Heat and Temperature

The heat, as Glen Frey says, is on

 First, set up the demo…
• In case I haven’t
 Temperature
• Temperature is a measure of how hot or
cold something is.
• It is measured on a standard scale in
degrees
– English unit countries: Fahrenheit
– SI countries: Celsius
– Scientists: Kelvin
 How Thermometers Work
• For those who don’t know, a thermometer
is a device used for measuring
temperature.
• Nearly all matter expands when it heats
• So you can use liquids (mercury or colored
alcohol) that expand at known rates and
put them in a tube with a scale on it.
 Temperature Scales
• Fahrenheit scale: water freezes at 320F,
water boils at 2120F.
• Celsius scale: water freezes at 00C, water
boils at 1000C.
• Kelvin scale: same spacing as Celsius, but
zero point is at absolute zero (the coldest
possible temperature), which is -2730C.
• Fun fact: even with different spacing,
-400F and -400C are the same temp.
 Quick reference for those raised in
the United States
• 00 C = freezing point of water
• 200 C ~ room temperature
• 370 C ~ body temperature
• 400+ C ~ Death Valley
• 1000 C = boiling point of water
 A check for understanding
• And now for some volunteers…
 But Dr. Mason, what does
temperature ACTUALLY measure?
• Think about a cup of coffee.
• The molecules in your coffee are constantly moving
around and bouncing off one another.
• As the temp of any substance increases, the
molecules of the substance gain energy and move
faster.
• The molecules in hot coffee move faster than the
molecules in cold coffee.
• This extra motion makes materials expand when
hot.
• So, temperature is a measure of the average kinetic
energy of the molecules in a substance.
 Okay, so what is heat?
• Heat is energy
• Heat is energy that flows from one object
to another.
• Heat ALWAYS flows from the hotter
object to the colder object.
• Heat will only flow if the two objects are in
THERMAL CONTACT.
• Heat will flow between two objects until the
temperature becomes equal.
 To Review:
• Heat is energy that is transferred between
objects, resulting in a change in internal
energy. Heat is measured in Joules, just
like other kinds of energy (potential and
kinetic).
• Temperature is a measure of the kinetic
energy of a substance. Temp is measured
in degrees (of Celsius, Fahrenheit, etc.).
 Hot/medium/cold water demo
• Once again, I need some volunteers…
 Thermal Equilibrium
• After two objects have been in thermal
contact long enough, they have the same
temperature.
• This means they are at thermal equilibrium
and no heat flows between them.
 Let’s ask some questions…
• Imagine it is the dead of winter and the
heater in your house isn’t working.
• You wake up in the morning and have no
socks on. When you step onto the floor,
would you rather step onto a tile floor, or
on a rug?
• Which is hotter? The tile or the rug?
• Why would you rather step on the rug?
 Another situation
• Now let’s say it is the middle of the
summer. You are outside barefoot at 2pm
on a blazing hot day.
• Would you rather stand in the grass, or in
the middle of the black asphalt street?
• Which is hotter, the asphalt or the grass?
• Why is it better to stand in the grass?
 A check for understanding…
• Once again, the volunteers….
 Measurement of Heat
• If something absorbs heat, the temp goes
up.
• But the change in temp doesn’t just
depend on amount of heat. It also
depends on the mass of the something
and the kind of the something.
• Calorie: the amount of heat needed to
raise 1 gram of water 10 C.
• Kilocalorie: amount of heat needed to
raise 1 kg of water 10 C.
 Important Note!
• It doesn’t matter what the starting temp of
a substance is, as far as raising the temp
is concerned.
• The same amount of heat is required to
raise 1 gram of water from 30 C to 40 C as
it is to raise 1 gram of water from 980 C to
990 C.
• How many calories for each?
 Do the (easy) math
• I add the same amount of heat to 2
beakers. One has 1 kg of water and the
other has 3 kg of water. Which beaker
increases its temp more?
• How many calories of heat are needed to
raise 2 grams of water by 10 C?
• How many calories of heat are needed to
raise 50 grams of water by 20 C?
• How many calories of heat are needed to
raise 400 grams of water by 30 C?
 Specific Heat Capacity
• Which one heats up faster: a 1 kg potato
or a 1kg metal pot?
• Which one cools down faster: the 2 kg
apple pie just out of the oven or a 2 kg
aluminum pan just out of the oven?
• The different speeds at which substances
raise or lower their temperature is due to
their specific heat capacity.
 Specific Heat Capacity cont’d
• Specific Heat Capacity: the amount of heat
required to raise the temp of one unit
mass of the substance by one degree.
• Example 1: gold SHC = 130 J/kg/0C
• Example 2: glass SHC = 837 J/kg/0C
• Example 2: water SHC = 4186 J/kg/0C
 SHC concepts
• A substance with high SHC will take more
heat to raise its temp, will take longer to
heat up and longer to cool down.
– Examples: water, baked potato
• A substance with low SHC will take less
heat to raise its temp, will take less time to
heat up and less time to cool down.
– Examples: most metals
 Check for understanding
• Once again with the volunteers…
 Thermal Expansion
• Remember how we said that all
substances expand when you heat them
and contract when you cool them? Yeah,
that’s still true.
• Gases expand and contract more than
liquids which expand and contract more
than solids.
• Now would be a good time to set up the
demo.
 Thermal expansion examples
• Let’s say you have a jar with a stuck lid.
How can you make it easier to remove the
lid? Why does this work?
• Why are there expansion joints in
roadways?
• Read the crazy teaching tip from page 316
of the teacher’s manual.
 Bimetallic Strip/Thermostat
• Someone tell me what a thermostat is.
• Thermostats use a bimetallic strip. A
bimetallic strip is a strip that has two
different metals (say, brass and iron) stuck
together.
• These two metals expand and contract at
different rates.
• When the metals change temperature, the
strip bends.
• See page 317 to understand thermostats.
 The crazy expansion of water
• Water behaves very strangely at low temp.
• It contracts as the temp lowers to 40C, at
which point it expands again.
• So when water freezes into ice, it actually
has a larger volume (and lower density)
than water at 40C. See page 320 to see
why!
• This is why ice floats.
 Check for understaning
• Again with the volunteers….