3-Heat

Learners will be able to learn about:

• Hot & Cold

• Measuring Temperature
• Laboratory Thermometer
• Transfer of heat
• Kinds of clothes we wear in summer and winter

A year is divided into four seasons; summer, autumn, winter, and spring. Each season always brings something
unique to look forward to in each. Whether it’s hot chocolates, cosy sweaters, and blankets in winter, or the long
summer days spent at the pool or waterparks in the summer. The clothes we wear vary as per the season. Winters
are characterised by woollen and furry clothes that keep us warm, whereas in summers we prefer light-coloured,
cotton clothes that keep us cool. In winter, we love to spend time, out in the sun on the contrary, in summer we
tend to stay indoors away from the sun. Therefore, we may have several choices depending on whether it is hot or
cold

HOT & COLD

Let's have a look at these pictures and classify them as HOT & COLD.

a.
b. c.

d. e. f.

Now here, the glass of milk, the burning log and the electric iron are hot objects. And the ice cream, the snowy
landscape and the snowman are cold things. But are all three hot objects equally hot and all three cold objects
equally cold? NO, among the hot objects, some may be hotter than others. Similarly, among the cold objects, some
may be colder than others.

Think Tank: How do we know whether an object is hot or cold?

➢ How do we find out how hot or cold an object is?
 We cannot see the heat in an object but we can usually decide whether an object is hot or cold by touching it.
However, touching cannot be considered a reliable method to tell whether an object is hot or cold. Rather touching
can be quite risky in case the object is too hot or too cold. Let’s understand this better with the help of an activity.

Activity 3.1

Aim:- Can the hotness of a body be measured by the sense of touch?

Material required:- 3 identical bowls, hot water and cold water.

Procedure:-
1. Take three small tubs/containers.
2. Label them as A, B and C.
3. Put cold water in container A and hot water in
container B.
4. Mix some cold and hot water in container C.
5. Now dip your left hand in container A and the
right hand in container B.
6. After keeping the hands in the two containers
for 2–3 minutes, put both the hands
simultaneously in container C

Observation:- The left-hand feels that the water in mug C is hot and the right-hand feels that
the same water is cold. However, this is impossible that the same water can be hot and cold at
the same time.

Conclusion:- We cannot always rely on our sense of touch to decide whether an object is hot or
cold

So we see that hotness and coldness are relative terms. For example, normal tap water is colder than boiling water
but warmer (hotter) than ice water. As shown by activity 3.1, touch can not be considered a reliable measure of
coldness and hotness. A reliable measure of the hotness of an object is its temperature.

Temperature refers to how hot or cold something is. To measure temperature more accurately, a device called a
thermometer can be used.

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 DO YOU KNOW:-

The first thermometers were called thermoscopes. Italian inventor Santorio Santorio was

the first inventor to put a numerical scale on the instrument. Galileo Galilei invented a

rudimentary water thermometer in 1593 which, for the first time, allowed temperature

variations to be measured. In 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the first mercury

thermometer, the modern thermometer.

MEASURING TEMPERATURE

The instrument used to measure the temperature of a body is called a Thermometer. There are several materials

whose properties change with the temperature in a repeatable and predictable manner. Out of all other materials,

the freezing point and boiling point of water, are mostly chosen as the two reference points. That means, the

freezing point of water is taken as the lowest fixed point and the boiling point of water is taken as the upper fixed

point.

There are three units in which temperature is measured:- Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. Hence, there are three

different scales for measuring temperature.

• The Fahrenheit scale, whose symbol is (°F). This scale was developed by D.G. Fahrenheit. The freezing

point of water is at 32®F and the boiling point is 212®F. There are 180 divisions between these two

points.

• The Celsius scale, whose symbol is (°C). This scale was developed by Anders Celsius. The freezing point of

water is at 0®C and the boiling point is 100®C. There are 100 divisions between these two points. The

Celsius scale is generally used for most temperature-measuring purposes.

• The Kelvin scale, whose symbol is (K). This scale was developed by Lord Kelvin. The freezing point of

water is 273 K and the boiling point is 373 K. There are 100 divisions between these two points. It is

called the absolute scale of temperature since its 0 K is the absolute zero i.e. the lowest attainable

temperature in the universe.

Every unit can be converted to another unit with the help of a conversion formula.
CONVERSION FORMULA
Celsius to Fahrenheit [C x 9/5] +32
Celsius to Kelvin C +273

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➢ TYPES OF THERMOMETERS

There are three commonly used thermometers.

1. CLINICAL THERMOMETER:- The thermometer

that is used to measure our body temperature is
called the clinical thermometer. The normal
range of clinical thermometers is from 35®C to
42®C or 94®F to 108®F. In India, the Celsius scale
is adopted for the usual measurements.
2. LABORATORY THERMOMETER:- The
thermometer that is used to make
measurements in laboratories during
experiments is called the laboratory
thermometer. The normal range of clinical
thermometers is from -10®C to 110®C.

3. MAXIMUM -MINIMUM THERMOMETER:- The

maximum and minimum temperatures of the
previous day, reported in weather reports, are
measured by a thermometer called the
maximum-minimum thermometer.

4. DIGITAL THERMOMETER:- Electronic

thermometers called digital thermometers, are
widely used for measuring temperatures. These
thermometers work based on sensors and the
signals are converted to digital which makes
them easy to read.

5. INFRARED THERMOMETER:- Infrared

thermometers are typically used to measure the
temperatures that are necessary to be measured
from a distance. They give accurate
temperatures without ever having to touch the
object you are measuring.

➢ STRUCTURE OF CLINICAL THERMOMETER

A clinical thermometer consists of a long glass tube having a thin and uniform body. It has the following parts:-

▪ Bulb:- This is the one end of the thermometer having a bulb-like shape, which comes in contact with
the object whose temperature is to be measured. This is a glass bulb that contains mercury, because
of which it can be seen as a shiny grey. Mercury is preferred as it is in the liquid state and does not
stick to the glass.
▪ Stem:- It is a very thin glass tube known as a capillary through which mercury rises and falls,
depending on the temperature of the object surrounding the bulb.
▪ Constriction or Kink:- The capillary tube has a bend or kink that prevents the backflow of mercury
into the bulb. The kink breaks the mercury column and does not allow the mercury column to fall

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 below the desired point before the temperature has been read. (This is the reason why we need to
jerk the thermometer before taking new readings so that the mercury goes back into the bulb by the
force of the jerk.)
▪ Scale:- The stem has markings of temperature scales along the length that help to accurately read the
temperature. The scale is divided into many parts having bigger marks subdivided into smaller marks.
Suppose the bigger marks read one degree and there are five divisions between them. Then, one
small division can read 1/5 = 0.2 C

➢ READING A THERMOMETER

STEPS:-

1. Wash the thermometer, preferably with an antiseptic solution, to kill any germ present on the surface of
the thermometer.
2. Hold it firmly and give it a few jerks. The jerks will bring the level of mercury down. Ensure that it falls
below 35°C, as the temperature of the human body normally does not go below 35® C.
3. Now place the bulb of the thermometer under your tongue.
4. After one minute, take the thermometer out.
5. Hold the thermometer horizontally to the eye level. Rotate it slowly, till you can see a magnified thread of
mercury in the tube and note the reading of the point at the end of the mercury level from the adjoining
scale. This is your body temperature.

6. The temperature should always be stated with its unit, °C

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. The thermometer should be washed before and after use, preferably with an antiseptic solution. If the
antiseptic solution is not available, wash it with clean water.
2. Ensure that before use the mercury level is below 35°C.
3. Read the thermometer keeping the level of mercury along the line of sight.
4. Handle the thermometer with care. If it hits against some hard object, it can break.
5. Don’t hold the thermometer by the bulb while reading it.
6. Do not use a clinical thermometer for measuring the temperature of any object other than the human
body.
7. Also avoid keeping the thermometer in the sun or near a flame. It may break.

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 Activity 3.2

Aim:- To measure the normal human body temperature.

Material required:- 10 students, Clinical thermometer, notebook

Procedure:-
1. Take a clean Clinical thermometer.
2. Measure the body temperature of the
first student.
3. Note the name and readings in the
notebook.
4. Thoroughly clean the thermometer
with antiseptic solution and jerk it.
5. Measure the body temperature of the
second student.
6. Repeat steps 4-5.
7. Similarly take the readings for all 10
students.
Observation:- All the 10 students do not have 37®C normal body temperature. There is a
slight difference between the normal body temperature of different students.

Conclusion:-

1. The temperature of every person may not be 37°C. It could be slightly higher or
slightly lower. The normal body temperature of a person may vary depending on age,
activity undertaken, environmental conditions etc.
2. Normal temperature is the average body temperature of many healthy persons.

LABORATORY THERMOMETER

Activity 3.3

Aim:- To measure the temperature of hot water.

Material required:- Laboratory thermometer, hot water, beaker.

Procedure:-
1. Take some hot water in a beaker or a mug.
2. Dip the thermometer in water.
3. Wait till the mercury thread becomes steady and note the temperature.
4. Now take out the thermometer from the water.
5. Observe what happens now.

Observation:- As soon as you take the thermometer out of water, the level of mercury begins to fall.

