Sample Computation:

Part (1):
Experimental 𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 (Brass):
[(𝑚𝑤 𝑐𝑤 ∆𝑡𝑤 ) + (𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 )] = −(𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 )
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙
[(206.7𝑚)(1 )(27℃ − 26℃) + (58.1𝑚) (0.21741 ) (27℃ − 26℃)] = −[(49.7𝑚)(𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 )(27℃ − 97℃)]
𝑔∙℃ 𝑔∙℃

𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝑪𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟎
𝒈∙℃
0.0917 − 0.0630
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = | | (100) = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟎%
0.0917

Part (2):
Trial 1.
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙
[(224𝑚) (1 ) (13℃ − 26℃) + (58.1𝑚) (0.2174 ) (13℃ − 26℃) = −[(35.2𝑚)(𝐿𝑓 )] − [(35.2𝑚)(1 )(13℃ − 0℃)
𝑔∙℃ 𝑔∙℃ 𝑔∙℃

𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝑳𝒇 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟑𝟗
𝒈
80 − 74.39
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = | | (100) = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓%
80

Trial 2.
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙
[(194.5𝑚) (1 ) (11℃ − 26℃) + (58.1𝑚) (0.2174 ) (11℃ − 26℃) = −[(35.3𝑚)(𝐿𝑓 )] − [(35.3𝑚)(1 )(11℃ − 0℃)
𝑔∙℃ 𝑔∙℃ 𝑔∙℃

𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝑳𝒇 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟎𝟐
𝒈
80 − 77.02
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = | | (100) = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟑%
80

Guide Questions:
Part 1

1. Express equation 1 in terms of mass, specific heats, final and initial temperature.
 EQN #1: 𝑄𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑡
𝑚𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 )𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑡𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 − 𝑡𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 )𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

2. Why is it important to immerse the metal in the boiling water for a long time? What
happens if the metal was immersed only for a short while?

- It is important that the metal is immersed completely for a long time so that the boiling
water would properly heat the metal. Immersing the metal for a short time would not yield
accurate results.

3. Why do you need to wipe off the water from the metal’s surface before taking the initial
temperature?
- Wiping off the water is important so that the water will not contribute to the
determination of the temperature of the metal since the water will also release heat aside
from the metal if it is not wiped.

4. What is your computed specific heat and percentage of error? Is it acceptable? Why?

𝑐𝑎𝑙
- The computed specific head and percentage of error are 0.2174 𝑔∙℃
and 11.8675% for
𝑐𝑎𝑙
Aluminum and 0.0917 and 31.30% for Brass. The result shown that we perform well
𝑔∙℃

enough for Aluminum but for Brass we got a high percentage of error. The professor said
that this is acceptable result since various factors such as the location where the experiment
was performed affects the result since it is air-conditioned and proper reading of the
thermometer contributes to the error obtained.

5. What are the sources of errors? What are your recommendations?

- The sources of errors are the boiling of water and immersed metal set up wherein if the
metal was not immersed enough. It would lead to a lower value of initial temperature.
Another possible cause of error is the excess water of the immersed metal it must be wiped
 properly. Since the metal is hot, the process of wiping and placing it in the calorimeter was
rushed that could affect the determination of the temperature of metal. On more source of
error that would be the reading of temperature some are they didn’t secure the calibration of
the thermometer before they use it to boil water and on the calorimeter. My
recommendation is if you will perform this experiment first is the environment
temperature must be in room temperature, don’t forget to calibrate the thermometer, you
must immerse the metal long enough, and wiped the excess water on the metal when
you will transfer the metal to calorimeter

Part 2.

1. Show your derived formula in determining the latent heat of fusion of ice using the law of
heat exchange.

[𝑚𝐻2𝑂 𝑐𝐻2𝑂 (𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥 − 𝑡𝐻2𝑂 ) + (𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥 − 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 )] = −(𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑓 ) − (𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒 (𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥 − 𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 )]

−(𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑓 )=[𝑚𝐻2𝑂 𝑐𝐻2𝑂 (𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥 − 𝑡𝐻2𝑂 ) + (𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥 − 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 )]+(𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒 (𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥 − 𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 )]

[𝑚𝐻2𝑂 𝑐𝐻2𝑂 (𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥 − 𝑡𝐻2𝑂 ) + (𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥 − 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 )] + (𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒 (𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥 − 𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 )]
𝐿𝑓 = −
𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒

2. What is the initial temperature of the ice? What assumptions did you make to determine the
initial temperature of the ice?

- Our initial temperature for ice is 0℃. Since, it is hard to determine the initial temperature
of ice; we assume the initial temperature of the ice (by its property of the ice) that the ice
have a freezing point of 0℃.

3. Why is it important to wipe off the water from the ice’s surface before putting it in the
calorimeter?
 - It is important to wipe off the from the surface of the ice, because the excess water can
affect the mass of the of the ice when measuring it after melting it in the calorimeter. Since
we don’t need the excess water, it is must be wipe off to avoid error in getting the mass of
the ice.

4. Had the mass of ice been greater, how would it affect the result of the experiment and the
computed latent heat of fusion?

- No, there is no change of the mass of the ice since the mass of the ice is still the mass
before we add it in the calorimeter. If there will be a different mass, then the latent heat will
depend on the mass of the ice. The relation of the mass of ice and the latent heat is inversely
proportional. So, if the mass of ice is greater than its initial, then the latent heat will
increase.

