University of Zakho

College of engineering
Mechanical department

Experiment No (2)
Heat Pump (Heating)

Name: Sarkaft Muhager

Stage: 4rd

Date: 21/10/2020
Introduction:
Heat pumps take useful heat from the natural environment for use inside buildings,
normally as space heating. Even though the temperature of the heat source may be
cooler than the inside of the building, heat pumps use a special refrigerant which is
evaporated into a vapor by the heat source (low pressure, cold gas), then this vapor
is compressed by an electrically driven compressor, then this higher pressure ‘hot’
gas is condensed inside the building to be heated, then the pressure of this high
pressure, cool liquid is reduced back to low pressure through a throttle valve, and
then the process starts again.
This clever thermodynamic process allows the temperature from the outside source
to be increased so it is suitable to use for heating inside a building. The principle is
the same as a fridge turned inside-out, so instead of taking the heat from the small
volume of air inside the fridge and dumping it into the main kitchen via the
condenser on the back of the fridge, a heat pump takes low-grade heat from the
external environment and delivers it to the building at a higher temperature, via
underfloor heating or radiators. Obviously by using the external environment as a
heat source a heat pump can provide an almost limitless amount of heat to the
building.

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Concept:
A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a source of heat to what is called
a thermal reservoir. Heat pumps move thermal energy in the opposite direction of
spontaneous heat transfer, by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a
warmer one

PURPOSE:
1. Determining the coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump (heating).
2. Comparison between COP for a Carnot heat pump and heat pump system in heating
mode

APPARATUS:
The heat pump using working fluid (R134a) consist of the following parts (See fig.
(1)):
1. Reciprocating Compressor: compresses the vaporous working fluid from
evaporator pressure to condenser pressure.
2. Shell and Coil Condenser: reject heat at constant pressure to the water.
3. Sight glass: used to see working fluid state after heat rejection process.
4. Pressure gauge: used to measure condenser pressure.
5. Thermostatic expansion (throttling) valve: expands the liquid working fluid at
constant enthalpy process.
6. Shell and Coil Evaporator: absorbs heat from the low temperature
reservoir(water) at constant pressure.
7. Sight glass: used to see working fluid state after heat absorption process.
8. pressure gauge: used to measure evaporator pressure.

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Fig.(1) heat pump apparatus

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THEORY:-

Fig. (2) ideal cycle of the heat pump

The ideal refrigeration cycle shown in figure(2), includes the following processes:
1-2: Isentropic compression, s2=s1 .
2-3: constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser.
3-4 : Throttling in the expansion valve, h3=h4 .
4-1 : constant pressure heat addition in the evaporator.

The refrigeration effect (evaporator) may be calculated as follows:

𝑹𝑬 = 𝒒𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒑. = 𝒒𝑳 = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟒
Where:
h1 is the enthalpy at evaporator outlet (compressor inlet) at evaporator pressure,
kJ/kg.
h4 is the enthalpy at evaporator inlet (expansion valve outlet) at evaporator
pressure, kJ/kg.

The work added to the compressor, per unit mass, is

𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏
Where h2 is the enthalpy at compressor outlet (condenser inlet) at condenser
pressure, kJ/kg.

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The rejected heat from the condenser is:
𝒒𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅. = 𝒒𝑯 = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑
Where h3 is the enthalpy at condenser outlet, kJ/kg.

The coefficient of performance of the heat pump (heating) is:

𝒒𝑯 𝒒𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅. 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑯𝑷 = = =
𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. 𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏

The Carnot COP of the heat pump is determined using the following:
𝒒𝑯 𝑻𝑯
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒄𝒂𝒓,𝑯𝑷 = =
𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. 𝑻𝑯 − 𝑻𝑳

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Pour a measured quantity of water inside water reservoir so that the heat
exchanger (condenser) is completely immersed in water.
2. Run the unit by using the main switch of the electrical power.
3. Record the readings of the temperatures and pressures of the evaporator and
condenser at specified time.
4. Repeat the third step each 5 minutes until the readings become stable.

For last reading:

5. Draw p-h and T-s diagram.
6. Calculate refrigeration effect, RE.
7. Calculate work added to the compressor, wcomp.
8. Calculate heat rejected qcond to the water.
9. Calculate the coefficient of performance for heat pump (heating), COPHP.
10. Calculate coefficient of performance for heat pump Carnot cycle, COPcar, HP.

NO. Time min Pc , Mpa TCi ,°K TCo , °K Pe , Mpa Tei , °K Teo , °K

1 5 0.91 314.85 307.75 0.17 272.35 279.05

2 10 1.0 319.05 310.75 0.16 271.75 278.85

3 15 1.07 320.75 312.25 0.16 271.95 278.45

4 20 1.19 324.75 313.75 0.16 271.05 277.25

5 25 1.28 327.05 314.45 0.16 270.75 277.35

6 30 1.37 329.25 316.15 0.15 270.35 277.05

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Calculation:
Calculation for reading (1) at 5 minute.