Conclusion:- The temperature must be read while the thermometer is in water

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 PRECAUTIONS WHILE USING LABORATORY THERMOMETER:-

1. The thermometer should be washed before and after use.

2. Ensure that before use the mercury level is below 35°C.
3. Read the thermometer keeping the thermometer still dipped in the medium.
4. Handle the thermometer with care. If it hits against some hard object, it can break.
5. Don’t hold the thermometer by the bulb while reading it.
6. The thermometer should be kept upright not tilted.
7. The bulb should be surrounded from all sides by the substance of which the temperature is to be
measured.
8. The bulb should not touch the surface of the container.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLINICAL AND LABORATORY THERMOMETER

CLINICAL THERMOMETER LABORATORY THERMOMETER

The clinical thermometer is used to measure the temperature Laboratory thermometers can be used to measure a variety of

of the human body. substances.

These thermometers thus have a range of 35∘ C to 42∘ C. The range of laboratory thermometers is -10∘ C to 110∘ C.

Its use is limited to temperatures around 37 degrees Celsius. It has a relatively broader area of measurement of substances

that can be very hot or even very cold.

It also has a kink, which holds the reading of mercury even These thermometers also do not have any kink; hence, the

when it is taken away from contact. temperature is measured while the thermometer is still in

contact.

Disadvantages of mercury thermometers

• Mercury is a toxic substance and is very difficult to dispose of if a thermometer breaks.

• If the bulb cracks and mercury spills out, it is extremely dangerous to humans and the environment

• Mercury is difficult to remove and can pollute the area where it has spilt
Therefore, these days digital thermometers and infra-red thermometers are much in use.

CHECK YOUR SELF: -

Fill in the blanks
a. A reliable measure of the hotness of an object is its _________.
b. When we touch a cold object heat flow from the ________ to the __________.
c. A _________________is used to measure body temperature.
d. The boiling point of water on a Celsius scale is___________.
e. The freezing point of water on the Fahrenheit scale is ___________.

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 TRANSFER OF HEAT

Now the question arises,

Think Tank: why the level of mercury should change at all when the bulb of the
thermometer is brought in contact with another object?

Well, this is because of the transfer of heat.

Let’s take a container at room temperature and pour hot water into it. Now touch the container from outside,
it feels hot. That means the heat from the water got transferred into the container as soon as both came in
contact. And when we touched the container, the heat transferred from the container to our hands and so felt
the hot.

Now, what will happen if we leave the set-up undisturbed for some time? The water and the container both
will cool down over time. Why? Because now the heat is transferred from the water and container to the
surroundings.

That means, heat always flows from a hotter object to a colder object. In other words, heat always travels
from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature.

So, if two objects are at the same temperature, no flow of heat will take place.

Let’s understand how heat flows.

To understand that let’s observe a classroom scenario.

Just imagine the boy in the grey shirt, sitting in the front row at the extreme right corner of the class has to give a
notebook to the girl in the orange shirt, sitting in the last row at the extreme left corner. How can he do so? Well,
this can be done in three ways:-

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 a) The boy passes the notebook through to the next student and the next student passes to the other and in
this way the notebook reaches the girl, involving other students in between.
b) The boy himself goes and handovers the notebook to the girl.
c) The boy throws the book towards the girl and the girl catches it.

Transfer of heat from one place to another, also takes place in either of the three ways depicted in the classroom
scenario. The three ways are:- Conduction, Convection & Radiation.

We will discuss each of these individually.

A) CONDUCTION:-

To understand this, revisit the first method taken up in the classroom scenario, where the notebook is passed from
one student to another and ultimately reaches the final destination. Along the same lines, Conduction refers to the
transfer of heat from the hotter end of an object to its colder end, passing on the heat energy from one molecule
to the other, present within the object.

This mode of heat flow is observed in the case of solids where the molecules are tightly packed
together and easily pass on the heat energy from one molecule to the other.

Activity 3.4

Aim:- To understand the conduction of heat in solids.

Material required:- Rod or flat strip of metal, wax, board pins, clamp stand, burning candle.

Procedure:-
1. Take a rod or flat strip of metal.
2. Fix a few board pins on the rod with the help of small wax pieces.
These pieces should be at nearly equal distances.
3. Clamp the rod to a stand.
4. Now, heat the other end of the rod by placing a burning candle below
it and observe.
Observation:- The board pin nearest to the candle falls off first. Gradually one by one all the board pins begin to fall

Conclusion:- Heat travels along the length of the rod from the end where heat is received from the candle to the
cold end. As the heat is gradually transferred from one point to another, the wax at that point melts out on getting
heated and the board pins fall off, starting from the point near the candle to the farthest point

So we can summarize that heat can travel by conduction only when two objects are in contact with each other and
both are different temperatures i.e. one is at a higher temperature and the other at a lower temperature.

Think Tank: Do all substances conduct heat easily?

Let's check that.

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 Activity 3.5

Aim:- To check the conduction of heat in different solids.

Material required:- Hot water, beaker, steel spoon, plastic scale, pencil, divider.

Procedure:-
1. Take hot water in a beaker.
2. Collect some articles such as a steel spoon, plastic scale, pencil and
divider.
3. Dip one end of each of these articles in hot water.
4. Wait for a few minutes. Touch the other end.
5. Enter your observation in the table.

Observation:- All the objects do not feel heated up to the same extent.

Conclusion:- The rate of conduction of heat is different in different solids.

Based on the rate of conduction of heat, solids are classified into two groups

1. CONDUCTORS:- The materials which allow heat to pass through them easily are conductors of heat. For
example, aluminum, iron and copper.
2. INSULATORS:- The materials which do not allow heat to pass through them easily are poor conductors of
heat such as plastic and wood. Poor conductors are known as insulators.

Day-to-day Application of Conduction of Heat:-

Use of good conductors for heat

• Cooking utensils, saucepans, kettles and boilers are made of metals, as they are good conductors,
where direct heating is involved and the handles of such utensils are made of plastic or wood as they
are poor conductors of heat.
• Soldering iron is made of iron with a tip made of copper because copper is a much better conductor of
heat than iron.
• Mercury, a metal found in the fluid state, is used in thermometers to measure temperature.

Use of insulators or bad conductors

Some common applications of insulators are given:
• Handles of kettles and spoons are made of plastic or wood because wood is a poor conductor of heat.
In this way, the hot kettles, utensils, and spoons can be picked up without burning our hands.
• Woolen clothes or blankets, trap air inside which is an insulator and thus helps to keep people warm
on cold days.
• Jute and Sawdust are used to cover up ice blocks because it has good insulating properties and thus
prevent the ice from melting.

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 B) CONVECTION:-

To understand this, revisit the second method taken up in the classroom scenario, where the student himself goes
and hands over the notebook to the other student and the notebook reaches the final destination. Along the same
lines, Convection refers to the transfer of heat by the movement of particles.

This mode of heat flow is observed in the case of liquids and gases, where
the molecules are loosely arranged with space in between them, which
allows the movement

Activity 3.6

Aim:- To understand the convection of heat in liquids.

Material required:- Round bottom flask/ beaker, water, tripod stand, burner, crystals of potassium permanganate,
straw.

Procedure:-
1. Take a round bottom flask (if a flask is not available, a beaker can be used).
2. Fill it two-thirds with water.
3. Place it on a tripod.
4. Wait till the water in the flask is still.
5. Place a crystal of potassium permanganate at the bottom of the flask gently
using a straw.
6. Now, heat the water by placing the burner just below the crystal.

Observation:- Coloured water rises from the place where heat is received. After moving up for some distance, it
spreads out and comes down along the sides of the beaker

Conclusion:- When water is heated, the water near the flame gets hot. Hot water rises. As it cools down,
the cold water from the sides moves down towards the source of heat

So we observed that when heated, water molecules receive the heat and rise up and the cold water molecules
move down from the sides. This process continues till the whole water gets heated up. Thus water molecules
themselves move and carry heat from one part to the other. This continuous movement of water forms a current
called Convection Current.

Similar convection currents are observed in the air. The air near the heat source gets hot and rises. The air from the
sides comes in to take its place. In this way, the air gets heated.

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 Activity 3.7

Aim:- To understand the convection of heat in the air.

Material required:- Burning Candle

Procedure:-
1. Light a candle.
2. Keep one hand above the flame and one hand on the side of the
flame.
3. Compare the heat felt by both hands.

Observation:- The hand held right above the flame feels quite hot as compared to the hand-held at the sides of the flame.

Conclusion:- The air above the candle gets heated up and rises. Therefore, the hand above the flame feels hot. On the sides,
however, there is no convection and air does not feel as hot as at the top

Precautions:- Keep your hands at a safe distance from the flame so that they do not get burnt .

➢ LAND BREEZE & SEA BREEZE

Breeze refers to moderate or mild wind. We can categorize the breeze into two types, land breeze, and sea breeze. When
the breeze flows from the land towards the sea, it is a land breeze. When the breeze flows from the sea towards the
land, it is the sea breeze.

