Question.

1
There are two basic types of RAM

 Dynamic RAM: loses its stored information in a very short time (for milli sec.) even
when power supply is on. D-RAM’s are cheaper & lower.

Similar to a microprocessor chip is an Integrated Circuit (IC) made of millions of

transistors and capacitors.

In the most common form of computer memory, Dynamic Memory Cell, represents a
single bit of data. The capacitor holds the bit of information – a 0 or a 1. The transistor
acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the memory chip read the capacitor or
change its state. A capacitor is like a small bucket that is able to store electrons. To
store a 1 in the memory cell, the bucket is filled with electrons.

To store a 0, it is emptied. The problem with the capacitor’s bucket is that it has
a leak. In a matter of a few milliseconds a full bucket becomes empty. Therefore,
for dynamic memory to work, either the CPU or the Memory Controller has to
come along and recharge all of the capacitors holding it before they discharge.
To do this, the memory controller reads the memory and then writes it right
back. This refresh operation happens automatically thousands of times per
second.
This refresh operation is where dynamic RAM gets its name. Dynamic RAM has
to be dynamically refreshed all of the time or it forgets what it is holding. The
downside of all of this refreshing is that it takes time and slows down the
memory.

Static RAM uses a completely different technology. S-RAM retains stored

information only as long as the power supply is on. Static RAM’s are costlier and
consume more power. They have higher speed than D-RAMs. They store
information in Hip-Hope.
In static RAM, a form of flip flop holds each bit of memory. A flip-flop for a
memory cell takes four or six transistors along with some wiring, but never has
to be refreshed. This makes static RAM significantly faster than dynamic RAM.
However, because it has more parts, a static memory cell takes up a lot more
space on a chip than a dynamic memory cell. Therefore, you get less memory
per chip, and that makes static RAM a lot more expensive. Static RAM is fast and
expensive, and dynamic RAM is less expensive and slower. Static RAM is used
to create the CPU’s speed sensitive cache, while dynamic RAM forms the larger
system RAM space.
Some other RAMS are

(a) EDO (Extended Data Output) RAM : In an EDO RAMs, any memory location
can be accessed. Stores 256 bytes of data information into latches. The latches
hold next 256 bytes of information so that in most programs, which are
sequentially executed, the data are available without wait states.
(b) SDRAM (Synchronous DRAMS), SGRAMs (Synchronous Graphic RAMs)
These RAM chips use the same clock rate as CPUuses. They transfer data when
the CPU expects them to be ready.
(c) DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate – SDRAM) : This RAM transfers data on both
edges of the clock. Therefore the transfer rate of the data becomes doubles.
ROM : Read only memory: Its non volatile memory, ie, the information stored in
it, is not lost even if the power supply goes off. It’s used for the permanent
storage of information. It also posses random access property. Information can
not be written into a ROM by the users/programmers. In other words the
contents of ROMs are decided by the manufactures.
The following types of ROMs an listed below :

(i) PROM : It’s programmable ROM. Its contents are decided by the user. The
user can store permanent programs, data etc in a PROM. The data is fed into it
using a PROM programs.
(ii) EPROM : An EPROM is an erasable PROM. The stored data in EPROM’s can
be erased by exposing it to UV light for about 20 min. It’s not easy to erase it
because the EPROM IC has to be removed from the computer and exposed to UV
light. The entire data is erased and not selected portions by the user. EPROM’s
are cheap and reliable.
(iii) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) : The chip can be erased &
reprogrammed on the board easily byte by byte. It can be erased with in a few
milliseconds. There is a limit on the number of times the EEPROM’s can be
reprogrammed, i.e.; usually around 10,000 times.
 Question.2

Convert the binary number 1101101111110101 to hex.

sol. 1101101111110101 we make pair of 4 bits form

D B F 5 Hence DBF5 is hex

Convert hex number ABC7 to binary.

