SERVICE EQUIPMENT (Air Conditioning System)
The manifold set consists of three fittings to
which the service hoses are attached, two hand
valves with O-ring seals, and two gauges, one
for measuring the pressure in the low side of the
system and one for the pressure in the high
side.
The low-side gauge is a compound gauge,
meaning that it will read pressure on either side
of atmospheric pressure.
The high-side gauge is a high-pressure gauge
that has a range of from zero up to around 600
psi, gauge pressure.  effectiveness, it must have a very low vapor
The manifold connects the gauges, the valves,
and the charging hoses.
Refrigerant source the refrigerant used in
aircraft air-conditioning systems has, until
recently, been Refrigerant-12 (R-12).
Vacuum Pump Just a few drops of water is all
that is necessary to completely block an air-
conditioning system.
Leak Detector The continued operation of an
air-conditioning system depends upon the
system maintaining its charge of refrigerant, and
all of the charge can be lost to even a tiny leak.
A common type of leak detector used in
automotive air conditioning and commercial
refrigeration service is a propane-burner-type
detector. The torch type leak detector is
definitely NOT RECOMMENDED for use with an
aircraft air-conditioning system, because of the
danger of an open flame around the aircraft.
The most acceptable type of leak detector for
aircraft air-conditioning servicing is an
electronic oscillator that produces an audible
tone.
Basic Operation (Vapor Cycle
Cooling System)
Vapor Cycle Air Conditioning Temperature is
a measure of the effect of heat on a body or
material, and is a convenient way of expressing
this physical phenomenon numerically.
Transfer of Heat - heat is a form of energy, and
can neither be created nor destroyed. Any
material that allows this transfer easily is said to
be a conductor of heat, while any material that
impedes the transfer is called an insulator.
Refrigerant almost any volatile liquid can be
used as a refrigerant, but for maximum
pressure and therefore a low boiling point.
Refrigeration Oil since the air-conditioning
system is completely sealed, the oil used to
lubricate the compressor seals and expansion
valve must be incorporated within a sealed a
system.
The receiver-dryer is the reservoir for the
system and is located in the high side between
the condenser and the expansion valve.
The thermal expansion valve is the control
device which meters the correct amount of
refrigerant into the evaporator.
Internally equalized thermal Valve is
controlled by the amount of heat in the
evaporator.
Externally equalized expansion valve
equalizes temperature against high-side
temperature.
The evaporator is the actual cooling unit in a
vapor-cycle air-conditioning system.
The compressor circulates the refrigerant
through the system. Aircraft air-conditioning
systems usually use reciprocating-type
compressors.
The condenser is the radiator-like component
that receives the hot, high-pressure vapors from
the compressor and transfers the heat from the
refrigerant vapors to the cooler air flowing over Ram Air Door - some aircraft are equipped with
the condenser coils. a ram air door to allow cool outside air to
ventilate the cabin with fresh air during
FUNDAMENTALS OF CABIN unpressurized flight.

COOLING SYSTEM Cabin Temperature Pick-up Unit Normally,

Air Cycle Air Conditioning In a jet transport
aircraft, hot compressor bleed air is taken from
the engine compressors. The air-cycle machine
and its associated components are often
referred to as a "pack."
The air-conditioning shutoff valve, often called
the pack valve, is used to control the flow of air
into the system.
temperature sensors are located in each
passenger zone in the aircraft's cabin for the
purpose of controlling the zone temperature.
The cabin zone controller uses the sensed
difference between the temperature demand
signal from the selector and the actual supply
temperature to position the associated air mix
valve.

The primary heat exchanger is a radiator

through which cold ram air passes to cool the
hot bleed air from the engines.

Air Cycle Machine BYPASS VALVE When

cooling requirements are low, some or all of the
hot bleed air from the engines can be bypassed
around the ACM (the compressor and turbine) if
warm air is needed in the cabin.

Secondary Heat Exchanger As cooling

requirements increase, air exiting the primary
heat exchanger is routed to the compressor 
side of the ACM. This heat exchanger provides
an additional stage for cooling the hot engine
bleed air after it has passed through the primary
heat exchanger and the compressor of the ACM.

Some systems use a refrigeration bypass

valve to keep the temperature of the air exiting
the ACM from becoming too cold.

Refrigeration Turbine Unit Pressure and

Temperature are interchangeable forms of
energy.

Water Separators The rapid cooling of the air in

the turbine causes moisture to condense in the
form of a fog, and when this foggy air passes
through the water separator, the tiny droplets of
water coalesce in a fiberglass sock and form
large drops of water.