,,propabillty Theory We el 125 9 CHAPTER # 7 Probability Theory | ene (ss 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} Af {1, 2,3}, B = (2,4, 6, 8} C= (4,5,6, 7,8} » D (3, 4) a @) ANB Gi) BUD (ii) ANC (iv) Ax D saWUTION g AB An @ BUD ? Bu D = {2,4, 6, 8} U 3, 4} {2, 3, 4, 6, 8} | Gi) AMC ? ANC = {12,3} 9 (4,5, 6, 7, 8} | B{} =o @ AxD=? Ax D = {1,2,3} x {3,4} = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), @ 4), B, 3), 8, 4} 1S (by) Let U = {1, 2, 8, saves 10} A = {1,3,5, 7,9}, B = (2, 4,6, 8, 10} Find Gj) A Gi) B | xno Gi) AUB (ivy) ANB (O Reula = {1, 2,3,.. | 10) - 1,3, 6,79) ; = 24,6, 8, 10} ~, jt) ge | BsU-B | = {1, 2, 3, ...., 10} - (2, 4,6, 8, 10} | = {1,3,5,7,9) AKey to Statistics for Bs Clagg, 126 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} 4 {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} =o 7.4 (b) Solve the following ae i) ae ai) (10 . @ Pe Gi) Ps (iii) 2 (ivy (") SOLUTION 5 We know that ai) i) = 20! _ 20 x 19 x 18 « 47! 8 AN aa Ek 20 x 19 x 18 = ggyo acy (10 Git) (2) =? We know that (") n! =a r n(n - yp! 10) ____10! (2) ~ 2110 = 2) _ 10! ~ 218! = 1Wx9x8 _ loxg 2x TK BT gS 45 Alternative Method 10) = Wx9_ 90_ G “2x T Fg = 45 ww (B)=> . (52) _ 52 x 51 x 60 x 49 x 48 = 311875200 _ pe as9c0 ". Bx4xB8xQdx 1 ~ 120ability Theory or probal cH ‘5 nd the probability of each of the following outcome: 1 @) Atail appear, when a fair coin is tos: | Gi) TWO head appears when two coins are tossed. | (ii) An ace comes up, when a fair die is rolled. (iv) An odd number comes up, when a true die is rolled. owe No. of outcomes = 2! = 2 ) Sample space will be s = 1, T} nis) = 2 Let A = {ATail appears} A= {1}, nA =1 -AaA 4 P(A) = 6) = 2 (i) Total No. of outcomes = 2? = 4 S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} n(S) = 4 Let B = {Two head appears} B = (HH) n(B) = 1 n®) 1 PB) = QS) = 4 (ii) Total No. of possible outcomes = 6! = 6 S = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6), nS) = 6 Let A = {Anace come up} A= {I} nA) = 1 P(A) am + (iv) Total No. of outcomes = 6! = 6 S = {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6} n(S) = 6 Let B = {An odd number comes up} "B= {1,3, 5} n@®) _ 3 pa) = Be = 67128 1.6 Wha t ») Two coins are ° (i) One head (iii)At least one head a 2 a No. of possible outcomes = le space will be : ‘mn ‘ {HH, HT, TH, TT} (iv) At most two heads =4 n(S) = 4 (let A= (UT. n(A) = 2 1 nA) 2 1 Gi) Let B = (Two heads appears} B = {HH} n(B) = 1 = 2B) _ 1 PB) =a@ = 4 (ii) Let © = {Atleast one head} ie. at least one head’means one head or two heads C = {HT, TH, HH} 7 n(C) = 3 y= AO) _ 3 PO = Te) 24 (iv) Let p= {At most two heads} he At most two heads means two heads or one head or no head} D = {HH, HT, TH, TT} n(D) = 4 n(D) 4 PO) = Het ey If three Coins ar the Probability o 17 (ay € tossed. © f] Onstruct the sample space and fi! f 3 heads, SOLUTION gcttt No. of possible outcomes = Nw = w= 8 Sample Space will be § 5 HUH, HHT, 2TH, THE, TTH, THT, HTT, TPT) n(8) = 8 let