Enhancement of Voltage Stability by Coordinated Control of Multiple FACTS Controllers in Multi-Machine Power System
Environments
Enhancement of Voltage Stability by Coordinated
Control of Multiple FACTS Controllers in Multi-
Machine Power System Environments
*Bindeshwar Singh, **N. K. Sharma, ***A. N. Tiwari, *K. S. Verma, and *Deependra Singh
*Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur-228118(U.P.), India
Email:bindeshwar.singh2025@gmail.com, ksv211@rediffmail.com, deependra_knit@redifffmail.com
**KIET, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, U.P., India, Email:drnikhlesh@gmail.com
***MMMEC, Gorakhpur, U.P., India, Email:amerndee@rediffmail.com
Keywords: Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), FACTS
Controllers, SVC, TCSC, Voltage Stability, DAE model of SVC
& TCSC, Power Systems.
Abstract
This paper presents the implication of adding various FACTS con-
trollers in multi-machine power system environment in coordinated
control manner for enhancement of voltage stability requires an ap-
propriate mathematical model of the power system and the FACTs
controllers such as a Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Thyris-
tor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC). The DAE (Differential
Algebraic Equation) methodology for multi-machine system has
been is used in this paper. Event tough the SVC model has been
incorporated in DAE model, TCSC model has not been incorpo-
rated. So the purpose of this paper is to derive a TCSC model such
that it can be incorporated in DAE model of power system. Fur-
ther in a large power system there may be more than one FACTS
controllers, therefore it is important to develop a combination of
series and shunt FACTS controllers that can be incorporated in
the DAE model in Modular fashion. The models developed have
been utilized for eigen-value analysis of IEEE 9-bus 3-machine
power systems. There are many commercial packages available for
transient simulation and analysis of power systems. The transient
simulation packages (e.g. EMTDC/PSCAD) allow incorporation of
FACTS controller models. This facility is however not available in
the small signal stability analysis packages. The objective of this
paper is to develop a methodology to incorporate FACTS controllers
in a modular fashion to facilitate eigen-value and voltage stability
analysis using MATLAB toolbox.
1 Introduction
The DAE (Differential Algebraic Equation) methodology for
multi-machine system has been presented in [1] is used in this
paper. Event tough the SVC model has been incorporated in DAE
model [2],
TCSC model has not been incorporated. So the purpose of this pa-
per is to derive a TCSC model such that it can be incorporated in
DAE model. Further in a large power system there may be more
than one FACTS controllers, therefore it is important to develop
18
a combination of series and shunt FACTS controllers that can be
incorporated in the DAE model in Modular fashion. The models
developed have been utilized for egen-value analysis of IEEE 9-
bus power systems.
This paper is organized as follows: Section II discusses the DAE
model of multi-machine power system without FACTS control-
lers. Section III introduces the DAE model of multi-machine
power system with FACTs controllers. Section IV introduces the
results and discussions. Section V presents the conclusions of the
paper.
2 DAE Model of Multi-Machine Power
System without FACTS Controllers
The methodology given in [1] describes dynamic modeling of a
general m-machine, n-bus system. This model represents each
machine by a two-axis model and the excitation system is chosen
as the IEEE type-I rotating exciter. The transmission system has
been modeled by static equations. The DAE model utilizes power
balance form. The equations are written as:
x = f(x, y, u) x(0) = xo (1)
0 = g(x, y, u) y(0) = y0 (2)
Where x is a vector of state variables y is vector of algebraic vari-
ables and u is a vector of inputs and parameters. Equation (1)
consists of the differential equations of the mechanical system,
field winding, q-axis damper winding, and the electrical equations
of the exciter. Equation (2) consists of the stator algebraic equa-
tions and the network power balance equations. Various vectors
are defined as [1]
xT ª
¬ Gi , Zi , E qi , E di , E fdi ,VRi , RFi º
' '
¼ (3)
yT ª
¬V j , T j , I di , I qi º
¼
uT ª
¬TMi ,VREFi , PLi , QLi º
¼i 1,.....m; j 1,.......n (4)
Based on the methodology described in [1], the linearized model
is given as
 Chennai and Dr.MGR University Second International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Intelligent System

ª xº
« ’ X » ª A1mod A2 new A3new ºª ’X º ª E º
« 0 »« K K1new
»« »« »
C4 new »« ’z »« 0 »’U (5)
« »« 2
« 0 »« ¬ G1 D1new D2 new
»« ’v ¼
¼¬ »¬«0¼ »
¬ ¼

Where D2new is the load flow Jacobian JLF and

ª K1new C4 new º
J AE « »
¬ D1new D2 new ¼ is the algebraic Jacobian.

