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severe transformer tank heating, following a permanent protection relay (51) serves as back up protection for the
earth fault on the transmission line near the substation, HV side. The MV side includes the secondary winding
which went undetected by the existing protections. differential protection (Restricted Earth Fault-87REF), as
well as low-set and high-set ground over-current relays
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY-CASE SYSTEM (resp. EFL and EFH). Time-delayed over-current
protection (51, 51N) is also used for the secondary breaker.
A simplified single-line diagram of the studied system
is shown in Fig. 1. It comprises a 150/21 kV YNyn0
IV. ZERO SEQUENCE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
transformer fed by an overhead 150 kV transmission line.
Near the substation, one phase of the 150 kV line has been In the case of 5-limb core (“shell-type”) YY-connected
interrupted and the transformer side conductor has fallen transformers, zero sequence excitation in one winding
on the ground, creating thus a combined phase-to-earth and results in negligible current, if the other winding is open
open conductor fault. The event remained undetected by circuited with respect to this sequence, due to the high
the transmission line and transformer protections, resulting magnetizing reactance of the iron core. However, 3-limb
in severe tank heating of the transformer, which was core (“core-type”) units differ fundamentally in this
eventually tripped by the tank temperature protection. respect. The resulting zero-sequence flux path is now
The system and transformer winding connections and external to the core, via the insulating medium (oil), the
earthing arrangements are shown in Fig. 1. The tank and metallic connections other than the core, as
transformer under study is a 150/21 kV, 40/50 MVA shown schematically in Fig. 3. Due to the high reluctance
(ONAN/ONAF), 3-limb core unit, shown in the pictures of of this path, the resulting zero-sequence magnetizing
Fig. 2. Both windings are Y-connected with neutrals reactance of the transformer is low and therefore a
grounded to the substation grounding system, directly at significant zero-sequence current may result in the excited
the HV side and via a 12 Ω/1000 A neutral resistor at the winding. To properly account for such situations, a proper
MV side. The distribution transformers (20/0.4 kV) zero-sequence equivalent circuit is required, which should
connected to the 20 kV distribution network downstream also take into account the transformer and substation
the power transformer are all delta-connected at the 20 kV grounding arrangements.
side (vector group Dyn11). To derive such a circuit, the transformer representation
of Fig. 3 is used, along with the respective magnetic
equivalent circuit of Fig. 4. Zero sequence voltages are
applied at the terminals of the primary winding, resulting
in a zero sequence flux Φ0 per core limb. From the circuit
of Fig.4 the following relations hold:
N p i p0 − N s i s0 = φ0R a + 3φ0R 0 (1)
N p i p0 = φlpaR a (2)
N s is0 = −φlsaR a (3)
Figure 2. The 150/20 kV, 40/50 MVA, “core-type” transformer.
Considering that the reluctance of the flux path external
to the core is much higher than the reluctance of the core
The main transformer protection relays are indicated in
Fig. 1. Basic transformer protection is the differential iron ( R 0 >> R a ), eq. (1) can be reduced to:
protection (87T), trigerred by the difference of primary and N p i p0 − N s is0 = 3φ0R 0 (4)
secondary winding phase currents. A time over-current
400/150 kV
autotransformer 150/20 kV substation
150 kV O/C 20 kV
DP O/C
Transmission busbars busbars
line fault
LEGEND
EFH
Voltage transformer
Current transformer
EFL
Circuit breaker (CB)
Protection relay
REF Alarm
DP: Distance protection
O/C: Over-current
DIF: Differential
REF: Restricted earth fault DIF
EFH: Earth fault - High
EFL: Earth fault - Low
Measurement
C/B trip command
Figure 1. Single line diagram of the system, including the main transformer protections.
Paper presented at the 16th International Conference on Electrical Machines, ICEM 2004, Cracow, Poland,
September 5-8, 2004.
I p0 I s0
Z P0 Z S0
Figure 3. Three-phase core-type YNyn transformer under zero
sequence conditions.
U p0 Z M0 U s0
φa φb φc 3φ0
Ra Rb Rc
Figure 5. Zero-sequence T equivalent circuit of a “core-type” YY
connected transformer, referred to the primary winding.
Npipo Rlpa Npipo Rlpb Npipo Rlpc Ro
From eqs. (7) and (9), the zero-sequence equivalent
circuit of Fig. 5 is readily derived. Its parameters are:
Nsiso Rlsa Nsiso Rlsb Nsiso Rlsc Z P0 = Z p + 3ZGP − 3( N − 1)Z G (10)
2
Z S0 = Z s + 3N Z GS − 3N(N − 1)ZG (11)
Z M0 Z m0 Es Uf1 ZL
U m0 = U ⋅ (14)
f0 Z 0 Z M0
To estimate the zero-sequence flux developed in the
transformer under other possible unbalanced conditions, Is2 Zs IT2 ZTL ZT
If If
Es Uf1 ZL
3Zf
Uf2 ZL
IT0
Uf0 ZM0 ZL0
between the fault position and the substation. Fig. 12 provide a low reluctance return path for the flux.
illustrates the calculated variation of Umo with respect to When significant load exists, the closed secondary
the fault-to-substation distance, for the five cases of winding forces the zero sequence flux to partially
unbalanced conditions examined in the previous Section. follow paths external to the core. The Umo magnitudes
In Tables I and II, the resulting voltages Ufo and Umo for the other kinds of faults are similar as for the case
are presented for the loaded and unloaded transformer, of the loaded transformer.
again for the same five types of unsymmetrical conditions. iii) The values of Table I (loaded transformer) are very
close to the simplified estimations of Um0 provided in
TABLE I Section V.
TRANSFORMER ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGE FOR DIFFERENT TYPES
OF UNSYMMETRICAL CONDITIONS (LOAD 30 MVA, PF=0.9 IND.) VII. CONCLUSIONS
Fault Uf0 (kV) Um0 (kV) In this paper, the zero sequence equivalent circuit of a
Earth fault and one open phase 29.26 26.95 core-type 3-phase YNyn power transformer is derived,
One open phase 29.55 27.23 taking into account the core structure and the winding
Two open phases 26.67 24.53 earthing arrangements. The equivalent circuit is then
Phase to ground fault 63.62 58.61 applied for the analysis of various unsymmetrical operating
Double phase to ground fault 40.9 37.68 conditions. The analysis was prompted by an incident
where an unbalanced fault, which remained undetected by
TABLE II the system and transformer protections, resulted in severe
TRANSFORMER ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGE FOR DIFFERENT TYPES tank heating of the transformer due to the zero sequence
OF UNSYMMETRICAL CONDITIONS (UNLOADED TRANSFORMER)
flux circulating through the tank. The analysis is focused
Fault Uf0 (kV) Um0 (kV) on the zero sequence voltage and hence flux in the
transformer and can serve as the basis for the elaboration
Earth fault and one open phase 29.45 27.14 and implementation of a suitable protection.
One open phase 0.24 0.22
Two open phases 0.12 0.11
Phase to ground fault 63.87 58.84 VIII. REFERENCES
Double phase to ground fault 41.11 37.87 [1] P. M. Anderson, Analysis of Faulted Power Systems. IEEE
Press, 1995
[2] Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book,
65
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1964.
60
55 [3] S. A. Papathanassiou, “Modeling Transformers with Off-
50 Nominal Ratios for Unbalanced Conditions,” IEEE Power
Umo (kV)