Saturday, February 13/2021

Time: 03:30 pm-05:30pm

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES

Department of Management Sciences
End-term Examination Fall 2020
ROLL No FL20-2002 Class/Section NIL

System ID NUML-F20-14364 program BBA-2YEAR

Email alichouhdaryg@gmail.com Teacher Sir Muhammad

Usman
Address Name
Course Introduction To Campus Islamabad
Title Information Technology
Course ITM-121 Class / NIL
Code section
Name Ali Hamza
student
 Question No 2
Network Topology Definition
Network topology refers to the physical or logical configuration of a network. Describes how
different nodes are arranged and connected. Alternatively, network topology can explain how
data is transferred between these nodes.

Kinds of Topology
STAR Topology

BUS Topology

RING Topology

The best way to make topology for five computers in an office in RING TOPOLOGY . In networks with
ring topology, computers are connected to each other in a circular format. Every device in the
network will have two neighbors and no more or no less. Ring topologies were commonly used
in the past but you would be hard-pressed to find an enterprise still using them today.

The first node is connected to the last node to link the loop together. As a consequence of
being laid out in this format packets need to travel through all network nodes on the way to
their destination. Within this topology, one node is chosen to configure the network and
monitor other devices. Ring topologies are half-duplex but can also be made full-duplex. To
make ring topologies full-duplex.

Why ring topology is the best here

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Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the nodes having
tokens can transmit data. Cheap to install .Low incidence of collision, Low cost Suitable for small
businesses
With ring topologies, the risk of packet collisions is much lower due to the use of tokens-based
protocols, allowing only one channel to transmit data at a time. This is combined with the fact that data
can travel through network nodes at high speeds that can be extended when adding other nodes. The
two-ring topologies provided an additional layer of protection because they were resistant to failure. For
example, if a ring goes down inside a node another ring can go up and down. Ring topologies are also
less expensive to install.

Question No 3
Network Definition
A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other
devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of data. An example of a network is the Internet,
which connects millions of people all over the world. To the right is an example image of a home
network with multiple computers and other network devices all connected.

Example

public and private networks.

We can connect with a network using these devices.

Network devices, or networking hardware, are physical devices that are required for communication
and interaction between hardware on a computer network.

 Hub
 Switch
 Router
 Bridge
 Gateway
 Modem

EXPLANATION
Hub
Connection sites connect multiple computer communication devices together. The harp also acts like a
repetitive one because it amplifies the deteriorating signals after traveling long distances with
connecting cables. Hub is the easiest in the family of network devices because it connects LAN
components and the same processes.
Switches
Switches usually play a smarter role than hubs. The switch is a multiport device that improves network
efficiency. The switch stores limited node traffic on the internal network, and allows connection to
applications such as harbors or routers. LAN cables are usually connected using a switch. Typically,
switches can read incoming hardware hardware addresses to transfer them to the correct location.
Router
Routers help to transmit packets to their locations by setting up a cross-country route for connected
communication devices using a variety of network methods. Routers are smart devices, and they store
information over networks connected to it

Bridge
Bridges are used to connect two or more facilities or network components together. The basic role of
bridges in network construction is to maintain and transport frames between the various parts of a
connecting bridge.
GATEWAY
Gates perform all routers functions and more. In fact, a router with additional translation functionality is
a gateway. The function that performs the translation between different network technologies is called
a protocol converter.
Modem
Modulators (modulators-demodulators) are used to transmit digital signals to analog telephone lines.
Therefore, digital signals are converted by modems into analog signals of various frequencies and
transmitted to the modem at the receiving point. The receiving modem makes the switch back and
provides digital output to the modem-connected device, usually a computer.

Question No 3
To manage the bank database the computer will be used is mainframe computer

Mainframe computers

Mainframe computers used in banking institutions store information relating to client records, home
operations and other important processing information. A large multi-branch bank may have a central
computer at its central headquarters and coordinate the terminals available at each of its branches.
eed of a specific type of computer
Mainframe computers used in banking institutions store information relating to client records, home
operations and other important processing information. A large multi-branch bank may have a central
computer at its central headquarters and coordinate the terminals available at each of its branches. One
of the biggest advantages of a major computer banking system is its ability to make allotted time. Time
sharing allows multiple users to access the same computer (and its resources) at the same time.
Need of a specific type of computer
Mainframe computers have faster data processing speeds and built-in error recognition systems, reduce
labor costs, and support more workloads and uninterrupted operations. According to "Understanding
Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive," large computers are sometimes referred to as
business class servers or high-end servers.
Minicomputers
Minicomputers are a category of computer equipment that varies in size between large computers and
small computers. They act as Internet servers and network servers in banking operations
PCs used in the banking sector are designed to use spreadsheets, word processing and data software, in
addition to web browsers and email clients.