The vectors [’zT] and [’vT] are

[’zT] = [’T1, ’V1, ... ’Vm]
[’vT] = [’T2, ’T3, ... ’Tm, ’Vm+1, ... ’Vm]
The system matrix Asys can be obtained as
Figure 1. WSCC (9-bus, 3-machine) power system
x (a) SVC total susceptance model. A changing susceptance Bsvc
’ X Asys ’X E ’U
represents the fundamental frequency equivalent susceptance
Where of all shunt modules making up the SVC as shown in Fig.
1 ª K 2 º 2(a).
Asys A1modª
¬ A2 new A3new º
¼.ª
¬ J AE º
¼ .« » (6)
¬ G1 ¼ (b) SVC firing angle model. The equivalent reactance XSVC,
which is function of a changing firing angle Į, is made up
The details of DAE model are given in [1]. This DAE model of the parallel combination of a thyristor controlled reactor
for multi-machine system can be used for studying steady state (TCR) equivalent admittance and a fixed capacitive reactance
stability, voltage stability and low frequency electro-mechanical as shown in Fig. 2 (b). This model provides information on
oscillations. Based on this methodology, a small signal stability the SVC firing angle required to achieve a given level of com-
program has been developed using MATLAB. The developed pensation.
program is tested for 9-bus WSCC test system and its results are Bus
corrected with the results published in [1] as shown below. V

QSVC
3 DAE Model of Multi-Machine Power SVC

jXL
System With FACTS Controllers
3.1 Case Study(WSCC 9 bus System):
-jXC α Th2
In order to ensure that the developed small signal stability pro-
Th1
gram gives satisfactory results, eigen-value analysis is performed α
for the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) 9-bus sys-
tem shown in Fig. 1. This WSCC system comprises three genera-
tors and nine buses. Loads are connected at buses 5, 6, and 8 as
shown in Fig.1. At base case loading condition of the system, the Figure 2(a): SVC firing angle model
generator 2 and 3 are supplying 163 MW and 85MW power re-
spectively. The base MVA is 100, and system frequency is 60Hz.
Table 1 shows the eigen-values of WSCC system. Column 1 of α
table 1 shows the eigen-values reported in [1] while column 2
depicts the eigen-values obtained from developed MATLAB BSVC
program. It is evident that eigen-values obtained from developed
MATLAB program correlate very well with those reported in [1].
This validates the developed MATLAB program.
Fig. 2(b) SVC total susceptance model
3.2 Mathematical model of SVC:
Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is a shunt connected FACTS Figure 3 shows the steady-state and dynamic voltage-current
controller whose main functionality is to regulate the voltage at characteristics of the SVC. In the active control range, current/
a given bus by controlling its equivalent reactance. Basically it susceptance and reactive power is varied to regulate voltage ac-
consists of a fixed capacitor (FC) and a thyristor controlled reactor cording to a slope (droop) characteristic. The slope value depends
(TCR). Generally they are two configurations of the SVC. on the desired voltage regulation, the desired sharing of reactive

19
 Enhancement of Voltage Stability by Coordinated Control of Multiple FACTS Controllers in Multi-Machine Power System
Environments
power production between various sources, and other needs of the based on BSVC with respect to firing angle, will exhibit a better
system. The slope is typically1-5%. At the capacitive limit, the numerical behavior than the linearized model based on XSVC.
SVC becomes a shunt capacitor. At the inductive limit, the SVC
becomes a shunt reactor (the current or reactive power may also
be limited).