At 𝒑𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 from saturated vapor in Refrigerant 134a

𝒉𝒈 −389.02 0.17−0.15728
= 0.17082−0.15728 ℎ1 = ℎ𝑔 = 390.166 𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔
389.02−387.79
𝑠𝑔 −0.17379 0.15−0.15728 𝑘𝐽
= 0.17082−0.15728 𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑔 = 0.17363 𝑘𝑔.𝐾
1.7363−1.7379

𝑘𝐽
At 𝒑𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝑴𝒑𝒂 and 𝒔𝟐 = 0.17363 form superheated vapor in
𝑘𝑔.𝐾
Refrigerant 134a
ℎ2 − 419.99 1.7363 − 1.7139
= ℎ2 = 427.12 kJ/kg
430.91 − 419.99 1.7482 − 1.7139

At 𝒑𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏 from saturated liquid in Refrigerant 134a:

𝒉𝒇 − 115.76 1.37 − 1.2 𝑘𝐽
= ℎ3 = ℎ4 = 𝒉𝒇 = 250.35
125.26 − 115.76 1.4 − 1.2 𝑘𝑔

𝑠𝑓 − 1.1623 1.37 − 1.2 𝑘𝐽

= 𝑠3 = 𝑠𝑓 = 1.17124
1.1717 − 1.1623 1.4 − 1.2 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

Calculating coefficient of performance for heat pump:

𝑹𝑬 = 𝒒𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒑. = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟒 → 𝑅𝐸 = 390.166 − 250.35 → 𝑅𝐸 = 139.816𝑘𝐽

𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 → 𝑤 = 427.12 − 390.166 → 𝑤 = 36.954𝑘𝐽

𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑 → 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 427.12 − 250.35 → 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 176.77𝑘𝐽

𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 176.77
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑯𝑷 = → 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = → 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = 4.7835
𝒘 36.954

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Calculate coefficient of performance for heat pump Carnot cycle
𝑻𝑪𝒊 + 𝑻𝑪𝒐 329.25 + 316.15
𝑻𝑯 = → 𝑇𝐻 = → 𝑇𝐻 = 322.7 °𝐾
𝟐 2
𝑻𝑽𝒊 + 𝑻𝑽𝒐 270.35 + 277.05
𝑻𝑳 = → 𝑇𝐿 = → 𝑇𝐿 = 273.7 °𝐾
𝟐 2
𝑻𝑯 322.7
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒕𝑯𝑷 = → 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡𝐻𝑃 = → 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡𝐻𝑃 = 6.5857
𝑻𝑯 −𝑻𝑳 322.7−273.7

Values of Enthalpy(h) at all readings:

Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3
5min 10min 15min
𝒉𝟏 390.166 𝒉𝟏 389.265 𝒉𝟏 389.265

𝒉𝟐 427.12 𝒉𝟐 427.503 𝒉𝟐 427.503

𝒉𝟑 250.35 𝒉𝟑 255.48 𝒉𝟑 256.528

𝒉𝟒 250.35 𝒉𝟒 255.48 𝒉𝟒 256.528

Reading 4 Reading 5 Reading 6

20min 25min 30min
𝒉𝟏 389.265 𝒉𝟏 389.265 𝒉𝟏 388.31

𝒉𝟐 431.398 𝒉𝟐 431.398 𝒉𝟐 435.074

𝒉𝟑 265.454 𝒉𝟑 269.16 𝒉𝟑 274.02

𝒉𝟒 265.454 𝒉𝟒 269.16 𝒉𝟒 274.02

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 Results of all reading (refrigeration effect, work added to the compressor,
heat rejected, the coefficient of performance for heat pump (heating),
coefficient of performance for heat pump Carnot cycle):

No Time RE 𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. 𝒒𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅. 𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑯𝑷 𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑳 𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒕𝑯𝑷

1 5 139.816 36.954 176.77 4.783 311.3 275.7 8.7443

2 10 133.785 38.238 172.023 4.498 314.9 275.3 7.9520

3 15 132.737 38.238 170.975 4.471 316.5 275.2 7.6634

4 20 123.811 42.133 165.944 3.938 319.25 274.15 7.0787

5 25 120.105 42.133 162.238 3.850 320.75 274.05 6.8683

6 30 114.29 46.764 161.054 3.443 322.7 273.7 6.5857

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(p-h) diagram of the last reading:

𝑷𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 3
2

𝑷𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓

1
4

𝒉𝟏 = 𝟑𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟏

𝒉𝟑 = 𝒉𝟒 = 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟎𝟐
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟎𝟕𝟒

Reading 6
Reading 6
30min 30min
𝒉𝟏 388.31

𝒉𝟐 435.074 𝑷𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑 0.15

𝒉𝟑 274.02
𝑷𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅 1.37
𝒉𝟒 274.02

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(T-s) diagram for last reading:

Reading 6 Reading 6
30min 30min

𝑻𝑯 322.7 𝒔𝟏 1.7388

𝑻𝑯 273.7 𝒔𝟐 1.7388

𝒔𝟑 1.2447

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
1. What are the types of heat pumps? Explain them?
There are many different types of heat pumps including:

Air source: Inexpensive to install and commonly used, air source heat pumps
function well in moderate climates, using outside air as a medium for heat
exchange.

Typical air-source heat pump on a

domestic house; they look similar to air
conditioning units

Ground source/geothermal systems: is a central heating and/or cooling system

that transfers heat to or from the ground. It uses the earth all the time, without
any intermittency, as a heat source (in the winter) or a heat sink (in the summer).

Ground-source heat pump slinky

loops being laid in the ground.
Vertical boreholes can also be used.

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Water source: Water source heat pumps are often more efficient than ground and
air source devices. This is because heat transfers better in water, while water
temperatures are generally more stable throughout the year (between 7 and 12
degrees on average), which is higher than the average air and ground temperature
in winter.

Water-source and ground-source

heat pumps are physically the
same – it’s just the heat source
that is different

2. What is the relationship between COP of system and time when system
starts in steady state?
We can take the readings, when system at steady state mode, it means that we
have come to an end of experiment. After that unnecessary time.

3. What are error sources occurring in this experiment and how to reduce it?
We have source of error in this experiment. One of them is the time, time
between all reading was 5 min, maybe students write readings at wrong time
little than 5 min or longer.
Another source is touching thermometer, because the temperature of body has
affect over the temperature of thermometer

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4. What is the relationship between pressure of evaporator and COPHP, then
pressure of condenser and COPHP?
The relation between COPHP and Pressure of evaporator is directly (parallel),
when pressures of evaporator decrease the value of COPHP will also decrease.

But relation between COPHP and Pressure of condenser is inversely, when

pressure of condenser increase the values of COPHP decrease as shown in our
results.

Time Pe , Mpa Pc , Mpa 𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑯𝑷

5 0.17 0.91 4.783

10 0.16 1.10 4.498

15 0.16 1.07 4.471

20 0.16 1.19 3.938

25 0.16 1.28 3.850

30 0.15 1.37 3.443

𝑃𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∝ 𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑯𝑷 → 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝟏
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 ∝ → 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑯𝑷

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5. What is the difference between the heat engine and heat pump.
There are many differences between them:
A. Heat engines produces mechanical energy, heat pump requires mechanical
energy.
B. Heat engines extract heat from a high temperature source, convert a part of it
into work and reject the remaining to a low temperature sink. Heat pump,
when user supplies work to a pump, it extracts heat from the low
temperature source and pumps it to the high temperature source.
C. Heat engines produces work, work is done on the surroundings. But heat
pump requires work as input. As shown in figure below

D. heat engine transfer heat into work and has an efficiency lower than 100%
and accurately its efficiency is limited by carnot efficiency, but heat pump
transfer heat from some medium to other medium with higher temperature in
expense of work

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6. Compare between COPref and COPhp. Discuss the difference between
them with calculation.
The coefficient of performance (COP) for a refrigerator is the heat removed
from the cold reservoir (𝑄cold ), (inside a refrigerator) divided by the work W
done to remove the heat (the work done by the compressor). The coefficient of
performance refrigerator system is:
𝑹𝑬 𝒒𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒑 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟒
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇 = = =
𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. 𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏

The coefficient of performance (COP) for a heat pump is the ratio of the energy
transferred for heating to the input electric energy used in the process. The
coefficient of performance of the heat pump (heating) is:
𝒒𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅. 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒉𝒑 = =
𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏

The relation between them is the equation below:

𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒉𝒑 = 𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇 + 𝟏 fixed values of 𝒒𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅. and 𝒒𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒑.

This implies that 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 will be greater than one because 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 will be a
positive quantity.
It mean always value of 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 greater than 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓

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For example we will use last reading and calculate the (COP) for refrigerator
and heat pump.
First equation:
𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 176.77
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒉𝒑 = → 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = → 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = 4.7835
𝒘 36.954
𝒒𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒑 139.816
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇 = → 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = → 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = 3.7835
𝐰𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑. 36.954

For second equation:

𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒉𝒑 − 𝟏 → 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 4.7835 − 1 → 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 3.7835

As shown in table, always values of 𝐶𝑂𝑃ℎ𝑝 greater than 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 .

Time 𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑯𝑷 𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇

5 5.015 4.015

10 4.492 3.492

15 4.395 3.395

20 3.932 2.932

25 3.829 2.829

30 3.506 2.506

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Discussion for the heat pump at winter and summer:
In winter, the heat pump absorbs heat from the outdoor air and brings it inside to
warm your home. Even when outdoor temperatures are cold, there’s always some
heat in the air. As the refrigerant in your heat pump’s coils passes through the
expansion valve, its temperature drops dramatically, becoming colder than the air
outside. The refrigerant then gathers heat from the outside air and brings it inside.

In summer, heat pump reverses cycle in summer, gathering heat from the inside
air and transporting it outside. In summer, it generates a cooling effect by dumping
heat outside and returning cooled refrigerant to the home. The heat pump’s fans
then blow air over the refrigerant-filled coils to cool your home.

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