5. What are the sources of errors and your recommendation?

- The possible errors are the room temperature, since we are performing the experiment
with air – conditioned room. The size, I heard our professor when she saw the ice it was
big, and she expect that we will having a big value of error. And the mass of the ice before
and after putting it in the calorimeter, a sudden change in the mass of ice will result an
error. The measurement of temperature some of us even I still having hard time to read the
temperature some of us rush to get the temperature even though there is still a change of
temperature. We can minimize the error by performing the experiment fast and consistent,
for the ice we must wipe off the excess water, and when getting temperature make sure the
reading is stable.

Analysis:
E302 is entitled “Heat and Calorimetry”. Heat is defined as a form of energy that may be
transferred if there is a difference in temperature while calorimetry is a method of determining the
amount of heat, it utilizes the law of heat exchange.
 The purpose of the first part of the experiment is to determine the specific heat of 2
metals, we use aluminum for trial 1 and brass in trial 2. We were able to measure the mass of
metals, the calorimeter and water inside it during experiment. The metals are immersed in boiling
water for separate trial for 5 minutes to be able to absorb heat from the water. To get the initial
temperature of aluminum and brass, it was removed from the water and wiped the surface of the
metal before placing it inside the calorimeter to get the final temperature of mixture. We acquire
a specific heat equal to 0.2174 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 ∙ 𝐶 with an percentage of error of 11.8675% in aluminum
and 0.1033 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 ∙ 𝐶 and an percentage error of 31.30% for brass using the equation
(𝑚𝑐∆𝑡)𝐻2𝑂 + (𝑚𝑐∆𝑡)𝑐𝑎𝑙 = −𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑚 ∆𝑡𝑚 . The results explained why brass has a small specific heat
because it dissipates more heat than aluminum.

The objective of part 2 in the experiment is to determine the latent heat of fusion of ice, 2
trials were conducted. The mass of calorimeter, initial mass of the water and initial temperature is
measured. The water in the surface of the ice was wiped before putting it in the calorimeter. Final
temperature is obtained after the ice is fully melted. Using the equation 𝑚𝑤 𝑐𝑤 ∆𝑡 + 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 ∆𝑡 =
−𝑚𝑖 𝐿𝑓 − 𝑚𝑖 𝑐𝑤 (𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 ), we have a value of latent heat of fusion equal to 74.39 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 with and
error percentage of 7.0125% and 77.02 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 with an error percentage of 3.73% for 2 trials
respectively

Error Analysis:
For part 1 which is determining the specific heat of metals, we got 11.8675% error for
aluminum metal and 31.30% for brass metal. It is quite huge especially for brass metal due to external
factors that affect the data that we’ve gathered during the experiment like the room temperature, since
the experiment is held in an air-conditioned room it affects the two metals in a way that both metals
will cool faster. Another thing is when there’s water left in the surface of the metal, water is also
releasing heat it may affect the initial temperature of brass and aluminum. Reading of thermometer is
one possible source of error; sometimes the temperature given by the thermometer is not consistent
maybe because it is not calibrated. And unable to immerse the metal in the boiling water for long
period of time, when you failed to immerse it for enough time it will not reach thermal equilibrium.

For the Part 2 of experiment 302 is about the latent heat of fusion of ice; we did 2 trials and
obtained 7.0125% and 3.73% error respectively. The common error for this part is the sudden
change of mass of the ice because of the water left from its surface.
Conclusion:
The main concept of this experiment is to show how heat affects the temperature of a
body. I therefore conclude that the law of heat exchange that states in an isolated system, the
amount of heat given up by the hot body is equal to the amount of heat absorb by the cold body is
proven in this experiment. In part one, the heat of the hotter body which is the metals that they
gave off is the same as the amount of heat that was absorbed by the colder body which is the
water in the calorimeter. The said law was still observed at part 2 where in there was a transfer of
heat from the hot water to the ice. Based on the equations we used, the heat needed to raise the
temperature of an object depends on the mass, specific heat and change in temperature of the
system while the latent heat of fusion is used to liquefy a unit mass of solid without any change in
temperature

Application:
I as a computer engineer the application that can I apply for E302 laboratory is the Liquid
Coolant. In computer cooling, the most common form of liquid cooling involves a closed system of
tubes that carries the liquid from one component involved in cooling to another. These systems are
generally referred to as loops. There are some parts common to all liquid cooling loops: pumps,
tubing, water blocks, and radiators.
The liquid used in cooling may be deionized water or an electrically nonconductive and
non-capacitive engineered fluid, of which there are several patented formulations. You can’t use tap
water as the ions dissolved in it are likely to corrode the water blocks. For the same reason it’s
inadvisable to mix metals in a cooling loop. You also must consider algae and bacteria growth that
could clog a system, so some biocidal agents should be included. A coil of silver may be used for a
biocidal, although it must be very pure for corrosion prevention. Often enthusiasts choose de-
ionized water because of its performance, ready availability and low cost.

Liquid cooling supports greater running speeds and quieter running. Among enthusiasts,
there is a certain pride in the appearance and prestige of ones cooling solution as well. Liquid
cooling used to be the near exclusive domain of the computer enthusiast and over clockers. Because
current CPUs and GPUs run at higher speeds, they produce more heat than ever. Pre-packaged
closed liquid cooling comes with some high-end CPUs and GPUs. This can be a comfort to those
who still are wary of the idea of constructing their own cooling loops.

Reference:
https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/liquid-cooling