Technological University of the Philippines

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 1
 PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCE
• Isobaric Process – is commonly used in the design
and analysis of heat exchangers such as condensers,
evaporators, boiler, reheater, feed
T water heaters, etc.
P

Isobaric

Isobaric

V S
𝑞 = ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝑤𝑛 = 𝑝 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝑤𝑠 = 𝑞 − ∆ℎ − ∆𝐾𝐸

Technological University of the Philippines

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A steam engine containing 0.75 MPa and 270oC steam
undergoes a constant pressure process until 80%
steam quality. Determine ∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, ∆𝒔, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒.
2. Steam with a quality of 2% has an enthalpy of 1606.2
kJ is heated at a constant pressure process until a
degree superheat of 180.1Co . Determine
∆𝑽, ∆𝑼, ∆𝑯, ∆𝑺, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸.
3. Steam with pressure of 3.5 MPa has a degree
superheat of 107.4Co rejects 476 kJ/kg of heat .
Determine∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∆𝒔.

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 3
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A steam engine containing 0.75 MPa
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝟏: and 270oC steam undergoes a constant
pressure process until 80% steam
𝐴𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 1: 𝑝1 = 0.75 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑡1 = 270𝑜 𝐶 quality. Determine ∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, ∆𝒔, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒.

0.70 0.75 1.0

t v u h s v u h s v u h s
240 0.3292 2701.8 2932.2 7.0641 0.2275 2692.9 2920.4 6.8817

270 0.3504 2750.63 2995.88 7.1835 0.2429 2743.38 2986.25 7.0053

280 0.3574 2766.9 3017.1 7.2233 0.2480 2760.2 3008.2 7.0465

First Interpolation 𝑣1 = 0.3325

𝟐𝟕𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒗 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟐
=
𝟐𝟖𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟐 𝑢1 = 2744.59

ℎ1 = 2994.28 Second Interpolation

𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎 𝒗 − 0.3504
𝑠1 = 7.1538 =
𝟏. 𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎 0.3504 − 0.3504

Technological University of the Philippines

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 4
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A steam engine containing 0.75 MPa
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝟏: and 270oC steam undergoes a constant
pressure process until 80% steam
quality. Determine ∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, ∆𝒔, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒.

𝐴𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 2: 𝑝2 = 0.75 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑡2 =

p t vf vg uf ug hf hg sf sg

0.70 165.0 0.0011080 0.2729 696.44 2572.5 697.22 2763.5 1.9922 6.7080

0.75 167.7 0.0011114 0.2567 708.33 2574.65 709.17 2766.3 2.0192 6.6854

0.80 170.4 0.0011148 0.2404 720.22 2576.8 721.11 2769.1 2.0462 6.6628

𝑣2 = 0.2056
Interpolation With 80% steam quality
𝟐𝟕𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒗 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟐
=
𝟐𝟖𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟐
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙(𝒗𝒈 − 𝒗𝒇 ) 𝑢2 = 2201.39

ℎ2 = 2354.87
𝑠2 = 5.7522

Technological University of the Philippines

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 5
 PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCE
• Isobaric Process T A steam engine containing 0.75 MPa
and 270oC steam undergoes a constant
P pressure process until 80% steam
quality. Determine ∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, ∆𝒔, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒.

𝑡1 = 270𝑜 𝐶 1
𝑠1 = 7.1538
2 1
2
𝑣2 = 0.2056 𝑣1 = 0.3325
𝑡2 = 167.7𝑜 𝐶
𝑠2 = 5.7522

V S
𝑚3 𝑘𝐽
∆𝑣 = −0.1269 ∆𝑠 = −1.4016
Formula 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝒌𝑱 𝑘𝐽
𝒘𝒏 = 𝒑 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏 , = 𝑘𝐽
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈 ∆𝑢 = −543.11 𝑤𝑛 = −95.175
𝒒 = ∆𝒉 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
∆ℎ = −639.41 𝑞 = −639.41
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 6
 PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCE
• Reversible and irreversible adiabatic process – commonly
considered in the generation/application of work such as
compression (pumps, compressor, T etc.) and expansion
(turbines, engines, etc.) Isentropic
P
Isentropic

Irreversible Irreversible
Adiabatic Adiabatic S
V
𝑤𝑛 = −∆𝑢
𝑞=0
𝑤𝑠 = −∆ℎ − ∆𝐾𝐸
𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙
𝑤𝑛′ = −∆𝑢′
𝑤𝑠′ = −∆ℎ′ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙

Technological University of the Philippines

Taguig Campus
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 7
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Steam at a pressure of 5 MPa and 300oC expands in a
steam turbine.
a. If the steam leaves saturated, determine
∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔 .
b. If the irreversibility is 0.2125, determine
∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, ∆𝒔, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔 .
2. Saturated steam at 0.2 MPa is compressed until
pressure is 0.50 MPa.
a. If the compression is isentropic, determine
∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔 .
b. If the efficiency of compression is 80%, determine
∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, ∆𝒔, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔 .

𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉′𝟐
𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐

Technological University of the Philippines

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 8
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Steam at a pressure of 5 MPa and 300oC expands in
a steam turbine.
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝟏(𝒂): a. If the steam leaves saturated, determine
∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔 .
b. If the irreversibility is 0.2125, determine
𝐴𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 1: 𝑝1 = 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑡1 = 300𝑜 𝐶 ∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, ∆𝒔, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔.

4.0 5.0 6.0

t v u h s v u h s v u h s
280 0.05546 2680.0 2901.8 6.2568 0.03317 2605.2 2804.2 5.9252

300 0.05873 2722.2 2958.6 6.3561 0.03597 2662.6 2878.4 6.0549

320 0.06199 2764.4 3015.4 6.4553 0.03876 2720.0 2952.6 6.1846

First Interpolation 𝑣1 = 0.04735

𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝒗 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟒𝟔
=
𝟑𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟗 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟒𝟔 𝑢1 = 2692.4

ℎ1 = 2918.5 Second Interpolation

𝟓. 𝟎 − 𝟒. 𝟎 𝒗 − 0.05873
𝑠1 = 6.2055 =
𝟔. 𝟎 − 𝟒. 𝟎 0.03597 − 0.05873

Technological University of the Philippines

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 9
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Steam at a pressure of 5 MPa and 300oC expands in
a steam turbine.
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝟏(𝒂): a. If the steam leaves saturated, determine
∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔 .
b. If the irreversibility is 0.2125, determine
∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, ∆𝒔, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔.
𝑘𝐽
𝐴𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 2: 𝑠2 = 6.2055 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾

Interpolation Formula
𝟔. 𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟓 − 𝟔. 𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟐𝟑𝟎
= 𝒘𝒏 = −∆𝒖
𝟔. 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟕 − 𝟔. 𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝟐𝟒𝟎 − 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝒘𝒔 = −∆𝒉

𝑡2 = 231.28𝑜 𝐶 ∆𝑣 = 0.02271 𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑛 = − −88.49 = 88.49
𝑝2 = 28.65 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑢 = −88.49
𝑣2 = 0.07006 𝑘𝐽
∆ℎ = −114.53 𝑤𝑠 = − −114.53 = 114.53
𝑘𝑔
𝑢2 = 2603.91

ℎ2 = 2803.97

Technological University of the Philippines

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 10
 PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCE
• Reversible and irreversible adiabatic process
Steam at a pressure of 5 MPa and 300oC expands in
a steam turbine.
a. If the steam leaves saturated, determine
∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔 .
b. If the irreversibility is 0.2125, determine
∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, ∆𝒔, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔 .

T
Isentropic
P 𝒕𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒐 𝑪 1
Isentropic
1 𝒑𝟏 = 𝟓𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝐦𝟑
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟑𝟓
𝐤𝐠

2 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂𝟑 2
𝐦 𝒕𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟖𝒐 𝑪
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟔
𝐤𝐠

S
V

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 11
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Steam at a pressure of 5 MPa and 300oC expands in
a steam turbine.
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝟏(𝒃): a. If the steam leaves saturated, determine
∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔 .
b. If the irreversibility is 0.2125, determine
∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, ∆𝒔, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔 .

𝐴𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 2′ : 𝑝2 ′ = 28.65𝑏𝑎𝑟
Formula
𝑰𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝒔′𝟐 − 𝒔𝟐
𝑠2′ = 0.2125 + 6.2055 = 6.418
2.0 2.865 3.0
t v u h s v u h s v u h s
280 0.1085 2659.6 2876.5 6.4952 0.0736 2625.09 2831.35 6.2628 0.0682 2619.7 2824.3 6.2265

6.418

320 0.1200 2736.4 2976.4 6.6828 0.0829 2713.48 2946.04 6.4781 0.0771 2709.9 2941.3 6.4462

𝑡2 ′ = 308.83𝑜 𝐶
First Interpolation Second Interpolation 𝑣2 ′ = 0.0803
𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝟓 − 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒗 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟓 𝟔. 𝟒𝟏𝟖 − 𝟔. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟖 𝒕𝟐 ′ − 𝟐𝟖𝟎
= =
𝟔. 𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟏 − 𝟔. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟖 𝟑𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟖𝟎
𝑢2 ′ = 2688.81
𝟑. 𝟎 − 𝟐. 𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟓
ℎ2 ′ = 2914.02

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 12
 PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCE
• Reversible and irreversible adiabatic process
∆𝑣′ = 0.03295 Steam at a pressure of 5 MPa and 300oC expands in
a steam turbine.

∆𝑢′ = −3.59 a. If the steam leaves saturated, determine

∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔 .
b. If the irreversibility is 0.2125, determine
∆ℎ′ = −4.48 ∆𝒗, ∆𝒖, ∆𝒉, ∆𝒔, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕, 𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒔 .
T
P ∆𝑠′ = 0.2125 Isentropic
Isentropic 𝒕𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝒐 1
𝒑𝟏 = 𝟓𝑴𝑷𝒂
1 𝐦𝟑
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟑𝟓
𝐤𝐠

Irreversible
Irreversible
Adiabatic
𝒌𝑱
Adiabatic
2’ 𝒑𝟐 ′ = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝒔′𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟏𝟖
𝐦𝟑 𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲 2’
2 𝒗𝟐 ′ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟑
𝐤𝐠 𝒕′𝟐 𝒐
= 𝟑𝟎𝟖. 𝟖𝟑 𝑪 2

V
Formula S
𝒘𝒏 ′ = −∆𝒖′ 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = −88.4 𝑤𝑠′ = 4.48
𝒘𝒔 ′ = −∆𝒉′
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 = 𝒖′𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 ′
𝑤𝑛 = 3.59
𝑘𝑔
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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 13
 COURSE REFERENCES
 Burghardt, David M. and Harback, J.A.. Engineering Thermodynamics, 4th
Edition
 Huang, Francis F. Engineering Thermodynamics , 2nd Ed.
 Cengel and Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd
edition, McGraw-Hill, 1998
 Sonntag and Van Wylen. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics 7th edition,
John Wiley and Sons, 2004
 Shapiro and Moran. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 6th
edition, John Wiley and sons, 2007
 Winterbone, Desmond E., “Advanced Thermodynamics for Engineers”’,
John & Wiley sons Inc., New York 1997
 Potter, Merle C., “Thermodynamics: Demystified”, McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc New York 2009

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 14