Figure 4. SVC equivalent susceptance profile

The initialization of the SVC variables based on the initial values

Figure 3: Steady-state and dynamic voltage/current Characteris-
tics of the SVC
SVC firing angle model is implemented in this paper. Thus, the
model can be developed with respect to a sinusoidal voltage, dif-
ferential and algebraic equations can be written as
of ac variables and the characteristic of the equivalent suscep-
tance (Fig.4), thus the impedance is initialized at the resonance
point XTCR = XC, i.e. QSVC = 0, corresponding to firing angle D
= 115o, for chosen parameters of L and C i.e. XL = 0.1134 : and
XC = 0.2267:.

Isrc = –jBsrc Vk 3.2.1 Proposed SVC power flow model:

The fundamental frequency TCR equivalent reactance XTCR The proposed model takes firing angle as the state variable in
SX L
power flow formulation. From above equation the SVC linearized
X TCR power flow equation can be written as
Vsin V (i )
(i ) ª0 0 º (i )
Where V = 2(S – D), XL = ZL ª ’Pk º « » ª ’T k º
« » 2Vk 2 (10)
« » « »
And in terms of firing angle ¬ ’Qk ¼ « 0 [cos 2 D1]» ¬ ’D ¼
¬ SX L ¼
SX L
X TCR (7) At the end of iteration i, the variable firing angle Į is updated ac-
2( SD)sin 2 D
cording to
V and D are conduction and firing angles respectively. D(i) = D(i–1) + ’D(i)
At D = 90o, TCR conducts fully and the equivalent reactance
XTCR becomes XL, while at D = 180o, TCR is blocked and its 3.2.2 SVC Controller Model:
equivalent reactance becomes infinite. ª 1
ª x º KVSVCo º
The SVC effective reactance XSVC is determined by the parallel « ’ X 1SVC » « 0 »
« x » « Tm Tm »ª ’X 1SVC º
combination of XC and XTOR. « »
« ’ X 2 SVC » « K I 0 0 »« ’X 2 SVC »
SX C X L « x » « »«
X SVC ( D) (8) «’ X » « K P 1 1 »¬ ’X 3SVC »¼
X C [2( SD)sin 2 D] SX L «
¬
3 SVC
»
¼ « »
¬ Tc Tc T c ¼
where X C 1 ª 1 º
ZC « (1KX 3SVCo ) »
« Tm »
­ X [2( SD)  sin 2 D °
° ½
Qk Vk 2 ® C ¾ (9) « 0 »ª
¬ ’VSVC º
¼
°̄ SX C X L °
¿ « »
« 0 »
The SVC equivalent reactance is given above equation. It is shown «
¬ »
¼
in Fig. that the SVC equivalent susceptanc (BSVC = – 1/XSVC) pro-
file, as function of firing angle, does not present discontinuities, Above equation can be written as
x
i.e., BSVC varies in a continuous, smooth fashion in both operative ’ X SVC AAVC ’X SVC  BSVC ’VSVC (11)
regions. Hence, linearization of the SVC power flow equations,

20
 Chennai and Dr.MGR University Second International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Intelligent System