Sol. A B C 7

1010 1011 1100 0111 Hence binary is 101010111000111

Convert these binary numbers to decimal:

1. 10101

Sol. (10101)₂ = (1 × 2⁴) + (0 × 2³) + (1 × 2²) + (0 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰) = (21)₁₀

2. 1101000111101

Sol. (1101000111101)₂ = (1 × 2¹²) + (1 × 2¹¹) + (0 × 2¹⁰) + (1 × 2⁹) + (0 × 2⁸) + (0 × 2⁷) + (0 × 2⁶) + (1 × 2⁵) +
(1 × 2⁴) + (1 × 2³) + (1 × 2²) + (0 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰) = (6717)₁₀

3. 10010110

(10010110)₂ =sol. (1 × 2⁷) + (0 × 2⁶) + (0 × 2⁵) + (1 × 2⁴) + (0 × 2³) + (1 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (0 × 2⁰) = (150)₁₀

4. 101010101010

(101010101010)₂ = sol. (1 × 2¹¹) + (0 × 2¹⁰) + (1 × 2⁹) + (0 × 2⁸) + (1 × 2⁷) + (0 × 2⁶) + (1 × 2⁵) + (0 × 2⁴) + (1 ×
2³) + (0 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (0 × 2⁰) = (2730)₁₀

5. 10101111

(101011111)₂ =sol. (1 × 2⁸) + (0 × 2⁷) + (1 × 2⁶) + (0 × 2⁵) + (1 × 2⁴) + (1 × 2³) + (1 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰)
= (351)₁₀
Convert the following decimal values to binary:

1. 58 2. 2032

Sol. Sol.

2 58 2 2032

2 29 - 0 2 1016 - 0

2 14 - 1 2 508 - 0

2 7 - 0 2 254 - 0

2 3 - 1 2 127 - 0

1 - 1 2 63 - 1

2 31 - 1

(111010)2 2 15 - 1

2 7 - 1

2 3 - 1

1 - 1

(11111110000)2
3. 5696 4. 2688

Sol. Sol.

2 5696 2 2688 - 0

2 2848 - 0 2 1344 - 0

2 1424 - 0 2 672 - 0

2 712 - 0 2 336 - 0

2 356 - 0 2 168 - 0

2 178 - 0 2 84 - 0

2 89 - 0 2 42 - 0

2 44 - 0 2 21 - 0

2 22 - 0 2 10 - 1

2 11 - 1 2 5 - 0

2 5 - 1 2 2 - 1

2 2 - 1 1 - 0

1 - 0

(1011100000000)2 (1010100000000)2
5. 1652 6. 2313

Sol. Sol.

2 1652 2 2313

2 826 - 0 2 1156 - 1

2 413 - 0 2 578 - 0

2 206 - 1 2 289 - 0

2 103 - 0 2 144 - 1

2 51 - 1 2 72 - 0

2 25 - 1 2 36 - 0

2 12 - 1 2 18 - 0

2 6 - 0 2 9 - 0

2 3 - 0 2 4 - 1

1 - 1 2 2 - 0

1 - 0

(11001110100)2

(100100001001)2

Convert the following hex values to decimal:

1. 92

Sol.

(92)₁₆ = (9 × 16¹) + (2 × 16⁰) = (146)₁₀

2. FF

Sol.

(FF) ₁₆ = (15 × 16¹) + (15 × 16⁰) = (255)₁₀

 3. 2C1

Sol.

(2C1)₁₆ = (2 × 16²) + (12 × 16¹) + (1 × 16⁰) = (705)₁₀

4. 37FD

Sol.
(37FD) ₁₆ = (3 × 16³) + (7 × 16²) + (15 × 16¹) + (13 × 16⁰) = (14333)₁₀
5. 189

Sol.
(189)₁₆ = (1 × 16²) + (8 × 16¹) + (9 × 16⁰) = (393)₁₀
Convert the following decimal values to hex: