University of Zakho

College of Engineering
Mechanical Department

Ex. Name:
Heat Transfer, Power Input and Surface
temperature

Name: Sarkaft Muhager Samar

Stage: 3rd Stage
Group: B
Date of Submitting: 14/11/2019
Experimental procedure:-
1. In this experiment we need the HT10XC Service unit and HT14
module.
 HT14 module is actually a hollow cylinder with a fan on the
bottom, with anemometer in the middle, and the
thermocouple in the middle, and a heater for the heated
cylinder, and one more thermocouple on the top.
 HT10XC is power source and we use it to give voltage, to
measure value of Temperatures.
2. So first, we connect the HT14 module to the Service unit by
cable, this cable for the heater is going to able to change the
temperature of the cylinder connect to the service unit.
3. We have two thermocouples( 𝑇9 , 𝑇10) that connected between
service unit and HT14 module:
a. Thermocouple 𝑇9 is connect in below of anemometer to the
𝑇9 in the service unit, 𝑇9 will be able to measure the air flow
temperature, is also the 𝑇∞ in calculation, in the formula.
b. Thermocouple 𝑇10 is connect in the top of HT14 module to
the 𝑇9 in the service unit, 𝑇10 will be able to measure the
surface temperature of the heated cylinder, is also the 𝑇𝑠 in
calculation, in the formula.
4. The HT14 module has been connected to the HT10XC service
unit, then power the service unit on.
5. We will going to use the voltage input for groups and each group
have different current:
 For group number one voltage input is going to be 5 volts.
 For group number two voltage input is going to be 6.2 volts.
 For group number three voltage input is going to be 10.1
volts.
6. After that we turn the knob to (T10, T9), and should the
temperature value become stable then measure them.
7. Finally, we write in paper, we will put the data to the calculation
measure the value of total heat transfer.

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Results and Calculations
For this exercise the raw data is tabulated under the following
headings:

For this exercise the following constants are applicable:

For each set of readings the derived results are tabulated under the
following headings:

Compare the theoretical values for Q tot with the measured

values for Qin and explain any differences in values.
Compare the calculated heat transferred due to Convection Q c
and radiation Q r .
Compare the value for Hcm obtained using the simplified and
full empirical equations and comment on any difference.
Plot a graph of surface temperature Tin against power input Q in
and observe the relationship.

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Calculation:

 Finding value of 𝑻𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒎 , then find valus of (k, v, Pr) in the table.
𝑻𝒔 + 𝑻∞
𝑻𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒎 =
𝟐
25.7 + 182
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 =
2
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 103.85℃ + 273 → 𝑻𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒎 = 𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟓°𝑲
At temperature (𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟓°𝑲), we find these data by using interpolation
equation:
𝑘 = 0.031973 𝑊/𝑚. ℃ 𝑣 = 23.5201 × 10−6 𝑚2/𝑠 𝑝𝑟 = 0.6927

 Find value 𝜷
𝟏
𝜷=
𝑻𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒎
𝟏 𝟏
𝜷= → 𝜷 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟓 °𝑲

 We will determine the Grashof number :

𝑚 1
𝑔 = 9.81 𝛽 = 2.6535 × 10−3 𝑣 = 23.5201 × 10−6𝑚2/𝑠
𝑠2 °𝐾

𝑇𝑠 = 182℃ + 273 = 455°𝐾 𝑇∞ = 25.7℃ + 273 = 298.7°𝐾

𝐷 = 0.01𝑚
𝒈𝜷(𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ )𝑫𝟑
𝑮𝒓𝑫 =
𝒗𝟐
9.81 × (2.6535 × 10−3) × (455 − 298.7) × (0.01)3
𝐺𝑟𝐷 =
( 23.5201 × 10−6 )2
𝐺𝑟𝐷 = 7354.76
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 Find value Rayleigh number:
𝑝𝑟 = 0.6927 𝐺𝑟𝐷 = 7354.76

𝒈𝜷(𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ )𝑫𝟑
𝑹𝒂𝑫 = 𝒑𝒓
𝒗𝟐
𝑅𝑎𝐷 = 7354.76 × 0.6927 = 5094.67 → 5.09467 × 103

Value Rayleigh number is between (102 and 104)

𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟖 𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟎

 Determine the Nusselt number:

𝑵𝒖𝒎 = 𝑪(𝑹𝒂𝑫 )𝒏
𝑁𝑢𝑚 = 0.850 (5094.67 )0.188
𝑁𝑢𝑚 = 4.2301
 Determine the heat transfer coefficient of natural convection:
𝑘 = 0.031973 𝑊/𝑚. ℃ 𝐷 = 0.01 𝑚
𝒌 𝑵𝒖𝒎
𝑯𝒄𝒎 =
𝑫
4.2301 × 0.031973
𝐻𝑐𝑚 =
(0.01)
𝑯𝒄𝒎 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝟒𝟖 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 . °𝑲
 Determine surface area (𝑨𝒔 ):

𝑨𝒔 = 𝝅𝑫𝑳

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜋(0.01)(0.07)

𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦

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 Determine heat transfer natural convection
𝑸𝒄 = 𝑯𝒄𝒎 𝑨(𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ )
𝑄𝑐 = (13.5248)(2.199 × 10−3)(455 − 298.7)
𝑸𝒄 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟔𝟒 𝑾

 Determine the heat transfer coefficient of radiation:

𝜎 = 56.7 × 10−9 𝑊/𝑚2. °𝐾 4 𝜀 = 0.95 𝐹 = 1

𝑇𝑠 = 455°𝐾 𝑇∞ = 298.7°𝐾

(𝑻𝒔 𝟒 − 𝑻∞ 𝟒 )
𝑯𝒓𝒎 = 𝝈𝜺𝑭
(𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ )

−9 )(
(455)4 − (298.7)4
𝐻𝑟𝑚 = (56.7 × 10 0.95)(1)
(455 − 298.7)

𝑯𝒓𝒎 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 . °𝑲

 Determine heat transfer radiation:

𝑸𝒓 = 𝑯𝒓𝒎 𝑨(𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ )

𝑄𝑟 = (12.027)(2.199 × 10−3)(455 − 298.7)

𝑸𝒓 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟕 𝑾

 Determine total heat transfer:

𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑸𝒄𝒎 + 𝑸𝒓𝒎
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 4.6464 + 4.1337
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟏 𝑾

 Determine the heat flow :

𝑉 =8𝑉 𝐼 = 1.39𝐴
𝑸𝒊𝒏 = 𝑰𝑽
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 8 × 1.39
𝑸𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 𝑾

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 No. 𝐺𝑟𝐷 𝑅𝑎𝐷 𝑁 𝑢𝑚 𝐻𝑐𝑚 𝐻𝑟𝑚

1 7354.76 5094.67 4.23 13.5248 12.027

2 6628.35 4530.47 4.13 15.181 21.115

3 5512.35 3748.9 3.99 16.076 30.891

4 4760.8 3237.3 3.88 16.590 39.856

No. 𝑄𝑐𝑚 𝑄𝑟𝑚 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑄𝑖𝑛

1 4.6464 4.1337 8.7801 11. 12

2 9.778 13.6005 23.378 28.34

3 14.140 27.003 41.003 47.658

4 17.296 41.554 58.850 66.8

 Determine the heat transfer coefficient of natural convection:

𝑇𝑠 = 424 ℃ 𝑇∞ = 26.9 ℃ 𝐷 = 0.01 𝑚

𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 0.25
𝐻𝑐𝑚 = 1.32 ( )
𝐷
424 − 26,9 0.25
𝐻𝑐𝑚 = 1.32 ( )
0.01
𝐻𝑐𝑚 = 18.63 W/m2 . °C

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 Find value of error between (𝑄𝑖𝑛 & 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 ):
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑟 = × 100%
𝑄𝑖𝑛

11.12 − 8.7801
𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑟 = × 100%
11.12
error = 21.04%

No. 𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕 𝑸𝒊𝒏 Error

1 8.783 W 11.12 W 21.04%
2 23.414 W 28.34 W 17.50%
3 41.069 W 47.658 W 13.96%

4 58.898 W 66.8 W 11.90%

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  Plot a graph of surface temperature T10 against power input Qin
and observe the relationship.

No. 𝑇10 (ᵒC) 𝑄𝑖𝑛

1 182 11.12
2 319 28.34
3 424 47.658
4 501 66.8

550

475

400
T10 (ᵒC)

325

250

175

100
5 15 25 35 45 55 65
Qin (W)

The curve shown it, when we increase the power input, surface
temperature also will increase, because the movement of atoms
will increase and it will increase velocity of air in cylinder. So we
can say when power input increase, atoms movement increase,
temperature increase. The relation is directly.

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Discussion:
In this experiment, we learned how working on devices HT14C, the
devices that we used in this experiment like (HT14C, HT10XC
service unit).
Natural convection, known also as free convection is a mechanism,
or type of mass and heat transport, in which the fluid motion is
generated only by density differences in the fluid occurring due to
temperature gradients, not by any external source (like a pump, fan,
suction device, etc.).
We don’t use Fan in our device, because we used it at forced
convection experiment. But in this experiment we don’t need Fan,
and the velocity of source should be zero mean velocity of the air,
because we don’t used Fan.
In this experiment we used HT10XC service unit to measure and
collect data of the Voltage and current and temperature, and we can
increase and decrease voltage in HT10XC service unit.
We connected two thermocouples from HT14C to the HT10XC.One
of this thermocouple we connected to T9 to middle of HT14C below
the anemometer, it measure the air flow temperature. The second
one we connected from T10 to the top of HT14 module, it measure
surface temperature of the heated cylinder. The temperature should
be stable.
We used table Properties of air at 1 atm pressure, we used equation
interpolation to find correct values of (thermal conductivity and
kinematic viscosity and prenatal number) at average temperature that
we wrote.
We wrote all data, and we used law of (Area, Equation interpolation,
Nusselt number, Rayleigh number, Grashof number, Heat transfer
coefficient (radiation), Heat transfer coefficient (Neutral
convection), Heat transfer by (radiation and Neutral convection),
Heat transfer (power input), Total heat transfer, error) and we
calculated all data and got the value of all data.

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After that we gotten two value of Heat transfer, one is theoretical
Heat transfer (power input) and second one is practical (Total heat
transfer), and we found error between them, value of error between
(UTheory) and (UPractic) at 8V is(Error = 21.04%).
The source of error maybe in the wrong wrote data and measure data
on devices, and writing data before temperature become stable it will
make error in our experiment.
After that we plot curve between surface temperature T10 and power
input. We know that the relation between temperature and power
input is directly. When we increase power input, the movement of
atoms will increase and it will increase the velocity of air in cylinder,
and surface temperature will increase.
Different between last experiment and this experiment is Fan, in last
experiment we used fan for motion the atoms of air, but in this
experiment we didn’t use fan and force gravity effect the air and
hold it to the top of cylinder.

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