ª 1 KVSVCo º x
« 0 » ’ X sys _ svc Asys _ svc ’X sys _ svc ESVC ’U (13)
« Tm Tm »
where ASVC « K I 0 0 » The System matrix with SVC given as
« » ASYS _ SVC ASV 1( ASV 2 *(inv( ASV 4 )* ASV 3 ) (14)
« K P 1 1 »
«
¬ Tc Tc Tc » ¼ ª A1mod P1svc º
Where ASV 1 « »
¬ P2 svc ASVC ¼
ª 1 º
« (1KX 3SVCo ) » ª A2 new A3new º
« T » ASV 2
m « »
And BSVC « 0 » ¬ P3svc Bsvcnew ¼
« » ª K2 P4 svc º
« 0 » ASV 3 « »
«
¬ »
¼ ¬ G1 DSVC ¼
3.2.3 Incorporation of SVC in multi-machine power ª K1new C4 new º
ASV 4 « »
systems: ¬ D1new _ svc D2 new _ svc ¼
In its simplest form SVC is composed of FC-TCR configuration
as shown in Fig.2. The SVC is connected to a coupling trans- 3.3 Mathematical model of TCSC:
former that is connected directly to the ac bus whose voltage is The TCSC provides powerful means of controlling and increasing
to be regulated. The effective reactance of the FC-TCR is varied power transfer level of a system by varying the apparent imped-
by firing angle control of the thyristors. The firing angle can be ance of a specific transmission line. A TCSC can be utilized in a
controlled through a PI controller in such a way that the voltage of planned way for contingencies to enhance power system stabil-
the bus where the SVC is connected is maintained at the desired ity. Using TCSC, it is possible to operate stably at power levels
reference value. well beyond those for which the system was originally intended
The SVC can be connected at either the existing load bus or at a without endangering system stability [3]. Apart from this, TCSC
new bus that is created between two buses. As DAE model is based is also being used to mitigate SSR (Sub Synchronous Resonance).
on power-balance, rewriting of the power-balance equations at the The TCSC module shown in Fig. 5.
buses with SVC connected in the system requires modification of
D2new. When SVC is connected at specified load buses, and gets –jXC
modified as given below Bus m Bus k
n
jXL Th1 α
PSVCi  PLi (Vi )¦ ViVk Yik cos(Ti T k Dik ) 0
k 1
Vk Vm
i m1,................, n
n α Th2
QSVCi QLi (Vi )¦ ViVk Yik sin(Ti T k Dik ) 0
k 1
Figure 5: TCSC module
i m1,......................n
The steady-state impedance of the TCSC is that of a parallel LC
Obtained state equations after linearization of above equations
circuit, consisting of fixed capacitive impedance, XC, and a vari-
CSVC ’Vl DSVC ’X SVC D1’Vg D 2 ’Vl 0 able inductive impedance, XL(D), that is,
or X C X L ( D)
DSVC ’X SVC D1’Vg D2 SVC ’Vl 0 X TCSC ( D) (15)
(12) X L ( D)X C
where D2SVC = CSVC + D2 Where
S
X L ( D) XL , X d X L ( D)df (16)
The incorporation of the SVC into DAE model of multi-machine S2 Dsin 2 D L
power system is done on the same lines as explained in [2] given XL = ZL, and D iҏ s the delay angle measured from the crest of the
as follows: capacitor voltage (or, equivalently, the zero crossing of the line
Incorporation of (11), (12), and (5) gives DAE model of multi- current). The impedance of the TCSC by delay is shown in Fig. 6.
machine power system with SVC incorporated in the system. Af-
ter reordering, final form of DAE model with SVC is given as 3.3.1 TCSC Controller Model:
ª x º
The structure of the TCSC is the same as that of a FC-TCR type
« ’ X » ª A1mod P1SVC A2 new A3new ºª ’X º ª E º
« x » «P ASVC P3svc Bsvcnew »«
» »« » SVC. The equivalent impedance of the TCSC can be modeled us-
« ’ X SVC » « 2 SVC « ’X SVC »« 0 »’U ing the following equations [4].
« » « K2 P4 svc K1new C4 new »« ’z » « 0 »
« 0 »« G »« »« » ª k Vsin V º
« ¬ 1 DSVC D1new _ svc D2 new _ svc ¼¬ ’v ¼ ¬ 0 ¼ «1 2 .  »
¬ 0 » ¼ k 1 S
X TCSC X C« 2 »
« 4.k .cos 2 ( V / 2) kV V » (17)
The state equation for the system with SVC is then given as fol- « .(k tan tan ) »
lows: ¬ S(k 21) 2 2 2 ¼

21
 Enhancement of Voltage Stability by Coordinated Control of Multiple FACTS Controllers in Multi-Machine Power System
Environments
Where
D = Firing angle delay (after forward vale voltage)
V = Conduction angle = 2(S– D) and
k = TCSC ratio = X C / X T
The TCSC can be continuously controlled in the capacitive or in-
ductive zone by varying firing angle in a predetermined fashion
thus avoiding steady state resonance region.
The line power is monitored and compared to desired power . The
error is fed to proportional-integral (PI) controller. The output of
PI controller is fed through a first order block to get the desired
D. The block diagram representation of TCSC with PI controller
shown in Fig.8.
Kp

3.3.2 Incorporation of TCSC in Multi-machine Power

Systems: - Δα
α
1
The block diagram representation of TCSC shown in Fig. 7. ∑ ∑ ∑
αref 1+sTC1
+
X1TCSC
α0
KI
s
X 2TCSC

Figure 8: Block diagram representation of TCSC with PI control-

ler

The controller equations are given as (from fig.)

KI
Figure 7: Block diagram representation of TCSC module X 2TCSC ( P P ) (18)
s set
Let a TCSC be connected between bus k and bus m as shown in x
Fig. It has been assumed that the controller is lossless. The power- X 2TCSC K I Pset K I P (19)
balance equation and BTCSC are given as [4] x X 1TCSC X 2TCSC K P Pset K P P Do
X 1TCSC     (20)
Pk VkVm BTCSC sin(T k T m ) Tc1 Tc1 Tc1 Tc1 Tc1
Qk Vk 2 BTCSC VkVm BTCSC cos(T k T m ) In order to get the linearized model of TCSC, (18 ), (19 ), and (20)
Pm VkVm BTCSC sin(T mT k ) are linearized. The linearized TCSC model in matrix notation can
be written as
Qm Vm 2 BTCSC VkVm BTCSC cos(T mT k )
BTCSC S(k 42k 21)cos k ( SD)/ ª ’T k º
« »
x ’Vk »
ª X C ( Sk 4 cos k ( SD) º ’ X TCSC ATCSC ’X TCSC BTCSC« (21)
« » « ’T m »
«S cos k ( SD) » « »
« 4 » ¬ ’Vm ¼
« 2 k D cos k ( S D) »
«2 Dk 2 cos k ( SD) » ª ’X 1TCSC º
« » where ’X TCSC « »
¬ ’X 2TCSC ¼
«k 4 sin 2 D cos k ( SD) »
« » ª ’Pk º ª ’T k º
2
«k sin 2 D cos k ( SD) » « » « »
« 3 2
» « ’Qk » C ’ X  D « ’Vk »
«4k cos D sin k ( SD) » « ’Pm » TCSC 1TCSC TCSC«
’T »
(22)
« 2 » « » « m»
¬4k cos D sin D cos k ( SD)) ¼ ¬ ’Qm ¼ ¬ ’Vm ¼
Equation (21) is obtained from (16). Incorporation of (21), (22), and (5) gives DAE model of multi-
There are number of control strategies for TCSC [4] machine power system with TCSC incorporated in the system.
• Reactance control: After reordering, final form of DAE model with TCSC is given
• Power control: as
• Current control:
ª x º
• Transmission angle control: « ’ X » ª A1mod P1t csc A2 new Anew ºª ’X º
« x »«P ATCSC Bt csc1new Bt csc new »«
» » ªEº
Where the subscript “set” indicates set point. « ’ X TCSC » « 2t csc « ’X TCSC »« 0 »’U
Any of the above mentioned control strategies can be used to achieve « » « K2 P4t csc K1new C4 new »« ’z » « »
the objectives of TCSC. In this paper, the power control strategy has « 0 »« G »« »«¬0» ¼
¬ 1 CTCSC D1new _ t csc D2 new _ t csc ¼¬ ’v ¼
«
¬ 0 »
¼
been used, the block diagram of which is shown in Fig.

22
 Chennai and Dr.MGR University Second International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Intelligent System

Equation (27) can be written as

x
4 Results & Discussions
’ X SYS _ TCSC ASYS _ TCSC ’X SYS _ TCSC ETCSC ’U (23)
After incorporating FACTS controllers individually and in combi-
The System matrix with TCSC given as nation into DAE model of multi-machine system, voltage stabil-
ity of 9-bus system is carried out at various loading conditions.
ASYS _ TCSC ATC1( ATC 2 *(inv( ATC 4 ))* ATC 3 ) (24) However results are presented for maximum loading condition.
ª A1mod P1t csc º Table 3 show that without any FACTS controllers the system is
Where ATC1 « » unstable, where unstable eigen-values are highlighted
¬ P2t csc ATCSC ¼
ª A2 new Anew º Table 1 Eigen-values of WSCC (9-bus, 3-machine) power sys-
ATC 2 « » tem
¬ Bt csc1new Bt csc new ¼
ª K2 P4t csc º Eigen-values from [1] Eigen-values from developed
ATC 3 « » MATLAB program
¬ G1 CTCSC ¼
–0.7209 r j12.7486 –0.7198 r j12.7456
ª K1new C4 new º
ATC 4 « » –0.1908 r j8.3672 –0.1906 r j8.3660
¬ D1new _ t csc D2 new _ t csc ¼
–5.4875 r j7.9487 –5.6867 r j7.9663
3.4 Mathematical model of SVC and TCSC : –5.3236 r j7.9220 –5.3644 r j7.9311

