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𝑀𝑀 28.97
���� � 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � = 96.511 �
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 � = 16.415 ( pts)
𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 12×12.011+26×1.008
1
Problem 2 (35 points)
In a SI fuel-air cycle, 𝑟𝑟𝑐𝑐 = 9, 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟 = 0.15, 𝑝𝑝1 = 2 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, for isentropic compression
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
process, assume 𝜑𝜑 = 1.1 where the compression work is 𝑤𝑤1→2 = 365 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
. The fuel is
liquid octane. At the end of the isentropic compression, 𝑢𝑢2 = −52.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 and
𝑣𝑣2 = 0.0687 𝑚𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. For burned gases, assume 𝜑𝜑 = 1.2. Find the 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 and 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 .
Solution:
Given: liquid octane, 𝑟𝑟𝑐𝑐 = 9, 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟 = 0.15, 𝑝𝑝1 = 2 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, 𝜑𝜑 = 1.1, 𝑤𝑤1→2 = 365 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚3
𝑢𝑢2 = −52.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑣𝑣2 = 0.0687 , for burned gases (𝜑𝜑 = 1.2)
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
1. Isentropic compression stroke (1 → 2): unburned gases (10 pts)
𝑣𝑣
𝑟𝑟𝑐𝑐 = 𝑣𝑣1 = 9 → 𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑟𝑟𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣2 = 9 × 0.0687 = 0.6183 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2
𝑇𝑇1 =? From ideal gas equation 𝑝𝑝1 𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇1 where from table 4.6 → 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢 𝑅𝑅� = 292. Thus,
𝑝𝑝1 𝑣𝑣1 �2×1.013×103 �×0.6183
𝑇𝑇1 = = = 426 𝐾𝐾
𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢 𝑅𝑅� 292
Or: 𝑇𝑇2 can also be found from 𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠2 as 𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠2 = 𝑢𝑢2 − Δ𝑢𝑢𝑓𝑓0 where
0
At 𝜑𝜑 = 1.2 → 𝛥𝛥𝑢𝑢𝑓𝑓,𝑢𝑢 = −141.9 − 2769𝑥𝑥𝑏𝑏 = −141.9 − 2769 × 0.15 = −557.25 𝐽𝐽⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 →
𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠2 = −52.7 − (−557.25) = 505 𝐽𝐽⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. From figure 4.3 → 𝑇𝑇2 ≈ 825 𝐾𝐾
𝑇𝑇 𝑣𝑣 825
𝑝𝑝2 =? 𝑝𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑝1 �𝑇𝑇2� �𝑣𝑣1� = 2 �426� (9) = 34.86 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 3.486 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
1 2
Thus, using figure 4.9, for burned gases with 𝜑𝜑 = 1.2: @ 𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏3 = −52.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 & 𝑣𝑣3 = 0.0687 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘,
read 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 = 𝑇𝑇3 = 2850 𝐾𝐾, 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏 = 𝑝𝑝3 = 13000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 13.0 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, and 𝑠𝑠3 = 9.45 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝐾𝐾
3. Expansion or power stroke: 𝑣𝑣4 =?
𝑠𝑠4 = 𝑠𝑠3 & 𝑣𝑣4 = 𝑣𝑣1 → from figure 4.9: 𝑝𝑝4 = 1000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑇𝑇4 = 1750 𝐾𝐾, and 𝑢𝑢4 = −1500 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸 = 𝑊𝑊3→4 = −(𝑢𝑢4 − 𝑢𝑢3 ) = −�−1500 − (−52.7)� = 1552.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (5 pts)
𝑊𝑊 +𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐
a) The fuel efficiency is: 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝐸𝑄𝑄 where 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓 = 0.0661 × (1 − 0.15) = 0.056185
𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
1552.7+365
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0.056185×44.4×103 = 0.77 (5 pts)
𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸 +𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 1552.7+365
b) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = = = 3489.3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (5 pts)
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 0.5496
2
Problem 3. (35 points)
A single cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine develops 26 kW at 300 rpm. Fuel composition is by mass as 85% C
and 15% C. The heating value of this fuel is 42 MJ/kg. The brake fuel conversion efficiency is 28%. The inlet
air condition is 18°C, 100 kPa. The engine uses 75% excess air with volumetric efficiency of 80%. Determine
𝑏𝑏
the bore, the stroke and the 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 of this engine. Assume 𝑠𝑠
= 0.5.
Solution:
Given: Diesel engine, 𝑊𝑊̇ = 26 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑁𝑁 = 300 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟, 𝐶𝐶: 85%, 𝐻𝐻: 15%, 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓 = 28%, 𝜂𝜂𝑣𝑣 = 80%
Inlet air: 𝑇𝑇1 = 18℃, 𝑝𝑝 = 100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, excess = 75%, 𝐵𝐵⁄𝐿𝐿 = 0.5, 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 42 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
a) Bore: (30 pts)
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3 2𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 = �4 𝑏𝑏 2 𝑠𝑠� 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 where 𝑠𝑠 = 2𝑏𝑏 → 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 = �2 𝑏𝑏 3 � (1) → 𝑏𝑏 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 =?
𝜋𝜋
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑊𝑊̇ 26
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚̇ → 𝑚𝑚̇𝑓𝑓 = 𝜂𝜂 = 0.28×42×103 = 0.00221 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑓 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
3 2𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑
Therefore, the bore is 𝑏𝑏 = � = 0.2483 𝑚𝑚 = 24.83 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and 𝑠𝑠 = 2𝑏𝑏 = 49.66 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝜋𝜋