERY CONCEPT FUELLED THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, STEAM
POWER!!
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_IbPRNZ6ho
 Materials that allow the heat energy to pass through them easily are called conductors.
Most metals are good conductors of heat. This is why they are used for making cooking
utensils, heating rods and so on. Metals have free electrons. These electrons can move
easily from one end of a substance to the other, carrying heat along with them. Silver is the
best conductor of heat.Materials that do not allow the heat energy to pass through them
easily are called insulators. Plastic, wood, glass, air, water, paper, cloth and rubber are
insulators. Liquids and gases are poor conductors of heat. Those materials that trap air
inside their fibres are excellent insulators like wool, fur, foam and feather
 Applications of insulators
 ●We prefer woollen clothes in winter season because wool is an insulator.
 ●Igloos present in polar regions are made of ice, because ice is an insulator.
 ●Bakelite (a kind of hard plastic) is used to make handles of cooking utensils to protect our
hands from the heat while cooking because they are good insulator
CONDUCTION:  https://youtu.be/Pkfyj42f6EU

 EVER WONDER HOW A THERMOMETER'S RED LIQUID RISES?  

• Transfer of heat energy between substances that are touching each other
 Materials that allow easy transfer of heat, good conducting materials are those
materials where there is little space between the particles AKA the material is highly
dense.
 Metals - good conductor
 Water - good conductor
 Plastic - poor conductor
 Air - poor conductor
CONDUCTIVITY:
Material's ability to transfer heat via conduction

 INSULATORS:
 Materials that do not easily allow heat transfer have a lot of space between particles
AKA the material is not very dense
 Air
 Plastic
 Glass
 CONVECTION:
 https://youtu.be/WEDUtS0IMws

 Thermal energy can be transferred in fluids & gases, by the circular motion of

the particles.
 In convection, the warmer particles transfer their energy to the cooler particles
as they move in a circular pattern, called a ‘convection’ current. 
 convection
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mb8u7YLjF4A
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a82z1DHMdxY
 Sea breeze and land breeze
 this method of heat transfer occurs in liquids and gases. It is because in liquids and gases the molecules are
less densely packed and free to move
 Applications of convectionConvection has numerous applications in our daily life. Some of the applications
are as follows:
 ●Air conditioners are installed near the ceiling of the room because they release cool dry air into the room.
As cool air is denser, it sinks while the warm air present in the room, being less dense and rises. This
process continues and results in effective cooling of the room.
 ●Exhaust fans are fitted near the ceiling of the kitchen. They ensure the escape of hot air and gases that rise
up.
 ●Rising air over the land are used by glider pilots to keep their gliders in the sky.
 Sea Breeze and Land Breeze

The land gets heated up by the heat radiated by the sun, much faster than the water during daytime.
This heats up the air over the land and it expands and hence the hot air rises up and creates a vacuum.
The cool air from the sea occupies the space left by the hot air. The warm air from the land moves
towards the sea to complete the cycle. The air from the sea is called the sea breeze.
But the reverse process takes place at night. The land cools down quickly and sea water remains hot.
This heats up the air over the sea and it expands and hence the hot air rises up and creates a vacuum.
The cool air from the land occupies the space left by the hot air. And hence the cool air moves from the
land to the sea and is known as the land breeze.
Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are waves that are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field .

 Radiation
 When we sit in front of fire, we feel warmth of the fire. As we know that air is a bad conductor of
heat. So, it is not the conduction process by which we feel the warmth. It is also not by the
convection process since convection currents rise upwards. This process of transfer of heat energy
from a hot body to a cold body without heating the space in between them is called radiation. For
example, the heat reaches us from the sun.In this method, heat travels in the form of
electromagnetic waves. This mode does not require any medium for the transfer of heat. The energy
transferred in this process is called radiant energy. This process can take place in air as well as in
water. Since electromagnetic waves travel with the speed of light, radiation is the fastest method of
heat transfer.When radiant energy falls on an object, it is partially absorbed and partially reflected.
The amount of heat absorbed or radiated depends on the nature and the colour of that object. Dark
colours are good absorbers and good radiators of heat, while light colours are poor absorbers of
heat. Let us understand through an activity that the black body absorbs and radiates heat fas
Why good absorbers are bad reflectors?

 Good reflectors, are called so because they absorb very little radiation and reflect the
rest.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trmarDJi0hw
an engine-cooling device

 Applications of radiation
 ●In winters, we wear dark-coloured clothes to keep our body warm. This is because dark
colours are good absorbers of heat.
 ●In cold and hilly areas, the outer walls and roofs are usually painted with dark colour to
keep the houses warm.
 ●Radiators of cars are often painted black to radiate the heat away.
 ●In room heaters, the reflectors behind the heating coil are polished, shiny and silvery so
that the maximum amount of heat can be radiated towards the front
 Room heaters have polished reflectors because bright ,polished reflectors reflect heat more efficiently
and hence more heat is generated in front of the heater ,at the same time since they reflect heat the
appliance or the unit is saved from getting heated or catching fire.
 RADIATION:
 The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves
 Heat is released at a relatively low level of radiation called infrared radiation
 Radiant energy does not rely on the movement of particles to transfer its energy
 Waves of radiant energy can travel in a vacuum. All waves travel, across empty space, at
an extremely high speed
Click to add text
 Why cannot we measure the temperature of hot milk with clinical thermometer?
 Clinical thermometer is designed with a small range which is used to measure the temperature
of the human body. It ranges from 35°C to 42°C.The temperature of hot milk can be very close
to the boiling point of water (or milk) meaning that a thermometer is needed on a much larger
scale than needed for clinical uses

 Water is kept in a vessel at a temperature of 30°C. What would happen if a hot metal ball
having a temperature of 70°C is dropped in it. Mention the heat flow?
 Since there is a difference in temperature between the water and ball, and heat always flows
from the body at high temperature to the body at low temperature therefore heat will flow
from ball to water. The heat flow continues till both the bodies reach the equilibrium
temperature
 Why do we take temperature under the tongue?
 Blood flow is maximum here and the internal body heat is present under the tongue
because of which it is placed under the tongue to read the inner body heat. This way we
can measure the temperature of the whole body.
 10C to F
F = 9C/5 + 32
F = 9X10/5 + 32 F
= 50°F

 30 K into °C
 C = K – 273
 C = 30 – 273 C= -243°C
 c. 182°F to K
 K = 273 + (5/9)×(F-32)
 K = 273 + (5/9)×(182-32)
 K = 356.3
 true
clinical

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