 Heat: -

 Heat is a form of energy, known as Thermal energy.

 It is energy of movement of molecules.
 Effects of Heat are =

 The SI unit of heat is Joule (J).

 The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K).
TYPES OF THERMOMETERS:
1. Clinical Thermometer :
 Clinical thermometer is made up of a narrow tube (capillary) of thick glass.
 At the end of the capillary tube is a thin glass bulb filled with mercury
 Mercury is present in liquid state over a wide range of temperatures. It is a silvery grey
in colour, therefore it is relatively easy to observe. It does not stick to the glass in which
it is enclosed.
 It can measure temperature from 35 degree Celsius to 42 degree Celsius.
 The capillary tube of a clinical thermometer has a kink or bend that does not allow the
mercury to flow back into the bulb before the temperature has been read.

2. Digital thermometer :
 Digital Thermometers work on tiny dry cells.
 It is a safer device because it does not contain mercury which is a toxic substance.
 It contain a small computing mechanism and a resistor.

3. Laboratory thermometer :
  The laboratory thermometer is used to find out the temperature of the other objects
such as water rather than human body temperature.
 It can measure the temperature from-10° C to 110° C.

4. Minimum-maximum thermometer:
 It is a thermometer used to measure the minimum and maximum temperature of the
day by weather forecasters.
 Minimum temperature is measured in early morning and Maximum temperature is
measured in afternoon.

TRANSFER OF HEAT : -
 Conduction: The transfer of heat in solids usually takes place by this method. Substances
that allow heat to pass through them quite easily are called conductors and those that
do not, are called insulators.
= The substances that allow heat to pass through them are called conductors of heat.
Iron, copper, and aluminium are examples of conductors.
= The substances that do not allow heat to pass through them are called poor
conductors of heat or insulators. Plastic and wood are examples of insulators.

 Convection: The transfer of heat in liquids and gases takes place by convection. Land
breeze and sea breeze are a result of unequal heating of air present over land and sea
by the sun.
= Convection in Water - Water is a poor conductor of heat. So, due to this reason, it
cannot transfer heat by conduction but it transfers heat by the process of convection.

= Convection in Air - Air is a very poor conductor of heat, Air transfers heat from its
hotter parts to the colder parts by the process of convection.

 Radiation: Transfer of heat by radiation requires no medium. Heating of earth by sun is

an example of heat transfer by radiation.

SEA BREEZE AND LAND BREEZE

1. Sea Breeze
 The wind blowing from the sea towards the land is called Sea Breeze.
 During the daytime, the land in the coastal area gets heated due to the sun's radiation.
 The sea also gets heated, however it takes more time to get heated up than the
 Hence the air above the land gets heated faster than the air above the sea.
 The hot air from the land rises above as it is lighter and the cool air from the sea being
heavier takes its place. This results in the sea breeze.\

2. Land Breeze
 The wind blowing from the land towards the sea is called the land breeze.
 During the night time, the land in the coastal areas gets cool down faster than the sea.
 The air above the sea is hotter than the air above the land.
 Therefore the air above the sea rises and the air from the land being cool flows towards
the sea. This results in the land breeze.