A= (hree hea A> (HHH n(A) =] =2) Pa) = Tee ds appears} BLqt 1 Three coins are tosse: (i) Two heads (ii) At most one head ON sown = (HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TPT} @ Gi) (iii) 18 5) = 8 n@ 4 = (Two heads} A = {HHT, HTH, THH} , n(A) = 3 _ nA) _ 3 PA) = nS) = 8 Let B= {At least one head} = {TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH} n(B) = 7 (a) Two fair dice are rolled. Find the probability that (i) Sum of two dice will be even (ii) The two dice head the same outcome. SOLUTION () Total No. of possible outcome = 6? = 36 The sample space for experiment is (1D, G, 2), G, 3), GZ, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6) (2,1), (2, 2), 2, 8), (2, 4), (2, 5), 2 6) S= J B,D, @B, 2, 3,3) B 4), B 5,86 (4,1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4)» (4, 5), (4, 6) (5,1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), 6, 6) 6.1), 6, 2), 6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6 6) n(S) = 36 ; Let A = {Sum of two dice will be even {(1, 1), (1, 8), CL 8), (2, 2 2 4s 2 8). A= (3,1), 8,3) B59) 4, 2 44s 6), (5. 1), 6, 3) (5), G, 2 (6, 4). 6: 8) n(A) = 18 _ nd) _ 18 + PA) = Aig) = 36 7 2— tJ) a Key to Statistics org, F 3 i = two dice had the same outcome} i Gy Let Be Me, 2.00.3), 4) 6,5), , 6) n(B) = 6 n®)_ 6 1 PB) = Ea 36 «6 7.8 (b) Two fair dice are rolled. Find the probability, (i) The sum is odd Gi) The sum is:at least 9 (ii) Sum is exactly seven (iv) Adouble six SOLUTION Total No. of possible outcomes = 6? = 36 (1, (1, 2), (1, 8), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6) (2,1), (2, 2), (2, 8), (2, 4), (2, 5), @, 6) S= J} (@1), @, 2), @, 3) @, 4), (, 5), (3, 6) (4,1), 4, 2), 4, 8), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6) (5,1), (6, 2), (6, 8), (6, 4), (6, 8), (5, 6) 6,1), (6, 2), (6, 8), 6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6) n(S) = 36 @) Let A= (Sumis odd} (2,0), (4, 4), (1, 6), (2,1), (2, 3), (2, 5), A= 7 (3,2), (8, 4), (8, 6), (4,1), (4,3), (4, 5), ©, 2), 6, 4), (5, 6), (6,1), (6, 3), 6, 6) nia) = 18 = mA) _ 18 _ 1 PA) = 16) = 36 = 2 Gi) Let B = (Sumis atleast 9} ie Sumis9, 10, 11 or 12 B = (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3), (4, 6), (5, 5), 6, 4), (, 6), 6, 5), (6, 6)} n(B) = 10 pe = 2B 10 PO) = n® = 36 = 18 (ii) Let © = (Sum is exactly seven} (1, 6), (, 8), 8, 4), (4, 3), 6, 2), 6 D} nC) = 6 Pap ol areal © = 8 =36"%\ erably Theory 134 ) eH AP dice are rolled. Find the probabi 8 4 @ pee 7 is equal to sum is greater than Te as 4 than sO No of possible outcomes = 6 = 36 (1D, (1, 2, 1, 8), GL, 4), G2, 8), (2, 6) (2,1), (2, 2), (2, 8), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6) |. _ | @DG.2B9,B,4, @,8), @,6) | $= 4 (4,1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6) (6,1), 6, 2s (, 8), (6, 4), (6, 5), (5, 6) 6,1), (6, 2), (6, 3), , 4), (6, 5), (6, 6) n(S) = 36 ; yet A= {Sumis Jess than 7} iW A=, , 4,252 0, G,3),2, 2,8, 0, , 4), @ 8), @, 2), (4, 1, (, 8), @ 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (6, D} n(A) = 15 n(A) _ 15 | qj Let B = {Sum is greater than Wn) | B = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3) 6 2), 8, 8), | (4; 5), ©, 4), (6, 8), (4, 6), 6, 5), (6, 4), 6, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)} n(B) = 15 _ n®) _ 15 PB) = 1S) = 36 ; 18 (@) Two dice are rolled once. Find the probability that (i) Sum is greater than 9. Gi) Sum is almost 5. swtion’ Their product is even 18) = 36 Let A = {Sum is greater than 9} A = ((4, 6), (5, 8), (6, 4), G, 8s 6, 5» G OF n(A) = 6 ~a@)_ 6 4 PA) = 6) = 36 ~ 6 "Let B = {Sum is atmost 5} B = ((1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2.4) 8) @ 2), (3, 1), (1, 2), 2 DG yp} n(B) = 10 n(B) _ 10 _ & P(B) = a =e 45Key to Statistics forae. 132 ta, ir product is even} ea 4.0. D, 2,2, (2, 8), 2,4), 2,5), (2,6), (8, 2), (8, 4), (3, 6), 4, D, 4, 2, (4, 8), 4, 4), 4, 8), 6), 6,2, (6,4), (, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6,8), 6.4), ©, 6), 6, 6) n(C) PC) (iv) Let " 2 A@ 1 PO)= nS) = 36 A bag contains 3 white, 5 yellow and 2 red balls. Wha Probability of drawing at render, is the @) One red ball Gi) One yellow ball. 79 (a) SOLUTION White balls Yellow balls Red balls 3 5 2 Total balls = 3+5+2=10 N=10n= 1 (i) Total No. of outcomes = (%) = @) = 10 n(S) = 10 Let A = {one req ball} 2 n(A) = (7) ae 24 Pay = =4 (1) Total No.of outcomes = (1°) 1 n(S) = 10 Let = 10 B = (One yellow ball} 5 n(B) =(§) =5,n®)=5 5 1 PB) = =orobability Theory 133 ' Pi \ theo g contains 3 white and 4 black balls, Two balls are drawn at S| (b) ‘andom find the probability that 8 ra” One is white and other is black (i) Both are white (iii) At least one is white GoLUTION nite Black | 3 4 ‘Total balls = a+4=7 Nein = | qotal No. of possible outgomes = () ° i (2) _ 1x6 “\e) = Oxd | n(S) = 21 . () Let A = {One ball is white and other is black} 4 n(A) ).G)sax422 are white} 4) _ 3x2 OJ ~ 2x 1° ale P(A) (i) Let B= n(B) # Sle GOEEIECS Fe Ve 8 n(B) (ii) Let C = {At least one is white} mo = (2)(4) « (3)(8) i x9+(3 : " " ale AN x bs, x =12+3 to x " n(C) PC) = | 10 1 . @) A bag contains 3 black, 4 white and 5 red balls. If 8 balls are j drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability that | (i) One black, one white and one red ball Gi) Two red and one black ball (ii) All balls are black I pipe ale ® W SIS, nafn Stung, Black White Red 3 4 {5 pal balls = 3 +445 = 12 =2,n23 rs Fare —2) Total No. of possible outcomes = ty 12x11 x 10 | "Sede 7 = 220 (S) = 220 eee: @) re A = (One black, one white and one red ball} wa = (7).(2).(8) =3x4x5 = 60 PA) = oy =o Gi) Let B= {Two red and one black ball} n= (5).(2).(4) =1l0x38x 1= 30 PB) = 528 0 Gi) Let c= fan balls are black} 3) (4) 5 n(0) = (3).