9.

HEAT FLOW & THERMAL

EQUILIBRIUM
 HEAT FLOW

Heat energy travels from a region of

higher temperature to a region of lower temperature
(hotter object to cooler object)

The greater the difference in temperature,

the faster heat flows
Heat travel in three ways:
 CONDUCTION

The process at which heat flows from the hot to the cold
end of a solid
The particles in the medium do not flow
Frying eggs is an example of conduction
1. Stick thumbtacks to a metal rod using melted wax
2. Place the metal rod on 2 wooden blocks
3. Heat 1 end of the metal rod with Bunsen burner
4. Observe the sequence of thumbtacks dropping from the rod

Observation Sequence of dropping

thumbtacks is:
A, B, C & D
Discussion:

1. What happen to the metal rod when heated?

The particles in the rod gain heat & vibrate faster

2. In what direction is heat transferred through the

metal rod?

From the hotter end to the cooler end

Conclusion
Heat is transferred through solids by conduction from
the hot end to the cool end
 CONVECTION:

The process in which heat is transferred from one place to

another by particles which move
Occurs in liquids and gases
 CONVECTION:
When fluid is heated, it expands and becomes less dense

The hot fluid moves upwards

The cold and dense fluids moves downwards to take its

place

This in turn gets heated and rises

Cycle repeated
 Aim:
To show that heat flows through liquids by
convection

1. Place the crystal at the bottom of water in a beaker

2. Heat the water around slowly
 Observation:

The purple streaks of water moved upwards, sideways,

and downwards in a circular motion

After some time, all the water in the beaker turned

purplish
 Aim:
To show that heat flows through gases by convection

1. Place T-shaped cardboard into a gas jar

2. Light a candle in the gas jar
3. Place a lit coil near the mouth of the gas jar
4. Draw observation
 Observation:

• The smoke from the coil moved down the gas jar
• The smoke then rose up the opposite side
 Discussion:
1. What happen to the hot fluids?
Give an inference for your answer.
It rose upwards. Hot fluids is less dense.

2. What happen to the cold fluids?

Give an inference for your answer.
It moved downwards. Cold fluids is denser.
 RADIATION

The transfer of heat through a vacuum

(does not require any medium)
The heat of the Sun is transferred to the Earth by radiation
 If the sun weren't there,
this planet would be a freezing cold planet
 Aim:
To show that heat flows through a vacuum by radiation

1. Record the temperature in the lab 29 oC

2. Place a thermometer below a lighted bulb for 5
minutes
3. Record the temperature 33 oC
Discussion:
1. Can the thermometer be placed on top of the lighted
bulb? Give your reason.

No. To prevent heat from being transferred to the

thermometer through convection.

2. Can the thermometer be placed in contact with the

lighted bulb? Give your reason.
No. To prevent heat from being transferred to the
thermometer through conduction.
HEAT FLOW IN NATURAL PHENOMENA
WARMING OF THE EARTH BY THE SUN

Through radiation
Propagate through empty space (vacuum)
HEAT FLOW IN NATURAL PHENOMENA
 SEA BREEZE

During the day, both the land and the sea absorb
heat from the Sun

The land becomes hot faster than the sea

The air above the land is heated, becomes less dense

and rises

Cool air above the sea moves towards the land to take
the place of the hot air

Wind blows from the sea to the land

HEAT FLOW IN NATURAL PHENOMENA
 LAND BREEZE

At night, the land cool faster than the sea

The sea is warmer than the land

The air above the sea rises

Cool air above the land moves towards the sea to

occupies the place left by the warm air

Wind blows from the land to the sea

 HEAT
CONDUCTORS
&
HEAT INSULATORS
 HEAT CONDUCTORS
Substances which conduct heat rapidly
Metals are good conductors of heat
Good conductors becomes hot or cold quickly

The bottom of a pan is made up of metal that

allows heat to flow quickly to the food
 HEAT INSULATORS
Substances which do not conduct heat
Non-metals, liquids (except mercury) and gases are
insulators

Silicon Pan Handle Cover

Good heat insulator.

Prevent heat from flowing to
the hand.
Prevent hand from being hurt
or burnt during cooking
HEAT CONDUCTORS & HEAT INSULATORS
CONDUCTORS INSULATORS
Mercury Water, ice
Silver Glass, rubber, wood
Cooper Cotton
Aluminium Asbestos
Zinc Plastic
Iron Polystyrene
Lead Air, vacuum
Classify the following materials into conductors or
insulators of heat:

Magnesium, iron, gold,

Plastic, glass, wood, paper,
silver, nickel, copper,
cork, air, water
mercury

Conductors
Insulators
 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

Two bodies A and B are of different temperatures,

the temperature of A is higher than that of B
When they are in thermal contact,
heat is transferred from A to B

Heat transfer will stop when both A and B reach the final
temperature ( THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM)
HOMEWORK:
WORK BOOK
PAGE: 157-163