ME 05-T Thermodynamics 2

ME 05-T
THERMODYNAMICS 2
Lecture 1
REVIEW IN THERMODYNAMICS 1
Technological University of the Philippines

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 1
OBJECTIVES
• Define thermodynamics;
• Identify examples of thermodynamic
processes;
• Discuss the basic concepts, principles, and
laws of thermodynamics;

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THERMODYNAMICS
• Derived from the Greek word “therme” meaning heat , and
dynamis meaning motion, power.
• Is the study of heat and its relationship with the other forms of
energy.
The relationship between heat and mechanical

work was first explained by?
JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE

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Example: WORK + SYSTEM
LOSSES +WASTE
ENERGY
Chemical
Energy
Mechanical Energy
Kinetic
Thermal
Energy
Energy

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SUBSTANCE
• is something that usually made up of molecules;
sometimes atoms may be involved.
SUBSTANCE
SIMPLE SUBSTANCE PURE SUBSTANCE
is one whose state is defined by two is a substance that has a fixed chemical composition
independently variable intensive throughout it does not undergo any chemical reactions
thermodynamic properties. and is not a mechanical mixture of different species.

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SYSTEM
• is that portion of the universe, an atom, a galaxy, a certain quantity of
matter, or a certain volume in space, that one wishes to study.
Mass
Mass Mass
isolated
Open Closed
system
system system
Energy
Energy Energy

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QUANTITY
• Is used to represent the amount or measure of
something.
SCALAR QUANTITY VECTOR QUANTITY
MAGNITUDE MAGNITUDE+DIRECTION
Time, mass,
Force, displacement,
temperature, pressure,
velocity, acceleration,
distance, speed

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THE SEVEN BASE QUANTITIES
is the unit of length and is equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the levels 2p10 and 5d5 of the krypton 86 atom.
METER
is the unit of mass and is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram, is the KILOGRAM
only base unit with a prefix.
is the unit of time and is the duration of 9,192, 631, 770 periods of the radiation corresponding
to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 SECOND
atom.
is the unit of electric current and is that constant current which, if we maintained in a two
straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross- section, and AMPERE
placed one meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force
equal to 2 x 10-7 Newton per meter length.
is the unit of thermodynamic temperature and is the fraction 1/273.16 of the triple point of KELVIN
water.
is the unit of substance and is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary MOLE
entities as there are in atoms 0.012 kg of carbon C-12.
is the unit of luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of a surface of 1/600,000 m 2 of a black body at CANDELA
the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure 101 325 N/m 2.

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DERIVED QUANTITIES

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INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
Intensive Extensive
Properties Properties
Specific properties
• are • are are those for a unit
independent dependent mass, and are extensive by
to mass upon the definition such as specific
while mass. volume.
extensive
properties
are mass
dependent.

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INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
• Group the following into intensive or extensive properties

Intensive Extensive
color temperature
volume pressure
weight voltage
heat No. of moles

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Basic Properties
Mass
in a body, it is the absolute quantity of matter in it, an
unchanging quantity for the particular mass when the speed of the
mass to be is small compared to the speed of light.
𝒎 = 𝒏𝑴𝑾
Where n is the no. of moles and MW is the molecular weight.
Conversion units for Mass
1 kg = 2.205 lbs
1 slug = 14. 594 kg
= 32.174 lbm
1 metric ton = 1000 kg
1 tonne = 2000 lbs
1 kip = 1000 lbs

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Basic Properties
Weight- is the product of mass and the local acceleration.
𝒎𝒈
𝑾=
𝒌
where:
m is the mass in kg or lbs; g is local acceleration of the body at
m/s2 or ft/s2 and k is constant for conversion, kg –m/s2/1N or
slug-ft/s2/lb
Conversion Units of Weights
1 kgf = 9.80665 N
1 lbf = 4.4482 N
= 444 820 dynes
1N = 105 dynes
1 gmf = 980. 665 dynes
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Sample Problems
1. Convert 2000 lbs to kgs, N, and dynes.
2. At a certain location, the weight of a metal is 100N. Its
weight was reduced by 16%when brought to a location
where g=1.67 m/s2. What is the local acceleration due to
gravity?
3. The weight of a 100 kg mass body at a given elevation is
0.9804 kN. If the variation from the standard gravitational
acceleration is 0.004 m/s2 per 1000 m, determine the
elevation at this point.

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Basic Properties
Density - is the mass per unit volume of a substance.
𝒎
𝝆 =
𝑽
Specific volume - is the reciprocal of density of a substance.
𝑽
𝝊 =
𝒎
Specific weight – is the weight per unit volume of the
substance.
𝑾
𝜸=
𝑽
Pressure – is the force per unit area.
𝑭
𝑷 =
𝑨

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Sample Problems
1. Oil with SG=0.86 has a volume of 3 gal. Determine the
mass, weight, specific weight, and specific volume of the oil.
2. A beer barrel has a mass of 10 kg and a volume of 20L.
Assuming the density of beer is 1000 kg/m3, determine the
total mass and weight of the barrel when it is filled with beer.
3. A cubical tank is filled with two liquids ρ1=1400 kg/m3 ,
ρ2=700 kg/m3 and the resulting mass of liquid 1 is twice that
of liquid 2, determine the dimension of the tank and solve for
the density of the mixture. The total mass of of the mixture is
10kg.

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Basic Properties
Fluid pressure – is the pressure generated by a column
of fluid.
Pf =ρgh
Conversions Units of Pressure
1 atm = 101 325 Pa
= 14.7 psi
= 29.92 in Hg
= 760 mmHg
= 1.033 kg/cm2
= 1.01325 bar

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Basic Properties
Pressure Readings
 Gauge Pressure is the pressure as
read from pressure measuring
devices.
 Atmospheric/Barometric pressure
is the pressure due to the weight of
air in the atmosphere.
 Absolute pressure is atmospheric Atmospheric pressure decreases by 1
pressure plus the gauge pressure. inhg in every 1000 ft.
 Vacuum pressure is the pressure
below atmospheric pressure.

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Sample Problems
1. Convert 100 MPa to psi, mmHg, inHg, kg/cm2 and bar.
2. What minimum pressure is required to force blood from the
heart to the top of the head if the vertical distance is 27 in?
Assume the density of the blood to be 1.04 gm/cm3 and
neglect friction. Express answer in mmHg.
3. Determine the ratio of the fluid pressure between the mid-
upper half and the mid-lower half of a cubical tank with
alcohol filled up to its rim. SG of alcohol is 1.2
4. What height of water column can be supported by the
pressure exerted by 30 cm salt solution. SG of salt is 1.2.
5. At what height above the sea level will the barometric
pressure is 11.22 psi?

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Basic Properties
Temperature
is the degree of hotness or
coldness of the body. This also
indicates the thermal energy of the
body. Common units are Kelvin and
Rankine as the absolute temperature
and Celcius and Fahrenheit as the
basic unit.
Conversion Units of Temperature
𝑇(𝑜𝐶) = (5/9)(𝑇𝑜𝐹 – 32)
𝑇 (𝐾) = 𝑇(𝑜𝐶) + 273
𝑇(𝑅) = )(𝑇𝑜𝐹) + 460
Standard temperature decreases by
3.6 R in every 1000 ft.

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Basic Properties
Zeroth Law
states when two bodies,
isolated from other
environment are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body,
the two are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body,
the two are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

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Sample Problems
1. Convert 600R to oF, oC, and K.

2. One research institute proposes a new temperature scale
based on the ice point of water at 40oX and steam point at
160oX. If the thermometer reads 60oX, find the temperature
in R and oC.

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CONCEPTS OF ENERGY
• Energy
– is the measure
of the ability to
do work or an
effect.
– Can either be
stored or in
transition.

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COMMON FORMS OF ENERGY
Forms of energy Definition Formula
1
Kinetic energy energy associated with motion. 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
Energy of an object due to its
Gravitational potential energy elevation ‘z’ from a reference 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔𝑧
datum.
Is the product of pressure and
Flow energy 𝐹𝐸 = 𝑃𝑉
volume
Product of the force and 𝑊𝑛 = 𝐹𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝𝑑𝑉

Work (non-flow)
displacement
Work (Steady-flow) Internal pressure change. 𝑊𝑠 = −𝑉𝑑𝑃

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COMMON FORMS OF ENERGY
Forms of energy Definition Formula
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑑𝑇
Heat (sensible) energy transferrable from one 𝑄 = 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉
body to another due to
Heat (Latent) temperature difference 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿
Internal energy Energy stored within the body 𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇
Is the sum of all the energy in a

given body. 𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇
Enthalpy
Stored energy plus energy in 𝐻 = 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉
transition.
Where cv and cp are the specific heat capacity at constant volume and pressure
process, T is the temperature, m is the mass, P is the pressure, v is the velocity, z is
the elevation and L is latent heat value.

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COMMON UNITS OF ENERGY
• BTU (British Thermal Unit) – is the quantity of heat required to
change the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1oF from 600F to 610F.
• Calorie (cal)- is the amount of heat needed to change the
temperature of 1 g of water by 1oC from 15.6oC to16.6oC.
• Joule (J) is equal to the work done by a force of one newton when its
point of application moves one meter in the direction of action of the
force
• Erg is equal to the work done by a force of one dyne when its point of
application moves one centimeter in the direction of action of the
force.
• Foot-pound is q work equivalent to 778.16 ft-lb in every 1 BTU.

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COMMON UNITS OF ENERGY
Units Conversion
1 BTU 1055 J
252 cal
778.16 ft-lb
1J 107 erg

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CONCEPT OF HEAT
• Heat
– Is a form of energy transferrable from one body to
another due to temperature difference via conduction,
convection, and radiation.
– Is a form of energy associated with the kinetic random
motion of large number of molecules.
– sensible (change in temperature w/o change in phase)
or latent heat (change in phase e.g. solidification,
melting/fusion, condensation, evaporation, and
deposition) without change in temperature.

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FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
The Law of Conservation of
Energy
– Energy is neither created nor
destroyed.
– Energy is not lost in a given
system, it just transformed
from one form into another.
– The sum of all the energies
that enters a given system is
equal to the total energy
leaving the system.
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Sample Problems
1. To accelerate a body at 5 m/s2 in a horizontal plane, 10 kgf is
applied against a coefficient of 0.2. What is the mass of the
body?
2. A body having a mass of 50 kg is dropped from an elevation of
20m. If the corresponding weight of the body is ½ kN, find the
velocity as the body hits the ground.
3. A piston was moved at a distance of 75 cm by a gas pressure
of 450 kPa. If the work done is 15 kJ, the piston diameter is?
4. 0.2 Btu of heat was added to a working substance inside a
piston-cylinder whose diameter is 4 in. the corresponding
increase in internal energy is 0.04 Btu. If the heat was added
at a constant pressre of 14.5 psia, by how many inches was
the piston moved?

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Sample Problems
5. How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg water from 21oC to
100oC?How much heat is needed to be removed to freeze 1 kg water at 0oC
to ice at 0oC? How much heat must be added to increase its temperature of I
ce from -6oC to 0oC?How much heat must be added to convert this water at
100oC to steam at 100oC?
6. The pressure, specific volume, and enthalpy of a fluid at a certain state are 50
kPa, 3.0m3/kg, and 1560 kJ/kg, respectively. Calculate the internal energy in
kJ/kg of the fluid at this state.
7. A fluid at 700 kPa, with a specific volume of 0.25 m3/kg and a velocity of 175
m/s, enters a device. Heat loss from the device by radiation is 23 kJ/kg. The
work done by the fluid is 465 kJ/kg. The fluid exits at 136 kPa, 0.94 m3/kg,and
335 m/s. Determine the change in internal energy.

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IDEAL GASES
• An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly
moving point particles whose only interactions are perfectly
elastic collisions.
• Is a hypothetical substance whose property is generally defined
as:
𝒑𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻
𝒑𝑽 = 𝒎𝑹𝑻
Where p is the absolute pressure, V is the volume, 𝑅 is the
universal gas constant (8.3143 J/mol-K or 53.34 ft-lbf/lbm-R), R is
the specific gas constant, T is the absolute temperature.

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IDEAL GASES PROPERTIES
• Specific gas constant-is the ratio between the universal gas constant
and the molecular weight.
𝑹
𝑹=
𝑴𝑾
• Specific heat capacity-is the measure of the ability of the gas to
absorb heat.
– Specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp)
– Specific heat capacity at constant volume (cv)
• Specific heat ratio-is the ratio between the enthalpy and internal
energy of the gas
𝑯 𝒄𝒑
𝒌= =
𝑼 𝒄𝒗

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Sample Problems
• Methane gas is placed in a cylindrical tank with a diameter of 1 m and
height of 1.2m. If the pressure at the tank is 227.28 kPag and the
temperature is 25oC. Find
a. The mass of methane in the tank.
b. If the tank was heated to 45oC during summer, what is the new pressure in the
tank and the heat it absorbs? How much methane should be removed to
maintain the pressure in the tank?
c. During the rainy season the tank was cooled to 16oC. What is the pressure in
the tank. How much methane must be added to maintain the pressure in the
tank.
d. If k of methane is 1.31, find cp and cv

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IDEAL GAS LAWS
1. Avogadro's law
• states that, "equal volumes of all gases, at the same
temperature and pressure, have the same number of
molecules.“
• For a given mass of an ideal gas, the volume and amount
(moles) of the gas are directly proportional if
the temperature and pressure are constant.
𝑽∞𝒏
𝑽 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
= 𝒌; =
𝒏 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

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IDEAL GAS LAWS
2. Boyle's law P
• states that, "If a temperature of
a given a substance is held
constant, the volume of gas
varies inversely with the
absolute pressure during a
quasi-static change of state.
𝟏
𝑻 = 𝑪; 𝑽∞
𝒑 V
𝒑𝑽 = 𝒌, ; 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐

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IDEAL GAS LAWS
3. Charle's law/Gay-Lussac’s Law T
• If a pressure of a given a substance is
held constant, the volume of gas
varies directly with temperature.
𝒑 = 𝑪, 𝑽∞𝑻
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
𝐕 = 𝒌𝑻, ; = V
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
T
• If a volume of a given a substance is
held constant, the pressure of gas
varies directly with temperature.
𝑽 = 𝑪, 𝒑∞𝑻
𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐
𝒑 = 𝒌𝑻, ; =
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
P

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IDEAL GAS LAWS
4. Mixed/Combined Gas law
• is a formula about ideal gases that comes from putting
together three different laws about the pressure, volume,
and temperature of the gas.
𝒑𝑽
=𝒌
𝑻
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

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Sample Problems
1. At 2068.44 kPaa, 37.8oC, 0.142 m3 of methane have a total mass of 1.82 kg. Using
Avogadro’s principle, find the mass of carbon dioxide contained in a 0.85 m3 tank at
2068.44 kPa, 37.8oC.
2. A 6.00 L sample at 25.0 °C and 2.00 atm contains 0.500 mol of gas. If we add 0.250 mol
of gas at the same pressure and temperature, what is the final total volume of the gas?
3. The temperature of an ideal gas remains constant while the absolute pressure changes
from 103.4 kPaa to 827.7 kPaa. (a) If the initial volume is 80L, what is the final volume?,
(b) For 160 gm of the gas, determine the change of density expressed as a percentage of
the initial density.
4. An automobile tire contains a certain volume of air at 30 psig and 70oF. The barometric
pressure is 29.50 in Hg. If due to running conditions, the temperature of the air in the tire
rises to 160oF. What will be the gage pressure? Assume that the air is an ideal gas and
that tire does not stretch if a volume of a given a substance is held constant; the pressure
of gas varies directly temperature.

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GAS PROCESSES
Gas Process 𝑰𝒔𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒔𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄
Definition T=Constant V=Constant P=Constant S=Constant
n 𝑛=1 𝑛=∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛=𝑘
𝑃 𝑉
P-V-T relationship 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶 =𝐶 =𝐶 𝑃𝑉 𝑘 = 𝐶
𝑇 𝑇
∆𝑈 0 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 −𝑊𝑛
∆𝐻 0 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑚𝑐𝑃 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 −𝑊𝑠
𝑙𝑛𝑉2 𝑇2
∆𝑆 𝑚𝑅 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ln 𝑇2 /𝑇1 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ln 0
𝑉1 𝑇1
𝑄 𝑊𝑛 ∆𝑈 ∆𝐻 0
𝑉2
𝑊𝑛 𝑝𝑉 ln 0 𝑃 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 −𝑘𝑊𝑛
𝑉1
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑊𝑠 𝑝𝑉𝑙𝑛 𝑉 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 0
𝑃2 1−𝑘

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Sample Problems
1. A piston cylinder device initially contains 0.4m3 of air at 100 kPa and 800oC. The
air is now compressed to 0.1 m3 in such a way that the temp inside the cylinder
remains constant. Determine the work done during the process.
2. Work done by a substance in reversible nonflow manner in accordance with V
= 100/P ft3, where P is in psia. Evaluate the work done on or by the substance
as the pressure increases from 10 psia to 100 psia.
3. During the reversible process there are abstracted 317 kJ from 1.134 kg/s of a
certain gas while the temperature remains constant at 26.7oC. For this gas,
cp=2.232 and cv= 1.713 kJ/kg-K. The initial pressure is 586 kPaa. For a nonflow
and steady flow (∆P=0, ∆K=0) processes, determine: (a) V1, V2, and p1; (b) W
and Q; (c) ∆S; (d) ∆H

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Sample Problems
3. Calculate the change in enthalpy as 1 kg of nitrogen is heated from 1000 K to
1500 K, assuming the nitrogen is an ideal gas at a constant pressure. The
temp dependent specific heat of nitrogen is Cp = 39.06 -512.79 T1.5 + 1072.7
T2 – 820.4 T3 where Cp is in kJ/kg-mol, and T is in K.
4. During an isentropic process of 1.36 kg/s of air, the temperature increases
from 4.44 oC to 115.6oC. For a nonflow process and for steady flow process
(∆K=0, ∆P=0), find: (a) ∆U; (b) W; (c) ∆H; (d) ∆S; (e) Q
5. A certain ideal gas has a constant R= 38.9 ft-lb/lb-oR with k=1.4. (a) Find cp
and cv;(b) If 3lb of this gas undergoes a reversible nonflow constant volume
process from p1=20 psia, 140oF to 740oF, find p2, ∆U, ∆H, Q, W. (c) If the
process in b had been steady flow with ∆P =0, ∆K=0, find W and ∆S.

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INTRODUCTION TO CYCLE ANALYSIS
• A thermodynamic cycle is a series of thermodynamic
processes which returns a system to its initial state.
• Common thermodynamic cycles
a. Carnot cycle (TSTS)-theoretical cycle
b. Otto Cycle (SVSV)-idealized air standard cycle for
gasoline/spark ignition engines.
c. Diesel Cycle (SPSV)-idealized air standard cycle for
diesel/compressed ignition engines.
d. Rankine Cycle (PSPS) idealized steam cycle for thermal
plants.
e. Brayton Cyle (PSPS) idealized cycle for gas turbine power
generation.
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• Heat engine/ Thermal engine- is a
closed system that exchanges only the
heat and work with its surroundings and
that it operates in cycles.
• Working substance- matter that
receives heat, rejects heat, and does
work.
• Source of heat- also called a hot body,
a heat reservoir, or just source; from
which the working substance can
receives heat.

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• Heat sink- also called a

receiver, a cold body, or just
sink; to which the working
substance can reject heat.
• Engine- wherein the working
substance may do work or have
work done on it.

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The Carnot Cycle
• The Carnot cycle is best demonstrated with a simple cycle shown
below and an example of a proposed heat power cycle. The cycle
consists of the following reversible processes.
• 1-2: adiabatic compression from TC to TH due to work performed on
fluid.
• 2-3: isothermal expansion as fluid expands when heat is added to
the fluid at temperature TH.
• 3-4: adiabatic expansion as the fluid performs work during the
expansion process and temperature drops from TH to TC.
• 4-1: isothermal compression as the fluid contracts when heat is
removed from the fluid at temperature TC.

