CHAPTER 1- REFRIGERATING MACHINE, REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE & SIMPLE VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE

• UNITS OF REFRIGERATING CAPACITY = TONS OF REFRIGERATION (TR)

• ENGLISH UNITS = BTU/HR OR BTU/MIN
1 TR= 2000 LB X 144 BTU/LB/ 24 HR
1 TR= 12000 BTU/HR 0R 200 BTU/MIN
• METRIC UNITS = KCAL/MIN
1 TR= 12000 BTU/HR X 252 CAL/BTU
1 TR= 3024KCAL/HR OR 50.4 KCAL/MIN
• SI UNITS = KJ/SEC OR KW
1 TR= 200 BTU/MIN X 1.055KJ/BTU
1 TR= 211 KJ/MIN OR 3.5167 KW
• HEAT ENGINE A SYSTEM OPERATING IN A CYCLE AND PRODUCING A NET QUANTITY OF
WORK FROM A SUPPLY OF HEAT REPRESENTED AS:
T1 = HOT
RESERVOIR
W = QA – QR
QA
E = W/QA

WHERE: E W

QR
QA = THE HEAT SUPPLIED
QR = THE HEAT REJECTED T2 = COLD
RESERVOIR
W = THE NETWORK
E = THE THERMAL EFFICIENCY

THE PERFORMANCE OF HEAT ENGINE IS EXPRESSED BY ITS THERMAL EFFICIENCY.

• REFRIGERATING MACHINE WILL EITHER COOL OR MAINTAIN A BODY AT TEMPERATURE BELOW THAT
OF ITS SURROUNDINGS. A REFRIGERATING MACHINE MAY BE REPRESENTED BY THE DIAGRAM SHOWN:

W = QR – QA T1 = COLD BODY
COP = QA/W
QA
EER = BTU/HR/WATTS OR 3.412 COP

WHERE: W R

QR
QA = THE HEAT ABSORBED FROM THE COLD BODY
OR REFRIGERATION EFFECT.
T2 =
QR = THE HEAT REJECTED TO THE SURROUNDINGS SURROUNDINGS
W = THE WORK DONE OR MECHANICAL ENERGY CONSUMED
COP = THE COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE
EER = THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATING

THE PERFORMANCE OF REFRIGERATING MACHINE IS EXPRESSED BY COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE.

• THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE

RECALL THAT CARNOT CYCLE:

1. THE MOST EFFICIENT THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE FOR A GIVEN TEMPERATURE LIMITS.

2. IS TOTALLY REVERSIBLE PROCESS THAT CONSIST OF TWO REVERSIBLE ISOTHERMAL

AND TWO REVERSIBLE ISENTROPIC PROCESS
SINCE IT IS REVERSIBLE, ALL PROCESSES THAT COMPRISES THE CARNOT CYCLE
CAN BE REVERSED, REVERSING THE CYCLE WILL ALSO REVERSED THE DIRECTION OF
HEAT AND WORK INTERACTIONS. THE RESULT IS A CYCLE THAT OPERATES IN THE
COUNTERCLOCKWISE DIRECTION, WHICH IS CALLED THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE.
A REFRIGERATOR OR HEAT PUMP THAT OPERATES ON THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE IS
CALLED CARNOT REFRIGERATOR OR CARNOT HEAT PUMP.
• SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF CARNOT REFRIGERATION
CONDENSE
3 R 2

COMPRESSO
TURBINE
R
4 1
EVAPORATO
R
• T-S DIAGRAM OF CARNOT REFRIGERATION 3 T2 = T3 2

PROCESS DESCRIPTION:
T1 = T4
1-2 : ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION, S1 = S2 4 1
2-3 : ISOTHERMAL HEAT REJECTION, T2 = T3
3-4 : ISENTROPIC EXPANSION, S3 = S4
4-1 : ISOTHERMAL HEAT ABSORB, T4 = T1
• FORMULAS
1. QA = HEAT ABSORBED AT EVAPORATOR
= T1(S1-S4)
2. QR = HEAT REJECTED AT THE CONDENSER
= T2(S2-S3)
3. W = WORK OF COMPRESSION OR WORK INPUT
= QR-QA
4. COPR = COP OF REFRIGERATOR
= QA/W = T1/(T2-T1)
5. COPHP = COP OF HEAT PUMP
=1/E
= T2/(T2-T1)
• PROBLEMS

1. THE POWER REQUIRED OF A REFRIGERATION MACHINE IS 5.0 KW AND COP=8. COMPUTE

THE HEAT REJECTED AND HEAT ABSORBED BY REFRIGERATOR. EXPRESS THE
PERFORMANCE OF THIS SYSTEM IN EER.
ANS: QA= 40 KW, QR= 45KW, EER= 27.30 BTU/HR/WATTS
2. A REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE IS USED FOR REFRIGERATIONAND REJECTS 1000KW OF
HEATAT 340K WHILE RECEIVING HEAT AT 250K. DETERMINE THE COP, POWER INPUT, RE.
ANS: COP= 2.78, W= 264.55 KW, RE= 735.45 KW
3. A REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE HAS A REFRIGERATING COP OF 4. WHAT IS THE RATIO OF
TMAX/TMIN? IF WORK INPUT IS 6KW, WHAT WILL BE THE MAXIMUM REFRIGERATING
EFFECT IN TR?
ANS: RATIO= 1.25, RE= 6.82 TR
4. A REVERSED CARNOT ENGINE REMOVES 40,000KW FROM A HEAT SINK. THE
TEMPERATURE OF THE HEAT SINK IS 260K AND THE TEMPERATURE OF THE HEAT
RESERVOIR IS 320K. DETERMINE THE POWER REQUIRED
ANS: W= 9230.7 KW
• SIMPLE VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
MANY OF THE IMPRACTICALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE REVERSED CARNOT
CYCLE CAN BE ELIMINATED BY VAPORIZING THE REFRIGERANT COMPLETELY
BEFORE IT IS COMPRESSED AND BY REPLACINGTHE TURBINE WITH A THROTTLING
DEVICE, SUCH AS AN EXPANSION VALVE OR CAPILLARY. THE CYCLE THAT RESULTS
IS CALLED THE VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SVCC
• PROCESS DESCRIPTION
1-2 : CONSTANT ENTROPY COMPRESSION, S1 = S2
2-3 : CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT REJECTION, P2 = P3
3-4 : CONSTANT ENTHALPY EXPANSION, H3 = H4
4-1 : CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT ABSORPTION, P4 = P1

THE REFRIGERANT ENTERS THE COMPRESSOR (POINT 1) AS SATURATED VAPOR

AND IS COMPRESS ISENTROPICALLY TO THE CONDENSER PRESSURE (POINT 2). THE
REFRIGERANT THEN ENTERS THE CONDENSER AS SUPERHEATED VAPOR AND
LEAVES AS SATURATED LIQUID (POINT 3). THE SATURATED LIQUID REFRIGERANT IS
THROTTLED TO EVAPORATOR PRESSURE BY PASSING THROUGH AN EXPANSION
DEVICE (POINT 4) WHERE THE TEMPERATURE OF THE REFRIGERANT IS BELOW THE
SPACE TEMPERATURE. THE REFRIGERANT ENTERS THE EVAPORATOR WHERE WILL
IT BE ABSORBED HEAT AND LEAVES AS SATURATED VAPOR (POINT1). THUS,
COMPLETE THE CYCLE.
• ANALYSIS OF THE VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE MH2
1. COMPRESSOR
WC= M(H2 – H1) MH1 WC
2. CONDENSER
QR H3
QR= M(H2 – H3) MH3 CONDENSER MH2
3. EXPANSION DEVICE
H3=H4 H4
MH4 EVAPORATOR MH1
4. EVAPORATOR
QA/ RE
QA= M(H1 – H4)
5. COP = COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE
COP= DESIRED OUTPUT/REQUIRED INPUT
COP= QA/WC
•6.   VOLUME DISPLACED, VD:
VD= LWN
WHERE D= BORE DIAMETER
L= LENGTH OF STROKE
W= COMPRESSOR’S SPEED
N= NO. OF OF CYLINDER ACTING
(1) FOR SINGLE ACTING
(2) FOR DOUBLE ACTING
7. ACTUAL VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY, NVA:
NVA= V1/VD
WHERE V1= VOLUME FLOWRATE OF REFRIGERANT ENTERING THE
COMPRESSOR
VD= VOLUME OF REFRIGERANT DISPLACED BY COMPRESSOR
•8.   CLEARANCE VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY, NVC:

= 1 + C – C(
= 1 + C –C(V1/V2)
WHERE C= PERCENT CLEARANCE
V2= DISCHARGE VOLUME
K= 1.304 FOR AMMONIA
9. ADIABATIC COMPRESSION EFFICIENCY,NCI:
NCI= ISENTROPIC WC/ IDEAL WC
10. MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
NM= INDICATED WORK/BRAKE WORK
• PROBLEM
1. A SIMPLE SATURATED REFRIGERATION CYCLE FOR R-12 SYSTEM OPERATES AT AN
EVAPORATING TEMPERATURE 0F -5C AND A CONDENSING TEMPERATURE OF 40C.
DETERMINE (A) THE REFRIGERATING EFFECT PER KG, (B) THE WORK PER KG, ©
THE HEAT REJECTED AT THE CONDENSER PER KG, (D) THE COP. FOR A
REFRIGERATING CAPACITY OF 1 KW, DETERMINE (E) THE TOTAL HEAT REJECTED
AT THE CONDENSER, (F) THE WORK, AND (G) THE VOLUME FLOW RATE.
ANS: A. 110.8 KJ/KG, B. 22.7KJ/KG, C. 133.5 KJ/KG, D. 4.88, E. 1.206 KJ/S, F. 0.205KJ/S, G.
0.0005866 M3/S
2. A STANDARD VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEM PRODUCES 20 TONS OF
REFRIGERATION USING R-12 AS A REFRIGERANT WHILE OPERATING BETWEEN
CONDENSER TEMPERATURE OF 41.6C AND AN EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE OF
-25C. DETERMINE (A) REFRIGERATING EFFECT IN KJ/KG, (B) THE CIRCULATING
RATE IN KG/S, © THE POWER SUPPLIED, (D) THE COP, (E) THE HEAT REJECTED IN
KW, AND (F) THE VOLUME FLOWRATE IN L/S.
ANS: A. 100.26KJ/KG, B. 0.7022KG/S, C. 25.69 KW, D. 2.74, E. 96.09 KW, F. 92.18 L/S