Chapter 10 : Thermal properties

of matter
 Temperature
A temperature of a body of matter is a
measure of the average kinetic energy of
random translational n,otion of its constituent
particles ..

It measures the hotness or coldness of a

body.
Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one object to
another or even created at the expense of the loss of other forms of
energy
What is a Laboratory Thermometer?

Generally, laboratory thermometers are essential tools in monitoring experiments,

evaluating test materials, calibrating instruments, and other scientific procedures.

Many researchers use them to ascertain freezing and boiling points. Since they may
be utilized for different kinds of solvents, the range is -10 degrees Celsius to 110
degrees Celsius.
What is a Clinical Thermometer?

Also known as medical thermometers, clinical thermometers are employed to

measure the temperature of the human body.

The range that they can assess is from 35 degrees Celsius to 42 degrees Celsius.

For hygiene and safety reasons, they should first be sterilized before use.
Difference between Lab Thermometers and Clinical Thermometers

1) Temperature Range in Laboratory and Clinical Thermometer

A clinical thermometer’s range is 35 degrees Celsius to 42 degrees Celsius while a

laboratory thermometer’s range is wider at -10 degrees Celsius to 110 degrees
Celsius.

2) Accuracy of Laboratory and Clinical Thermometer

As a laboratory thermometer is more complex, it yields more accurate results as

compared to a clinical thermometer.
Electronic thermometer

Electronic thermometer a clinical thermometer that uses a sensor based on

thermistors, solid-state electronic devices whose electrical characteristics change
with temperature. The reading is recorded within seconds, some having a red light
or other device to indicate when maximum temperature is reached.
Thermistors

Thermistors are temperature-dependent resistors,

changing resistance with changes in temperature. They are
very sensitive and react to ver y small changes in
temperature. They are best used when a specific
te m p e rat u re n e e d s to b e m a i nta i n e d , a n d w h e n
monitoring temperatures within 50°C of ambient.
Reading the thermometer

1.Take a laboratory thermometer immerse the bulb of thermometer in hot water

see the shining thread of mercury.

2.Moving up in the thermometer till. after some time the mercury thread will stop
rising and stand at one place read the temperature on thermometer tube which
corresponds to the top of mercury thread.

3.As the thermometer bulb is at the same temperature as the water we say that
the water and the thermometer bulb are in thermal equilibrium with one another .
The Celcius scale

1.Anders Celsius, (born November 27, 1701, Uppsala, Sweden—died April 25, 1744,
Uppsala), astronomer who invented the Celsius temperature scale which was
more successful thermometer than Galileo.

2.We define two fixed points in thermometer. One is the freezing point (0°C) and
boiling point (100°C)
Designing a thermometer

1. The problem with mercury thermometer is that they have to be read by eye.
2.An alternative is to use an elecronic thermometer based on thermistors but
their resistance changes by a large amount over a narrow temperature range and
their graph changes in a non linear way and on a scale will not all bein equal size.
3.A second alternative would be to be use thermocouple as it gives an output
voltage at depends on the temperature.
4.Thermocouple thermometer is better for measuring rapidly varying temperature
because the temperature -sensitive junction of teh thermocouple is very small
and can heat up or cool down more rapidly than the bulb of a mercury
thermometer.
Thermistors

Thermistors are temperature-dependent resistors,

changing resistance with changes in temperature. They are
very sensitive and react to ver y small changes in
temperature. They are best used when a specific
te m p e rat u re n e e d s to b e m a i nta i n e d , a n d w h e n
monitoring temperatures within 50°C of ambient.
 Wlhat is tlhermal
expansion?
Therm,al e,xpansio,n
is ·t:h1e e,xp.ansion of
matt er ca1u1s,ed: by
1

he.at1ing.
matter is
solid ,
liquid and
gas.
USES OF EXPANSION
 ar

heat

A b-metallic strip_ .llnvar' is a metal alloy that expands

en - -s heated_ Copper expands more readily vvhen it is
-s di e ence -n expansion forces the strip to b en d_

t I
i s 1-i. <:"l t d t 1� i s 1 , t c I
st1-ip to bend_ (TI-:ie 1-.i.,e·tc:--i.l
Tl. tl�e outside of tl-i.e c L1.rv

i .1"1ger tl�ai.� tl-"1e i1-i.1-.i.er one_) 'Irl_e

de ices sucl� as fire ala1-ms a1�cl tl-i.
I"l. -ol the temperature of ove1-is, iron , w·':t. r
refrigerators, and so 01�)-
EXPANSION IN GASES
EXPANSION IN GASES

• After heating the gas pressure increases and it push the with greater force on the
lid and this subsequently moves teh lid up.
Comparing solid, liquid and gases
• SOLID EXPANDS MORE SLOWLY WHEN THEY ARE HEATED AD EXPAND
FASTER THAN SOLID , GAS EXPAND THE FASTEST AS THERE ARE MORE
SPACES IN BETWEEN THEM.
• SOLID CAN NOT EXPAND MUCH BECAUSE THERE IS NOT MUCH SPACE
IN BETWEEN THEM.
• WHEN GAS IS HEATED ITS PARTICLES MOVE RAPIDLY AND THEY PUSH
AND COLLIDE WITH THE WALLS OF THE CONTAINER.
 THERMAL CAPACITY
• THERMAL CAPACITY - the number of heat units needed to raise the temperature
of a body by one degree.

• BRICK HAS HIGH THERMAL CAPACITY BECAUSE THEY ARE ARE MADE UP OF
MATERIAL THAT REQUIRES A LOT OF ENERGY TO HEAT IT UP.IN THIS WAY IT
STORES A LOT MORE ENERGY IN A SMALL SPACE.

• SO ANY MATTER THAT TAKES LONGER TIME TO HEAT HAS HIGHER THERMAL
CAPACITY.
 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
• SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY IS THE ENERGY REQUIRED PER KILOGRAM AND PER
DEGREEE CELCIUS TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF A SUBSTANCE.

• ENERGY REQUIRED = MASS X SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY X INCREASE IN

(jOULE) (kg) (J/ kg°C) TEMPERATURE
(°C)
= mc▲T
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY = HEAT CAPACITY ÷ MASS
(J/ kg°C) (jOULE) (kg)
(J/ kg°C) = J kgˉ¹ °Cˉ¹
Thermal capacity
1. Thermal capacity of A is lower than thermal capacity of B
-Temperature will rise up faster in A compare to B
- A is a better conductor of heat than B
- It will take longer time B to increase in temperature compare to A
- example of A is solid and B is liquid.
 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF WATER
• Specific heat capacity of water is high {4200J/kg°C) as it takes
up a lot of energy to heat up water and it also takes a long time
for hot water to cool down.
• People living in island and coastal area ( such as Eastern
Europe) are protected from climatic extreme as they do not
feel hot summers of freezing winters.
• .The specific heat capacity is different for different materials. It is the energy
needed to increase the temperature of 1 kg of the material by 1°C and is
measured in J/kg °C.
• Energy = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change
•E=m×c×θ
This is how to measure the specific heat capacity of a metal block:
• Measure the temperature and the mass of the block, m.
• Use an electric heater to raise the temperature of a metal block. Energy
• supplied, E = power × time.
• Measure the temperature of the block at the end of the heating time and
• calculate the increase in temperature θ.
• Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal,
Latent Heat - This energy does not increase the
substance's temperature.
Latent heat of vaporisation - The energy needed to
change the liquid into gas
Latent heat of fusion - The energy needed to change
to change solid into liquid.
Specific Latent heat of vaporisation - The energy per
kilogram required to cause a substance to change
state from liquid to gas at its boiling point.

Specific Latent heat of fusion - The energy per

kilogram required to cause a substance
to change state from solid into liquid at its melting
point.
Specific Latent heat of vaporisation - The energy per
kilogram required to cause a substance to change
state from liquid to gas at its boiling point.

Specific Latent heat of fusion - The energy per

kilogram required to cause a substance
to change state from solid into liquid at its melting
point.

energy = mL.....m - mass (kg)

(Joule) L -Latent heat of vaporisation/fusion(J/kg)