The convection phenomenon is involved in the land breeze and the sea breeze. During the day, the sun warms up the
land or sand as well as water. But the sand absorbs the sun’s heat at a faster pace than water. Thus, sand gets hotter than
the water or the sea.

Sea Breeze

During the day time, when the sun is up, the land air heats up faster
whereas the sea air heats slowly. Thus, at this time, the sea air is
cooler and it flows towards the land. Thus, Sea breeze refers to the
breeze or wind blowing from the sea towards the land. It usually
occurs during the summer days. It is also known as the Onshore
breeze.

Land Breeze

The land heats up at a faster pace and so does it cool also. Hence,
after the sunset land or sand cools down before the water. At this
time, the land air is cooler. Thus, the land air flows towards the sea.
Land breeze refers to the breeze or wind blowing from the land
towards the sea. It is also known as Offshore breeze. It usually occurs
during the night or early morning when the land air is cooler than the
sea air.

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Day-to-day Application of Convection of Heat:-

1. Air- Conditioners- On a hot summer day, air-conditioners are used constantly. The process of
cooling air in air-conditioners employs the very principle of convection. The cold air is released by
the air-conditioners. Now, this cold air moves downwards. The warm air present in the room rises
up and is drawn in by the air-conditioner. As a result, a convection current is set up and the room
is cooled.
2. Room heaters- In room heaters, the heating element is placed at the bottom. The cold air sinks
and is taken into the radiator; it is warmed and released. The hot air replaces the gap left by the
cold air. Therefore, a convection current is set up.
3. Hot air balloons- Hot air balloons can rise up because of the principle of convection. The heater is
at the base of the balloon. This heater heats the air, which moves upwards. The hot air which
rises gets trapped inside the balloon, and, hence, causes the balloon to rise up too. When the
landing of the hot air balloon has to take place, some of the hot air is released by the pilot. The
cold air replaces the hot air released; therefore, the balloon lowers.
4. Ventilators- Ventilators in a room are at the top of the wall. So that the warm air of the room rises
up and moves out of the ventilators and cool air enters the room through the doors and
windows.

DO YOU KNOW:-

Hawa Mahal was built in 1799 by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh.

In Hawa Mahal Jaipur there are larger openings on the west side
and small openings on the east side, this strategy receives north-
west side wind into the building, and we always feel the breeze.
The design of Hawa Mahal takes advantage of the convection of
air by creating a series of openings on the western side of the
building, which allow cooler air to flow in from the outside. The
smaller openings on the eastern side of the building help to
regulate the flow of air and maintain a comfortable temperature
inside the building.

C) RADIATION:-

To understand this, revisit the third method taken up in the classroom scenario, where the student throws the
notebook and the other one catches it. Along the same lines, Radiation refers to the transfer of heat in the form
of rays or waves.

This mode of heat flow does not require two objects to be in contact with each other nor any connecting medium
is required.

All hot bodies radiate heat. When this heat falls on some object, a part of it is reflected, a part is absorbed and a
part may be transmitted. The temperature of the object increases due to the absorbed part of the heat. The
amount of heat absorbed or reflected by an object depends on several factors such as the nature of the object, and
the colour of the object. Darker colours tend to be good absorbers of heat and lighter colours tend to be poor
absorbers of heat.

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Day-to-day Application of Convection of Heat:-

1. The sun the heat comes to us by radiation.

2. When we sit in front of a room heater, we get heat by this process.
3. A hot utensil kept away from the flame cools down as it transfers heat to the surroundings by radiation.
4. The outer base of cooking utensils is painted black to maximise the amount of heat absorbed.
5. Our body too, gives heat to the surroundings and receives heat from it by radiation.
6. Solar heaters are designed to absorb the heat rays coming from the sun for cooking food.
7. In cold places, the roofs of houses are painted black to absorb maximum heat from the sun.

KINDS OF CLOTHES WE WEAR IN SUMMER AND WINTER

In summer, people want to keep themselves cool and therefore want to wear clothes that absorb less heat, on the
contrary, in winter, people want to keep themselves warm and therefore want to wear clothes that absorb more
heat. Thus, light-coloured clothes are preferred in summer and dark-coloured clothes are preferred in winter.

Let's perform an activity to understand this better.

Activity 3.8 (a & b)

Aim:- To understand the impact of the colour of an object on the amount of heat absorbed or radiated..

Material required:- Two identical tin cans, white paint, black paint, water

Procedure:-

1. Take two identical tin cans.

2. Paint the outer surface of one black and of
the other white.
3a. Pour equal amounts of water into each and leave 3b. Fill the two cans with the same amount of hot
them in the mid-day sun for about an hour. water at the same temperature. Leave the cans in a
room or in the shade.
4a. Measure the temperature of water in both the
cans. 4b. Note the temperature of water after 10–15
minutes.
Observation:-

a) The water in the black can feel hotter as compared to the water in the white can.
b) The water in the white can feel cooler than the water in the black can

Conclusion:-

a) Dark surfaces absorb more heat.

b) Lighter surfaces reflect most of the heat falling on them.

Thus, dark surfaces absorb more heat and, therefore, we feel comfortable with dark coloured clothes in
the winter. Light-coloured clothes reflect most of the heat that falls on them and, therefore, we feel
more comfortable wearing them in the summer.

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Also, in the winter, we use woollen clothes. Wool is a poor conductor of heat. Moreover, there is air
trapped in between the wool fibres. This air prevents the flow of heat from our body to the cold
surroundings. So, we feel warm.

On the same lines, if we need to choose between using either one thick blanket or two thin blankets
joined together, then one should prefer two thin blankets joined together as there would be a layer of air
in between the blankets, which would provide insulation to the flow of heat and thus would provide
more warmth as compared to a single thick blanket.

CHECK YOUR SELF: -

Answer the following-

a. By which mode heat is transferred in solids?

b. Name a liquid that is a good conductor of heat.
c. Name the natural phenomenon taking place due to the convection of heat.
d. Name a conductor and an insulator, around you.
e. Name the mode of transfer of heat, where no particle or medium is involved.

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 SCIENCE IN 21ST CENTURY

A Temperature Regulating Robot

RoCo, or the roving comforter, is a moving robot
that regulates the temperature in your personal
space. To follow you around, it tracks your
phone, and then it blows hot or cool air at your
face and feet. The idea is that by creating a
bubble of heat or AC, you significantly reduce the
waste that comes from heating, say, empty
conference rooms. The tricky part in developing
the RoCo wasn’t the tracking, which uses Wifi
and face recognition, it was finding a way to
dump the excess heat when the AC was cranking.
To address that, the University of Maryland team
built in a canister of paraffin wax, which melts
and acts as a heat dump when it gets hot. The
RoCo can run for two hours, then the wax needs
to resolidify. The researchers expect to
have prototypes ready by April, and, through a
partnership with GE, they hope to have
commercial models, at a price point of about
$60, available by 2018.

SCIENTIST IN FOCUS

Meghnad N. Saha

Meghnad N. Saha (born Oct. 6, 1893, Seoratali,

near Dacca, India—died Feb. 16, 1956, New Delhi) Indian
astrophysicist noted for his development in 1920 of
the thermal ionization equation.
This equation has been widely applied to the
interpretation of stellar spectra, which are characteristic
of the chemical composition of the light source. The Saha
equation links the composition and appearance of
the spectrum with the temperature of the light source and
can thus be used to determine either the temperature of
the star or the relative abundance of the chemical
elements investigated.

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IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES:-

HEAT:- A form of energy that flows from a hot object to a cold object.

TEMPERATURE:- Temperature refers to how hot or cold something is.

THERMOMETER:- Temperature refers to how hot or cold something is.

CONDUCTION:-Conduction refers to the transfer of heat from the hotter end of an object to its colder end, passing on the
heat energy from one molecule to the other, present within the object.

CONDUCTORS:- The materials which allow heat to pass through them easily are conductors of heat. For example,
aluminium, iron and copper.

INSULATORS:- The materials which do not allow heat to pass through them easily are poor conductors of heat such as
plastic and wood. Poor conductors are known as insulators.

CONVECTION:-Convection refers to the transfer of heat by the movement of particles.

LAND BREEZE:- When the breeze flows from the land towards the sea, it is a land breeze.

SEA BREEZE: When the breeze flows from the sea towards the land, it is the sea breeze.

RADIATION:-Radiation refers to the transfer of heat in the form of rays or waves.

MIND MAP

https://www.studyadda.com/upload/html_folder/3_Heat/3_Heat_files/image004.gif

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 EXERCISE

SECTION A

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION: - Identify the correct option.

1. A marble tile would feel cold as compared to a wooden tile on a winter morning because the
marble tile
(a) is a better conductor of heat than wooden tile.
(b) is polished while wooden tile is not polished.
(c) reflects more heat than wooden tiles.
(d) (d) is a poor conductor of heat than the wooden tile. (NCERT
exemplar)
2. Paheli and Boojho measured their body temperature. Paheli found her’s to be 98.6 °F and
Boojho recorded 37°C. Which of the following statement is true?
(a) Paheli has a higher body temperature than Boojho.
(b) Paheli has a lower body temperature than Boojho.
(c) Both have normal body temperature.
(d) (d) Both are suffering from fever. (NCERT
exemplar)
3. An iron ball at 60®C is dropped in a mug containing water at 60®C. the heat will
a. Flow from iron ball to water
b. Flow from water to iron ball
c. Do not flow either way
d. Increase the temperature of both.
4. A beggar wrapped himself with a few layers of newspaper on a cold winter night. This helped
him to keep himself warm because (NCERT exemplar)
(a) friction between the layers of newspaper produces heat.
(b) air trapped between the layers of newspaper is a bad conductor of heat.
(c) newspaper is a conductor of heat.
(d) newspaper is at a higher temperature than the temperature of the surroundings.
5. Boojho has three thermometers as shown in Figure. He wants to measure the temperature of his
body and that of boiling water. Which thermometer (s) should he choose? (NCERT exemplar)

ii. iii.
i.

(a) Thermometer (i) or (iii) for measuring body temperature and (ii) for measuring the
temperature of boiling water.
(b) Thermometer (i) for measuring temperature of both.
(c) Thermometer (ii) for measuring temperature of both.
(d) Thermometer (iii) for measuring the temperature of both.
6. The objects made of iron, wood, cotton and brass are lying in the same room in the winter
season. Which of these objects will feel warmer?
a. Iron and wood objects

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 b. Wood and cotton objects
c. Cotton and brass objects
d. Iron and brass objects
7. Four arrangements to measure the temperature of ice in a beaker with a laboratory
thermometer are shown in Figures (a, b, c and d). Which one of them shows the correct
arrangement for accurate measurement of temperature? (NCERT exemplar)

(a)
8. Fig (a–d) shows a student reading a doctor’s thermometer. Which of the figure indicates the
correct method of reading temperature? (NCERT exemplar)

(a)
9. Figure (a–d) shows the readings on four different thermometers. Indicate which of the readings
shows the normal human body temperature. (NCERT exemplar)

(a)
10. Cooking utensils are provided with wooden or plastic handles as
a. Wooden and plastic handles appear colourful.
b. Wooden and plastic handles increase the strength of the vessel.
c. Wood and plastic are insulators and thus prevent burning.
d. Wooden and plastic handles increase decorative value.

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VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN ONE WORD/ONE SENTENCE.

1. Name the unit of temperature widely used in India.

2. Which is the metal often used in thermometers?
3. What prevents the mercury from falling back into the bulb in the case of clinical thermometer?
4. Name the thermometer which can record the maximum and minimum temperatures reached in
a whole day.
5. Write the range of temperature on a laboratory thermometer.
6. Name the mode of heat transfer in the case of an iron rod.
7. What is the term used to describe material that does not conduct heat?
8. Name the mode of heat transfer by which heat reaches Earth from the sun.
9. _________trapped within the layers of woollen clothes keep us warmer as it is an ___________.
10. Identify the good conductors among these- wood, copper, paper, air, steel, mercury, rubber,
aluminium, and cotton.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN 20-30 WORDS

1. Shopkeepers selling ice blocks usually cover them with jute sacks. Explain why. (NCERT exemplar)
2. Give a reason, why we need to jerk a clinical thermometer before use.
3. Why is a laboratory thermometer not suitable to measure human body temperature?
4. To keep her soup warm Paheli wrapped the container in which it was kept with a woollen cloth.
Can she apply the same method to keep a glass of cold drink cool? Give a reason for your
answer.
(NCERT exemplar)
5. In a mercury thermometer, the level of mercury rises when its bulb comes in contact with a hot
object. What is the reason for this rise in the level of mercury? (NCERT exemplar)
6. How does rapping ice blocks with jute sacks prevent them from melting?
7. At a camp site there are tents of two shades – one made with black fabric and the other with
white fabric. Which one will you prefer for resting on a hot summer afternoon? Give reason for
your choice. Would you like to prefer the same tent during winter? (NCERT exemplar)
8. Why are ventilators in houses provided at the top of walls?
9. Why cannot the sun’s heat reach the earth by conduction or convection?
10. While constructing a house in a coastal area, in which direction should the windows preferably
face and why? (NCERT exemplar)

LONG ANSWER QUESTION:- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN 80-100 WORDS

1. Convert the given temperatures i. 150® into ®C, ii. 32®C into ®F
2. Explain the structure and working of a clinical thermometer with the help of a labelled diagram.
3. Explain the occurrence of land breezes and sea breezes.
4. Black objects absorb more heat than white objects. Give two day-to-day applications of the
same.
5. Look at the given figure. Identify the areas where heat is travelling by conduction, by convection,
and by radiation. Also, give reasons to justify your answer.

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QUESTION:- ASSERTION – REASON QUESTIONS

The question below consists of an assertion and a Reason. Use the following key to choose the
appropriate answer.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
1. Assertion (A) : Radiation is a method of transfer of heat.
Reason (R) : The process of heat transfer that does not require any medium is called convection.
2. Assertion (A) : Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness of our body.
Reason (R): We use a clinical thermometer to measure the degree of hotness of our body.
3. Assertion (A) : Heat always flows from a larger object to a smaller object.
Reason (R) : Various modes by which heat can flow are conduction, convection and radiation.
4. Assertion (A) : A clinical thermometer has a scale in the range of 37∘ C to 45∘ C.
Reason (R) : The normal temperature of the human body is 37∘ C.
5. Assertion (A) : When metallic objects are touched in winter, they give a colder sensation as compared to
wooden objects.
Reason (R) : Metals conduct heat faster than wood.

PICTURE BASED QUESTIONS:- Answer the following

1. A laboratory thermometer A is kept 7 cm away on the side of the flame

while a similar thermometer B is kept 7 cm above the flame of a candle
as shown in Figure. (NCERT exemplar)

2. A circular metal loop is heated at point O as shown in Figure.

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 i. In which direction would
heat flow in the loop?
ii. In which order the pins at
points P,Q and R fixed
with the help of wax fall
if points O, P, Q and R are
equidistant from each
other?

3. In the arrangements A and B shown in Figure, pins P and Q are fixed to a metal loop and an iron
rod with the help of wax. In which case are both the pins likely to fall at different times? Explain.

4. Observe the picture given in Figure. Water is being boiled in a pan of wide base.

(i) Which position P or T will

feel warmer?
(ii) Fill up the boxes P and T
to indicate the mode of
flow of heat to the hand.

5. Look at Figure. The length of wire PQ in case of A is equal to the diameter of the semicircle
formed by the wire CDE, in case B. One pin is attached to each wire with the help of wax as
shown in Figure 4.9. Which pin will fall first? Explain.

CASE BASED QUESTION:-

1. For setting curd, a small amount of curd is added to warm milk. The microbes present in the curd help
in setting if the temperature of the mixture remains approximately between 35°C to 40°C. At places,
where room temperature remains much below the range, setting of curd becomes difficult. Suggest a
way to set curd in such a situation. (NCERT exemplar)

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2. At a camp site there are tents of two shades – one made with black fabric and the other with white
fabric. Which one will you prefer for resting on a hot summer afternoon? Give reason for your choice.
Would you like to prefer the same tent during winter? (NCERT exemplar)

EXERCISE

SECTION B

1. Write a poem for your school magazine, under the science segment, stating the three modes of
heat transfer, materials through which heat transfers and their applications.

(NEP-Cross-curricular linkage- English creative writing)

2. Global warming is the long-term warming of the planet's overall temperature. Though this
warming trend has been going on for a long time, its pace has significantly increased in the last
hundred years due to the burning of fossil fuels.
A group of students can work together and prepare a dance drama, to raise awareness about the
measures that need to be taken by the common man to help in reducing global warming.
(SDG -13) (NEP- Art integration- Dramatics)
3. Get into groups and design a solar cooker that can be used for cooking food and heating water in
colder regions. Also, build a publicity campaign for your product, highlighting the need to reduce
the use of fossil fuels and the importance of renewable resources. (NEP- Skill Development)
4. Anveshana, meaning exploration, is a campaign to bring back the glory of dying traditional architecture of
India. Ancient people used various methods to keep cool in the summer without the luxury of air
conditioning. In hot climates, they often built their homes with materials that provided natural insulation,
such as mud bricks or stone. They also utilized architectural techniques to promote airflow, like designing
homes with high ceilings, windows, and strategically placed openings for ventilation. Additionally, people
in ancient civilizations used natural elements such as water and shade to cool themselves, and they wore
loose, breathable clothing to help regulate body temperature. Some cultures also developed evaporative
cooling techniques, such as using wet cloths or sitting near fountains or water features.
Find out more such techniques and write a report on how these techniques can be implemented in the
current world. (SDG-7)

5. Solve the given crossword

Across
1. Heat as high as 100 degree Celsius can
be measured using _______ thermometer
5. Temperature is measured in degree
_________
6. What clothes keep us warm in winter?
8. When does land breeze blow?
9. The hotness of an object is determined
by its __________
10. Poor conductors are also called as?
Down
1. 2. ______ is one of the processes by
which heat is transferred.
2. 3. What thermometer is used to
measure body temperature?
3. 4. What is the device used to measure
temperature?
4. 5. The materials which allow heat to
pass through them easily are called?
5. 7. _______ coloured clothes absorb more
heat

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