Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Management
• History
• Examina%on
• Diagnos%c
Workup
• Goals
• Outcomes
&
Measures
Pa%ent
evalua%on
• History:
– Diagnosis
– Chronicity/severity
of
injury/age
of
pa%ent
– Comorbidity
– Prior
Tx
spas%city
– Medica%ons
(
compliance
and
ability
to
afford)
– Social
support
– Func%onal
level
Pa%ent
evalua%on
• Examina%on:
– Assess
head/neck/trunk/all
extremi%es
– Overall
hygiene,
grooming
– Ext:
ROM,
pain,
symmetry,
hypertrophy,
atrophy
– Skin:
breakdown,
odor,
edema,
vascular
changes
– Neurological:
mental
status,
strength,
reflexes,
sensa%on
– Func%onal
exam:
sidng,
transfer,
standing,
walking,
dexterity
– Fidng
of
orthoses
;
appropriateness
of
assis%ve
devices
Addi%onal
diagnos%c
evalua%ons
• X-‐ray:
occult
fx,
subluxa%on
of
joint
or
heterotopic
ossifica%on
• CT: hydrocephalus
• Be very specific as to what you are trying to treat and why.
• Keep
in
mind
that
not
all
Spas%city
is
bad
as
it
can
some%me
help
with
stand/transfer
and
even
ambula%on
although
it
is
spas%c
gait.
Outcomes
&
Measures
• S%ffness:
modified
Ashworth
Scale
• Spas%city:
Tardieu
Scale
• Hyperreflexia:
spasm
frequency
score,
spasm
threshold
• Pain:
visual
analog
pain
scale,
faces,
pain
map
• Strength:
manual
muscle
strength
test,
dynamometry
• Walking:
10
min
%med
walk;
distance
in
2
min
• Dexterity:
9
hole
peg;
tapping
• Skin
integrity/hygiene:
presence/number
of
pressure
sores
• Disfigurement:
res%ng
angle,
serial
photos/videos
Modified
Ashworth
Scale
0
No
increase
in
tone
1 Slight
increase
in
muscle
tone,
manifested
by
a
catch
and
release
or
by
minimal
resistance
at
the
end
of
the
ROM
1+
Slight
increase
in
muscle
tone,
manifested
by
a
catch,
followed
by
minimal
resistance
throughout
the
remainder
(less
than
half)
of
the
ROM
2 More
marked
increase
in
muscle
tone
through
most
of
the
range
of
mo%on,
but
affected
part(s)
easily
moved
Spas%city
Can
vary
depending
on:
¡ State
of
alertness
¡ Ac%vity
¡ Posture
¡ Level
of
anxiety
¡ Emo%onal
state
¡ Pain
level
¡ Surface
contact
¡ Movement
of
the
involved
muscles
¡ Maintenance
of
the
limb
against
gravity
¡ Other
non-‐noxious
sensory
input
Complica%ons
of
Spas%city
• Difficulty
with
care
and
hygiene
• Decreased
func%onal
abili%es
(dressing,
walking/
brace
wear,
etc.)
• Pain
• Delayed
motor
development
in
children
• Abnormal
posture
• Contracture
of
muscle/tendon
• Bone
and
joint
deformi%es
Diazepam
(Valium)
• Acts
on
the
brainstem
re%cular
forma%on
and
spinal
polysynap%c
pathways.
• Facilitates
postsynap%c
effects
of
GABA
A
(
which
opens
Chloride
channels
with
resultant
hyperpolariza%on)
with
net
effect
of
increased
presynap%c
inhibi%on
• Liver
toxicity
– 1.8%
of
pa%ents
treated
for
longer
than
60
days
(0.3%
fatal
liver
failure)
– Lower
incidence
with
doses
<
or
=
to
400mg/day
– Monitor
LFTs
(weekly
first
month,
monthly
first
year,
4
%me/year)
Baclofen
(Lioresal )
®
• Subcutaneous
pump
• Catheter
placed
into
the
subarachnoid
space
(
T8
to
T10
mostly
but
as
high
as
C4)
Intrathecal
Baclofen
• First
applica%on
for
ITB
infusion
was
for
spas%city
management
for
SCI
and
MS
pa%ents
with
some
preserved
func%on
below
the
level
of
insult
(Bucholz,
State
of
the
Art
Reviews
in
PM&R,
1994)
• ITB
trial
• Possible
complica%ons
• Rela%ve
contra-‐indica%ons
Surgical
Procedures
• Orthopedic
procedures
– Tendon
lengthening,
releases
• Neurosurgical
procedures
– Rhizotomy
–
surgical
or
radiofrequency
interrup%on
of
the
spinal
root
– Selec%ve
dorsal
rhizotomy:
interrup%ng
a
limited
number
of
most
pathologic
sensory
rootlets
Phenol
• Phenol
or
carbolic
acid
-‐
first
isolated
in
1834
• Introduced
as
an
an%sep%c
-‐
1867
• Bacteriosta%c
at
0.2%
concentra%on
• Bacteriocidal
at
1%
concentra%on
• In
its
pure
state,
colorless
crystal
that
melts
if
heated
to
38C.
• Up
to
6.7%
concentra%on,
soluble
at
room
temp.
• Systemic
toxic
effects
(seizure,
CNS
depression
and
CV
collapse)
at
8-‐15g.
• Local
denaturing
effect
on
%ssue
proteins
• Sclerosing
agent;
thus,
avoid
intravascular
injec%on
as
can
lead
to
DVT
Phenol
Injec%ons
• Intrathecal
injec%ons
of
phenol
for
spas%city
relief
in
1959
(Nathan,
Kelly
and
Gau%er-‐Smith)
– Significant
complica%ons
such
as
loss
of
residual
motor
func%on
or
sensa%on
as
well
as
loss
of
sphincter
control.
• Total
amount
of
phenol
injected
depends
on
severity
of
muscle
hyperac%vity
and
response
to
phenol
injec%on.
• 20ml
of
6%
phenol
(1200mg/day)
,
injec%on
may
be
repeated
in
1-‐2wks.
Phenol
Injec%on
Side-‐Effects
§ Common:
redness,
discomfort
or
bruises
at
the
injec%on
site
§ Very
rare
side
effects:
vascular
injury,
injury
to
pelvic
organs
(applicable
to
obturator
nerve
bloc),
systemic
effects
(arrhythmia,
pulmonary
fibrosis,
confusion
and
renal
impairment)
Phenol
nerve
block/motor
point
block
• Obturator
nerve
block
• Scia%c
nerve
block
(mixed
sensorimotor
nerve)/selec%ve
block
to
hamstring
nerve
branches
• Femoral
nerve
block
(motor
branch
to
rectus
femoris)
• Tibial
nerve
block
• Pectoral
nerve
block/pectoralis
major
motor
point
block
• Thoracodorsal
nerve
block/la%ssimus
dorsi
motor
point
block
• Musculoskeletal
nerve
block
(mixed
sensorimotor
nerve)/
bicep
and
brachioradialis
motor
point
block
• Median
&
Ulnar
nerve
block/FCR,
FCU,
FDS
motor
point
block
• Recurrent
motor
branch
of
median
nerve
block
Clostridium
botulinum
Most
poisonous
substances
known,
lethal
dose
to
humans
of
less
than
1
mcg
Ø One
gram
of
aerosolized
botulism
toxin
has
the
poten%al
to
kill
1.5
million
people
Phenol
Motor
Point
Block
• Motor
points
lie
on
the
surface
of
the
muscle.
• Each
muscle
may
have
a
number
of
motor
points.
• They
tend
to
cluster
around
the
midpoint
of
a
muscle’s
length.
• (e.g
ac%vity
in
FDS
or
FDP)
may
falsely
axribute
to
the
ac%vity
of
FCR.
E-‐s%m
guided
Botulinum
toxin
injec%on
• Electrical
muscle
ac%va%on:
requires
higher
current
for
ac%va%on
and
has
disadvantage
of
ac%va%on
of
mul%ple
regional
muscles
and
affect
fiber
s%mula%on,
leading
to
discomfort
and
pain
• Electrical
motor
point
s%mula%on:
requires
low
current
(5
to
10mA
but
can
be
0.5mA),
causes
the
target
muscle
to
contract
and
allow
visual
confirma%on
(assist
in
isola%ng
different
fascicles
of
muscles
as
in
FDS)