(4). (3) Flxixisy 1 PC) = 20 7.10 (b) A box contains 8 red, 4 white and 6 black balls. Three balls a: drawn from the box. Find the Probability that they may be @ al Of different colours Gi) all are of the sam colours SOLUTION Red White Black 3 Total balls = 3+ 445 = 12 = 12ns 3 Total No. of chances = (igen @ Lee ac {All are of ditt may = (3) (4)_ propabllity Theory Vy ntl 7B {All balls are of the same colour} let (ail balls are either red or white or black) 22 G)°@) 3) OO-OW 2144 10 = 16 135 35 3 PB) = 220 44 4, From @ well shuffled pack of 52 playi: a1 Frejom. What is the probability that Peg tes @ Red card (ii). Kind of Diamond (ii) Card is Queen (iv) Card is Heart SOLUTION Total No. of possible outcomes = () = 62 ) let A= {Red card is drawn} wa) = (7)(6) 1 P(A) = 53 = > (i) Let B = {King of diamond} 1\(51 n(B) = (iN) a PB) C = {Card is queen} Bl- n(C) = (4) =4 4 1 i PO) = 52 = 13. i " Let Des {Card is heart} nD) = % =13 13 1 Po = =>2S Or BB $ \ZS Cl Uuffleg me 136 7.12, (a) wn at random from a well sh, d the probability that ‘Two cards ar playing car Se ed. i ii Bote heart and other is diamond Gi) (ii) Both are of the same colour ii SOLUTION @) Total No. of chances = \ 9 (@ x 51 52x 5) 5 1996 g) = 1326 fee A = (Both cards'are'red} () let ! 96) (26 mA) = (?) (o) 26x25) = 3) = 325 = MA) _ 825. ; P(A) = 1g) = 1396 (i) Let B = (Ono card is heart and other is diamond) 13) (13) (26 n®) = OC) = 13x 13x 1= 169 i = 2@) _ 169 PO) = TS) = i326 C = (Both cards are of the same colour} ie, (Both are red or both are black) = (28)(26) (26) 26 / : nC) = (2)C3) : )) 26 x 25 “(0 22] FE = 325 + 325 n(C) = 650 _ 650 POA) = 1396 712 (by Rees “ A digit is selected at random from first 15 natural nu Find the probabili . ity that the selected digit is @) Anodd number (ii) An even number Gil) Less than 5 (iv) Complete square ) Divisible by 5 SOLUTION S= 2.3.4.5 Eee 1B) nS) = 15, } (iii) Letn(Ay = 8 _ nA) _ 8 so B = {An even number} t ag = 24,68, 10, 12,14 n(B) = 7 nB)_ 7 PB) = QS) = 15 tet C = {Digit is less than 5} -C = {1, 2, 3, 4} . n(C) = 4 | = 2 _4 | PC) = nS) = 15 qy Let D = (Digit is complete square} D = {1, 4, 9} n(D) = 3 _n@)_ 32 PO) = nS) = 15 = 5 Let E = {Digit is divisible by 5} | il) E = {5, 10, 15} n(E) = 8 | -2@)_ 3 1 PE) = 1S) = 15 = 5 113, (b) A fair die is rolled. What is the probability that the outcome is either an odd number or a prime number. Hint Odd Number: A number which is not divisible by 2. he 1, 3, 5, .. Prime Number: A number'which is divisible by 1 and itself only. | ie 2.3 SOLUTION Total No, of possible outcomes = 6'= 6 { S = {1,2,3, 4,5, 6) ! let A {The outcome is odd numbers} B = {The outcome is prime numbers} We calculate P(A U B) =? "Key to Statistic, for A= {1,3,5) , n(A) = 3 nA) _ 3 poy = Bg = 6 B = {2,35}, n(B) = 3 aB®) _ 3 PB) = nS) = 6 , Two events A and B are not mutually exclusive, Therefore ANB = {8,5} n(A 0 B) = 2 AO B) P(A 4 B) = ae = We know that from addition law PA UB) = P(A) + PB) ~ PA A B) 2 6 3,3 2 “e+ 67% B4+3-2 4 9 nee eg 714 (a) An integer is chosen at random fr, integers. Find tl ‘Om the first Positive 1 he probability that « an divisible by 8 or 12. he chosen integer js SOLUTION S = (1,2, 3, 4,5, ...., 100} n(S) = 100 . let A= {Integer is divisible by 8} B= {Integer ig divisible by 12} ANB= {Integer chosen is divisible by 8 & 12} (both ie, 24) ‘Then we need P(A u By = We know that PAU B) = Pay 4 PB) ~ PAB)... 4) let Az (8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96) n(A) = 19 -2 3 (S) = 100 = 35 let B= 2, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96) n(B) = g139 n®) _ 3 p@) = n(S) 100 anB= 48, 72, 96} nao B= “4 PAO B) = Joo alues in eq. (i), we get , potting he 2, 8 4 pid U B) = 100 * 100-~ 100 “wte-4_ 16 4 ~ 100 100~ 25 » > class contains 10 men and 20 women out of which half men at (b) and half women have brown eyes. Find the probability that the person chosen is a women or has brown eyes. 10 20 (Women) 30 (Total persons) 10. (Women & have brown eyes) | 15 (Total brown eyes) =4x1l=4 n8) = (99) > = 138%«1= 13 wan we(T)(9) = -1x1-1 Pan B= 5 Even A and B are not mutually exclusive P(A UB) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A n B) =4.8_1 ~ 52 7 52 ~ 52 24418-1116 4 “32 = 52 = Gg ; son is 0.70% 7.15 (b) The probability that a boy will pass the examina vast ont a for girl is 0.60, What is the probability that them will pass th ination. SOLUTION Bp ¢ examination. P(The boy will Pass the examination = 0.70 he PA) = 0.79 P(The girl will Pass 'the examination = 0.60 ke PB) = 0.69 P(Both boy ang Sirl Will pass the examination) \ Sh,ility Theory 7 B) = P(A) x P@) Aand Bare independent svent = (0.70) x (0.60) : = 0.42 we need =? MPa Y B) = 2 P(A) + P(B) - P(A n B) = 0.70 + 0.60 - 0.42 = 0.88 Acard is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 playi: ‘ds. 16 () Find the probability that the card is either king oe queen, cone “13°13 al | 117 @) A ball is drawn at random from a bag containing 6 red, 6 white, 4 blue and 3 orange balls. Find the probability that the ball is ith . SOLUTION” er red or blue. Red — White Blue Orange 5 6 4 3 Total balls = 5 + 6+ 4+ 3 = 18 Total Ni -(18) - lo. of outcomes = |'j ) = 18 8) = 1g let A = {ball is red} B = {ball is blue}Key to Statisticg fe a 142 i We need P(A U Py 1 | n(A) = (4) 0 | n= 5 nd) _ 5 i PA) = a) a } 4) =4xi=4 | w@=(1)(9) = : , 1B) _ 4 PB) = 1S) Events A and B are eae exclusive therefore, P(A u B) = P(A) + P(B) 9 1 “tis > ttt 7.17 (b) Two ea dice are rolled. Find the Probability of Retin total of either 7 or 9, SOLUTION Total No. of chances = 6? = 36 : . (1), (, 2), (1, 8), 1, 4), (2, 5), (1, 6) (2,1), (2, 2), (2, 8), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6) S= 1 GD,@, 2, , 3), 3, 4), (8, 5), (3, 6) (4,1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6) D (5, 2), (, 8), (, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6) G6.) (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), 6, 5), 6, 6) x8) = 36 Let A = (Total of 7 with two dice} Be = {Total of 9 with two dice} We require PAU B. a Let i ‘ou (2,8), 3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, vy} & ra me Let a , = ((3, ‘. 4, D. 6, 4), 6, 3)) B) 4 PQ) = mB Bs Events A ang Bare (AU B) = PAA (A) Spa exclusive, Therefore, =8 14 ~36+3g = =S+4 2 & " le " aleio iy 19 (a) A man tosses t ir dl ind the A fai ; , ) face iS odd given that the face Conditional s less than Probability that the No of outcomes = 6! = 6 oo aH A = (Face is odd} B = {Face is less than 4} eneed PAB) =? We know that _ PA OB) PA/B) =“ PB) A= (13,5) . B = (1,2, 3), n(B) = 3 3 = 2®) _ PB) = nS) ~ 6 AB = {1,3}, n(An B) = 2 PAB) =o Putting the values of P(A. B) and P(B) in eq. (i), we have AGE 2,822 P(A/B) = > = 6% 373 ene |orteo wo fair dice. What is the conditional probability that the sum of two top sides is 7, given that (i) the sum is odd (ii) the sum is greater than 6. (iii) the two dice had the same outcome. | SOLUTION Total No. of Possible outcomes = 6 = = 36 Sample space of the experiment is A (1,2), (1, 2, 2, 3), Gh #), Gh 5) Cs 6) (2,1), (2, 2), (2, 8), 4), (2, 6), (2, 6) s= | GD, G2, 3846 5), 8, 6) (4,1, (4, 2), (4, 8) 4s (4, 5), (4, 6 (6,1), (5, 2) (5, 8), 6 (6, 5), 6: ©) . 61), 6. 2), 6.3) 6: 4) (6 68) n(S) = 36 Let A = {Sum of two top = {(1, 6),(2; 5) 8 4) (4, let B.= (Sum is odd} sides is 7} 3), (6, 2) 6 1}(ii) 4), (5, 6), (6, 1) » 5)) We need P(A/B) = ? n(B) = 18 18 1 PB) = 36 = > POA VB) = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, »y ANB=6 & 1 PA 2 B) = 3g = a PA on B Pare) = 2 a =fL1 2a LEX TRG 2 Let C = (Sum is greater than 6} We require P(A/C) = 9 C = {(1, 6), 2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, (4, 4), (6, 8), (6, 22), (3, 6) (4, 6), (6, 5), 6, 4), 1), (2, 6), (3, 5), ), (A, 5), (5, 4), G, 3), 6, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)} nC) = 21 =2@ _ 21 PO) = A) = 36 AnNCs {(, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1} nAn C)=6 Pang=& Paro = Pag (C) & =8__ 6. 36 G6 2 gl 36% ar > = HF 36—- = {The two dice had the same ou “i ~PAnD) . @ anon we need PCA/D) =?gD pz 1), 2 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), 6, 6) nD) = & n(D) PD) = n(S) anDdze pag D)=0 P(A oD) PAID) =~ pM itcome}, 7S 3 slale P(AyD) = 0 719. (b) Three fair coins are tossed. What is the conditional i that 2 head appears given that at lea: ional probability st one head. SOLUTION Total No, of possible outcomes = 23 = 8 § = (HHH, HHT, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT} n(S) = 8 let A = {Two head appears} B = {At least one head} We require P(A/B) = PAB) aE A = {HHT, HTH, THH} B = {TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH} n(B) = 7 n(B) _ 7 P(B) = et =} Ao B = (HHT, HTH, THH) MA 4 B) = 3 PA n B) = colo [co Par) = a "Key ’ © fled pack of 52 well-shuft 82 ple raw? on that they are both aces if the vy ds are ON abil ; Two Car the pro Fin cards: ee SSS OUTS Cla, a © card is “ replaced fi gi not replace (ON SLT pe the event Ua i t, therefoy card i alB0 002. a sp ovent Aand B are dependent, re f replacement, o pe PB) B) = P(A) - PAA a he first card is ace and B be the event that Bey hat the i = 52° 82 a oa = 33°13” 169 ) Ifthe first card is not replaced, then A and B are dependent events, therefor ii