The DAE model of SVC and TCSC are incorporated in coordinat- –5.2218 r j7.8161 –5.2287 r j7.8263
ed manner in power systems for enhancement of voltage stability. –5.1761 –5.1779
The details as follows.
–3.3995 –3.3993
3.4.1 Incorporation of Multiple FACTS controllers (SVC –0.4445 r j1.2104 –0.4513 r j1.1997
and TCSC) in Multi-machine Power Systems: –0.4394 r j0.7392 –0.4481 r j0.7291

ª x º –0.4260 r j0.4960 –0.4366 r j0.4868

« ’X » ª A1mod P1svc P1t csc A2 new A3new º –0.0000 –0.0000
« x » « »
« ’ X SVC » « P2 svc ASVC P1svtc Bsvc1new Bsvcnew » –0.0000 –0.0000
« x » « P2t csc P2 svtc ATCSC Bt cssc1new Bt csc new » –3.2258 –3.2258
«’ X » « »
TCSC
« » « K2 P4 svc P4t csc K1new C4 new »
« 0 » « Table 2: Eigen-values of WSCC (9-bus, 3-machine) power system
« » ¬ G1 DSVC CTCSC D1newsvtc D2 newsvtc »
¼ with SVC
¬ 0 ¼
ª ’X º ª E º Eigen-values from [2] Eigen-values from developed
« »« » MATLAB program
« ’X SVC » « 0 »
« ’X TCSC »« 0 »’U –78.4325 –78.4309
« »« » –10.2417 r j26.2143 –10.2421 r j26.2120
« 0 » «0»
«
¬ 0 » ¼«¬0» ¼ –0.8432 r j12.7698 –0.8424 r j12.7669
–0.2677 r j8.4245 –0.2674 r j8.4233
The matrix equations given as
–4.6918 r j1.3196 –4.6989 r j1.3187
x
’ X SVTC ASVTC ’X SVTC ESVTC ’U (25) –3.8082 r j1.5021 –3.8089 r j1.5006

The System matrix with SVC+TCSC given as –2.6818 r j2.0672 –2.6815 r j2.0675
ASVTC ASVTC1( ASVTC 2 *(inv( ASVTC 4 )* ASVTC 3 ) (26) –1.7352 –1.7356
–0.0000 –0.0000
ª A1mod P1svc P1t csc º
« » –0.1365 –0.1365
Where ASVTC1 « P2 svc ASVC P1svtc »
«P –0.8871 –0.8867
¬ 2t csc P2 svtc ATCSC » ¼
–3.2258 –3.2258
ª A2 new A3new º
« » However the system become stable when SVC or TCSC or SVC
ASVTC 2 « Bsvc1new Bsvcnew »
« and TCSC are connected. At maximum loading condition, there is
¬ Bt csc1new Bt csc new »
¼
a need for a shunt device at bus 5. Table 2 shows eigen-values of
ª K2 P4 svc P4t csc º the 9-bus system at maximum loading conditions for three differ-
ASVTC 3 « »
¬ G1 DSVC CTCSC ¼ ent cases-without any FACTS device, with an SVC connected at
bus 5 and with a TCSC connected between lines (7-5). Whereas
ª K1new C4 new º
ASVTC 4 « » TCSC controller parameters are same as those used for base case
¬ D1newsvtc D2 newsvtc ¼ loading condition, the SVC controller parameters are chosen as

23
 Enhancement of Voltage Stability by Coordinated Control of Multiple FACTS Controllers in Multi-Machine Power System
Environments
KP = 0.3 and Kt = 100. Acknowledgments
Table 3 Eigen-values of WSCC (9-bus, 3-machine) power system The authors would like to thanks Dr. S. C. Srivastava, and Dr. S.
with only SVC, or only TCSC, or SVC and TCSC at maximum N. Singh, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P., India, and
loading condition. Dr. K.S. Verma, and Dr. Deependra Singh, Kamla Nehru Institute
of Technology, Sultanpur, U.P., India, for their valuables sugges-
Without any With SVC With TCSC With tions in regarding with control coordination of multiple FACTS
FACTS device SVC+TCSC controllers in multi-machine power systems for enhancement of
–73.2762 voltage stability.
–46.1753 –45.7923
–90.9053 –92.8398 –41.2866 –13.4003 r References
j22.7099
–45.3014 –0.5511 r –0.7151 r –0.8122 r [1] Peter W. Sauer and M. A. Pai, Power System Dynamics and
j50.3889 j12.3385 j12.7828 Stability, Prentice Hall, 1998.
–2.8938 r –0.5840 r –10.2041 r –8.9940 r [2] M. J. Laufenberg, M. A. Pai, and K. R. Padiyar, “ Hopf Bi-
j12.3353 j12.6211 j6.7042 j7.6013 furcation control in Power System with Static Var Compen-
–10.8806 r –0.1256 r –5.410 r j7.9066 –7.1699 r
sators, “ Electric Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 19, No.5,
j5.8904 j8.0372 j7.9906 pp. 339-347, 1997.
[3] E. V. Larsen, C. Bowler, B. Damsky and S. Nilsson, “Ben-
–1.2154 r –9.8966 r –1.0760 r –5.3159 r
j8.8486 j7.0805 j6.7042 j7.9089 efits of Thristor Controlled Series Compensation, “CIGRE,
14/37/-04, Paris,1992.
–6.3982 r –7.3482 r –7.5342 –1.5319 r
j7.9374 j7.9374 j7.5468
[4] C. A. Canizares and Z. T. Faur, “Analysis of SVC and TCSC
controllers in Voltage Collapse,” IEEE Trans. on Power
–7.1865 –5.2924 r –5.4913 r –6.6072 Systems, Vol 14, No. 1, pp. 158-165, February 1999.
j7.8977 j0.1888
–5.1023 –5.3210 –4.8011 –5.0487
–2.1747 –3.9843 –0.4923 r –4.7690
Biographies
j1.0871
Bindeshwar Singh received the M.Tech. in electrical engineer-
–1.6763 –0.5010 r –1.9310 –0.4599 r ing from the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, in 2001.He
j1.1119 j0.9280
is now a Ph. D. student at GBTU, Lucknow, India. His research
–0.7284 r –0.6142 r –0.8733 r –0.6605 r interests are in Coordination of FACTS controllers in multi-ma-
j0.3533 j0.6468 j0.2529 j0.4841
chine power systems and Power system Engg.. Currently, he is
–0.0229 r –7.376 r j0.2042 –0.5034 –1.0336 an Assistant Professor with Department of Electrical Engineer-
j0.2268 ing, Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur, U.P., India,
–0.0000 r –0.0000 r –0.0000 r –0.0000 r where he has been since August’2009.
j0.0000 j0.0000 j0.0000 j0.0000 Mobile: 09473795769, 09453503148
–3.2258 –3.2258 –3.2258 –0.4012 Email:bindeshwar_singh2006@rediffmail.com, bindeshwar.singh
–0.1391 2025@gmail.com
–3.2258
Nikhlesh Kumar Sharma received the Ph.D. in electrical engi-
In the similar fashion multiple FACTS controllers can also be neering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, in 2001.
added to DAE model of multi-machine power systems for en- Currently, he is a Prof.&Head with, Raj Kumar Goel Institute
hancement of voltage stability of the systems in coordinated con- of Technology, Ghaziabad, U.P., India, where he has been since
trol manner. June’2009. His interests are in the areas of FACTS control and
Power systems.
Mobile: 09654720667, 09219532281
5 Conclusions Email: drnikhlesh@gmail.com
This paper presents a systematic modular approach to incorporate
A.N.Tiwari received the Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the
series and shunt FACTS controllers in DAE model of multi-ma-
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, in 2004. Currently, he is
chine power systems in coordinated control manner for enhance-
an Asst. Prof. with Department of Electrical Engineering, Madan
ment of voltage stability of the systems. This proposed approach
Mohan Malviya Engineering College, Gorakhpur,U.P., India,
is general and can be applied to any large power system environ-
where he has been since June’1998. His interests are in the areas
ments. With the proposed approach it is possible to connect any
of Electrical Drives and Application of Power Electronics.
number and any type (series and shunt) of FACTS controllers.
The results of the proposed modular approach are illustrated for Mobile: 09451215400
9-bus 3-machine WSCC system. Email:amarndee@reffimail.com

24
 Chennai and Dr.MGR University Second International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Intelligent System

K.S. Verma received his B. Tech. (Hons) in Electrical Engineer- Parameters M/C1 M/C2 M/C3
ing and M. Tech. in Electrical Engineering (Power Systems) both
A ex 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039
from KNIT Sultanpur (India) in 1987 and 1998, respectively. He
obtained his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering (Power Sys- B ex 1.555 1.555 1.555
tems) from Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee (In-
dia) in 2003. Presently, Prof Verma is Director, KNIT Sultanpur Line Data
(India). His research interests include FACTS Technology, dis-
Line Bus Impedance
tributed generation, power system optimization & control, power
number From To R(pu) X(pu) Y/2(pu)
quality and AI application in power system.
Email: ksv211@gmail.com 1 2 7 0 0.0625 0
2 1 4 0 0.0576 0
Deependra Singh received the Ph.D. in electrical engineer-
3 3 9 0 0.0586 0
ing from the U.P. Technical University, Lucknow,U.P., India, in
2009. Currently, he is a Registrar with, Kamla Nehru Institute 4 4 6 0.0170 0.0920 0.0790
of Technology, Sultanpur, U.P., India, where he has been since 5 4 5 0.0100 0.0850 0.0880
January2010. His interests are in the areas of FACTS control and 6 5 7 0.0320 0.1610 0.1530
Power systems. 7 6 9 0.0390 0.1700 0.1790
Mobile: 09415156186
8 9 8 0.0119 0.1008 0.1045
Email: deependra_knit@rediffmail.com
9 8 7 0.0085 0.0720 0.0745

APPENDIX Load Flow Results for Base Case of WSCC 9Bus System
Bus Type Angles Volt- PL QL PG QG
System Data for WSCC 3-machines, 9-bus ages
System 1 SL 0 1.0400 0 0 0.7164 0.2705
2 PV 9.2800 1.0250 0 0 1.6300 0.0665
Base MVA 100MVA 3 PV 4.6648 1.0250 0 0 0.8500 -0.1086
Machine Data 4 PQ -2.2168 1.0258 0 0 0 0
5 PQ -3.9888 0.9956 1.2500 0.5000 0 0
Parameters M/C1 M/C2 M/C3
6 PQ -3.6874 1.0127 0,9000 0.3000 0 0
H(pu) 23.6400 6.4000 3.0100
7 PQ 3.7197 1.0258 0 0 0 0
Xd(pu) 0.14600 0.8958 1.3125
8 PQ 0.7275 1.0159 1.0000 0.3500 0 0
X cd (pu) 0.06080 0.1198 0.1813
9 PQ 1.9667 1.0324 0 0 0 0
Xq(pu) 0.09690 0.8645 1.2578
X cq (pu) 0.09690 0.1969 0.2500 SVC data
T cdo(sec) 8.96000 6.0000 5.8900
K Tc Tm Kp KI
T cqo(sec) 0.31000 0.5350 0.6000
0.1 0.02 0.02 0.3 100

Exciter Data TCSC data

Parameters M/C1 M/C2 M/C3 Tr 10ms
KA 20.0 20.0 20.0 XL 0.2
T A(sec) 0.20 0.20 0.20 Xc 0.1
Ke 1.0 1.0 1.0 k 50%
Te 0.314 0.314 0.314 Kr 10
Kf 0.063 0.063 0.063 Tw 10s
Tf 0.35 0.35 0.35 ĮMAX 3.1416
Rs 0 0 0 ĮMIN –0.314

25