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The Carnot Cycle

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Sample Problems
1. An inventor claims to have an engine that receives 100 Btu of heat and
produces 25 Btu of useful work when operating between a source at 140°F and
a receiver at 0°F. Is the claim a valid claim?
2. There are supplied 3.60MJ of heat to a Carnot power cycle operating between
900K and 300K. Determine:
(a) Thermal cycle efficiency
(b) Heat rejected
(c) Work, and
(c) Total change in entropy during heat addition

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Sample Problems
3. A Carnot engine operates with 0.136 kg of air as the working substance. The
pressure and volume at the beginning of isothermal expansion are 2.1 MPa
and 9.6 liters. The air behaves as an ideal gas, the sink temperature is 50oC,
and the heat added is 32 kJ. Determine:
a. The source temperature
b. The cycle efficiency
c. The pressure at the end of isothermal expansion
d. The heat rejected to the sink

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PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Change in Change in
Gene-ral Change in Change in
Processes specific internal Heat Added Nonflow Work Steady Flow Work
Equation enthalpy Entropy
Volume energy
𝒉_𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐
Isobaric 𝒑𝑽𝟎 = 𝑪 (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏) (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏) (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏) (𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔𝟏) (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏) 𝒑(𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏)
− ∆𝑲𝑬 + 𝑸
Isometric 𝒑𝑽∞ = 𝑪 𝟎 (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏) (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏) (𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔𝟏) (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏) 𝟎
𝑻(𝒔𝟐
Isothermal 𝒑𝑽𝟏 = 𝑪 (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏) 𝟎 𝟎 (𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔𝟏) 𝑸 − ∆𝒖 𝑸 − ∆𝒉 − ∆𝑲𝑬
− 𝒔𝟏)
Isentropic 𝒑𝑽𝒌 = 𝑪 (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏) (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏) (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏) (𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔𝟏) 𝟎 − ∆𝒖 − ∆𝒉 − ∆𝑲𝑬
(𝒑𝟐𝑽𝟐 − 𝒑𝟏𝑽𝟏)/(𝟏
Polytropic 𝒑𝑽𝒏 = 𝑪 (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏) (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏) (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏) (𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔𝟏) ∆𝒖 + 𝑾𝒏 𝑸 − ∆𝒉 − ∆𝑲𝑬
− 𝒏)

Taguig Campus
Sample Problems
1. A piston-cylinder containing steam at 700 kPa nd 250 oC undergoes a
constant-pressure process until the quality is 70%. Determine per kilogram (a)
the work done; (b) the heat transferred; (c) the change of internal energy; (d)
the change of enthalpy.
2. A rigid vessel contains 5 kg of wet steam at 0.4 MPa. After the addition of
9585 kJ the steam has a pressure of 2.0 MPa and a temperature of 700 oC.
Determine the initial internal energy and the specific volume of the steam.

Taguig Campus
Sample Problems
3. A piston-cylinder containing steam at 700 kPa and 250oC undergoes a
constant pressure process until the quality is 70%. Determine per kilogram (a)
the work done, (b) the heat transferred, (c) the change in internal energy, and
(d) the change of enthalpy.
4. Three kilograms of steam initially at 2.5 MPa and a temperature of 370oC
have 2460 kJ of heat removed at constant temperature until the quality is
90%. Determine (a) the pressure when the dry saturated steam exists and (b)
the work.

Taguig Campus
REFERENCES
 Burghardt, David M. and Harback, J.A.. Engineering Thermodynamics, 4th
Edition
 Huang, Francis F. Engineering Thermodynamics , 2nd Ed.
 Cengel and Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd
edition, McGraw-Hill, 1998
 Sonntag and Van Wylen. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics 7th edition,
John Wiley and Sons, 2004
 Shapiro and Moran. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 6th
edition, John Wiley and sons, 2007
 Winterbone, Desmond E., “Advanced Thermodynamics for Engineers”’,
John & Wiley sons Inc., New York 1997
 Potter, Merle C., “Thermodynamics: Demystified”, McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc New York 2009

Taguig Campus
END OF
PRESENTATION

Taguig Campus

ME 05-T Thermodynamics 2

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The relationship between heat and mechanical

JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE

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SIMPLE SUBSTANCE PURE SUBSTANCE

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• Group the following into intensive or extensive properties

heat No. of moles

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1. Convert 600R to oF, oC, and K.

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Product of the force and 𝑊𝑛 = 𝐹𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝𝑑𝑉

Work (Steady-flow) Internal pressure change. 𝑊𝑠 = −𝑉𝑑𝑃

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Internal energy Energy stored within the body 𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇

Is the sum of all the energy in a

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• Heat sink- also called a

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