P(Both cards are aces) = P(First card is ace x P(2nd card is an ace given th, Ist card is also ace) ie P(A B) = P(A). P(B/ A) eee * 73-17 = Bar 721 (a) Find P(A mB) = 2 Given that P(A) = 0.25, P(B) = 0,60 Assuming that A and B are ind ts. SOLUTION independent events. Event A and B are independent, therefore PA B) = pay. P(B) a PA 9 B) = 0.95 , 0.60 = 0.15 1 (by given P(A) 0.60 PB) = 040, p, 40, P(A = Find pay oA B) = 0.24 SOLUTION , P(B/A) and PA vB)oil (i probability Theory te PAB i 7!) P(A) 0.24 _ 2 28a = 040 P(A) + P(B) - PA VB) 0.60 + 0.40 - 0.24 = 0.76 Two friends A and B appear in‘an interview for two posts in an vee, ThE probability that A will be selected is — and the piobability that B will be selected is 4 What is the probability that (Both will be selected Gi) Only A will be selected Only B will be selected (iii) (iv) At least one will be selected Neither will be selected. w) SOLUTION Pa) = P(A) = 1- P(A) a2 =1- 37% PB) = + ; PB) = 1 - PB) 1.3 =1-4 74 ) (ii) ity We find the probability that both ‘A and B will be selected. ie. P(A OB). Since events A and B are independent, therefore, , . ; , P(A 4 B) = P(A) - PB) _1 aus =-4.45 Only A will be selected PA 9 B) = PA) . PB) 2 ~1 324 Onk =3°4 .4 i nly B will be selected ( ; PA mB) = PA) . PB)” 2 12.4 3° 4 «6(iv) ee 7A) + P(B) - P(A © B) (v) Neither will be selected i.e, PA mB) = PAA) . PB) PA nd =F 728 To coins are tossed. Show that the probability of getting at least o» head is 4. SOLUTION Possible outcomes = N* = 2? = 4 S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} n(s) = 4 Let A = {At least one head} A = {HT, TH, HH}, n(A) = 3 = nA _ 3. PA) = 1) = 4 724 A fair dice is rolled twice. Find the probability that sum of numbe appearing is 2 (i) atmost five ae SOLUTION (ii) atleast 10 Total no, of outcomes = 6? = 36 (LY, , 2), (1, 8), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6 _ | P.282,29,00,05), © ~ } GD, @, 2,8, 3), 3, 4, (3,'5), 3.6) (4.0, 4, 2 (4, 3-4, 4), (4, 5), a 2), (6, 2), (6, 3), ©, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6) 6), 6, 2) : n(e) = 36 », (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)rs | | | | | eS we A = (2,4, 2,3), 8.2), (4,1), (1,3), 2.2) @y, 9 , 2,2),2,0),4, 1) } n(A) = 10 @ jo 5 pa) = 36° (18 Let B = {Sum is at least 10} \@ nB) = (4.6), 6:5), (6.4), 6,6), (6,5), 66) n(B) = 6 - 2@) _ & PR) = nS) = 3 3g An unbiased coin is tossed twice. Find the probability that “qj one tail appears (i) at least one head soLUTION Total No. of outcomes = 2? = 4 ¢ = (HH, HT, TH, TT}, n(s) = 4 g Let A= {HT, TH), n(A) = 2 ere f) ‘Let B = {Atleast one head appears} B = {HT, TH, HH}, n(B) = 3 P(e) = 3 126A card is drawn from well shuffled pack of 52 cards. What is the prob that it is @) Black card (i) A face card ‘LUTION : N 52 Total number of out come = (%) = ( 1 ) fy n(s) = 52 Let A =. (Black card} na) = ( 26) /( 26 = (P)(9) MA) = 26(1) = 26 Pay aA) _ 26 _ 1 n(S) 52 ~ 2Let A = {Face card} oe) = (7)(9) n(B) = 12(1. = 12 12 PB) = 39 -= i