Applied Statistics

Academic Year 2020-2021

Dr. Ahmed Helmi Lecture 1- Page 1

 Course Outline
◼ Introduction
◼ Sampling Concepts
◼ Presentation and Analysis of Data
◼ Probability Theories and Distributions
◼ Mathematical Expectation
◼ Common Probability Distributions
◼ Estimation and Confidence Interval
◼ Test of Hypothesis
◼ Curve Fitting, Regression and Correlation Analysis
Dr. Ahmed Helmi
Lecture 1- Page 2
 Instructors

Dr. Ahmed Helmi

Dr. Mohamed Gad
Dr. Ahmed Yousri

Irrigation and Hydraulics Department

Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University

Dr. Ahmed Helmi

Lecture 1- Page 3
 Applied Statistics

1. Introduction

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 Why an Engineer Needs to
Know about Statistics
◼ To know how to properly present information
◼ To Know how to properly interpret information
◼ To know how to draw conclusions about
populations based on sample information
◼ To know how to optimize the use of limited
resources (sampling)
◼ To know how to obtain reliable forecasts

Dr. Ahmed Helmi

Lecture 1- Page 5
 Key Definitions
◼ A population (universe) is the collection of things
under consideration (e.g. Grades of 100 students)
◼ A sample is a portion of the population selected for
analysis (e.g. grades of 10 students out of the 100)
◼ A parameter is a summary measure computed to
describe a characteristic of the population (e.g.
average grade of all 100 students, constant)
◼ A statistic is a summary measure computed to
describe a characteristic of the sample (e.g. mean of
grades of a sample of 10 students, variable)

Dr. Ahmed Helmi

Lecture 1- Page 6
 Population and Sample

Population Sample

Use statistics to
summarize features
Use parameters to
summarize features

Inference on the population from the sample

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Lecture 1- Page 7
 Population and Sample

Sample 1 Population Sample 2

Random Sample: is a sample where all

population elements have equal probability Sample 3
(chance) to be included in the sample

Thus, samples 1, 2, and 3 have the same

Dr. Ahmed Helmi
chance to be extracted
Lecture 1- Page 8
 Statistical Methods

◼ Descriptive statistics
◼ Collecting and describing data
◼ Inferential statistics
◼ Drawing conclusions and/or making
decisions concerning a population based
only on sample data

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Lecture 1- Page 9
 Descriptive Statistics

◼ Collect data
◼ e.g., rain depth, temperature, river flow,
compressive strength, … etc.
◼ Present data
◼ e.g., Tables and graphs
◼ Characterize data
◼ e.g., Sample mean = X i

n
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Lecture 1- Page 10
 Inferential Statistics
◼ Estimation
◼ e.g.: Estimate the population
mean weight using the
sample mean weight
◼ Hypothesis testing
◼ e.g.: Test the claim that the
population mean weight is
120 pounds
Drawing conclusions and/or making decisions
concerning a population based on sample results
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Lecture 1- Page 11
 2. Sampling Concepts

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 Definitions
Population: is the total set of elements of
interest for a given problem

1) Finite population: described by actual

distribution of its values
2) Infinite Population: described by
corresponding probability distribution or
probability density

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Lecture 1- Page 13
 Sample

◼ A subset of the population’s elements that

gives sense about the population or inference
can be drawn from it about population
OR
◼ A group of units selected from a larger group

(the population). By studying the sample it is

hoped to draw valid conclusions about the
larger group

Dr. Ahmed Helmi

Lecture 1- Page 14
 Population and Sample

Population Sample

Use statistics to
summarize features
Use parameters to
summarize features

Inference on the population from the sample

Dr. Ahmed Helmi
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 Reasons for Sampling
◼ More economic
◼ Time saving
◼ Destructive nature of observation
◼ Inaccessible population
◼ Infinite population

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 Types of Samples

◼ Random Sample (R.S.)

Random Sample for a finite population
Is a sample selected such that each possible
combination has an equal probability of being
chosen
Random Sample for an infinite population
Has two conditions
1) The elements come from the same population
2) They are statistically independent

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Lecture 1- Page 17
 Sampling with or without replacement

◼ Sampling with replacement

Population element may be chosen more than once
N = Population Size, n = sample Size
number of samples = N n

◼ Sampling without replacement

Population element can only be chosen once
o If order of elements is not considered, (sampling
without arrangement), Number of samples = N C n Combinations

oIf order of elements is considered (sampling with

arrangement), Number of samples = N Pn = n ! N C n Permutations
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Lecture 1- Page 18
 Sampling with or without replacement

N!
N
Cn =
n !(N − n )!

Notes

1. Finite population in which sampling is with replacement can

theoretically be considered infinite

2. Finite population with very large size (N is large) can be

considered infinite

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Lecture 1- Page 19
 Applied Statistics

3. Presentation and Analysis of Data

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 Presentation of Data
◼ Topics
◼ Organizing numerical data
◼ The ordered array
◼ Tabulating and graphing numerical data
◼ Grouping of Data
◼ Frequency distributions: tables, histograms, polygons
◼ Cumulative distributions: tables, diagrams
◼ Graphing bivariate numerical data
◼ Scatter plots
◼ Numerical Descriptive Measure

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Lecture 1- Page 21
 Organizing Numerical Data
Numerical Data 41, 24, 32, 26, 27, 27, 30, 24, 38, 21

Ordered Array
21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41

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Lecture 1- Page 22
 Organizing Numerical Data
(continued)

◼ Data in raw form (as collected):

24, 26, 24, 21, 27, 27, 30, 41, 32, 38
◼ Data in ordered array from smallest to largest:
21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41

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 Tabulating and Graphing
Numerical Data: Grouping of Data
◼ When data points are very large, it may be
advantageous to group or classify the data
◼ Grouping condenses the data and makes it
easier to extract information (some
information will be lost though)

Dr. Ahmed Helmi

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 Tabulating and Graphing
Numerical Data
Numerical Data 41, 24, 32, 26, 27, 27, 30, 24, 38, 21

Frequency Distributions
Ordered Array
Cumulative Distributions
21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41

Histograms
7

Tables
3

10 20 30 40 50 60
Polygons

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 Describing Numerical Data with
Tables

◼ Frequency Tables
Simple
Multiple
◼ Relative Frequency Tables
Fraction
Percentage
◼ Cumulative Frequency Tables
More than
Less than
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Lecture 1- Page 26
 Example

The following are the grades of midterm exam

for a certain section of 50 students, arrange
the following data using tables
18 19 9 3 12 13 8 17 19 15 7 16 13
13 4 14 18 17 12 11 16 15 17 12 11
12 12 15 16 14 5 17 15 18 19 13 11
9 13 17 12 13 9 18 19 11 6 15 12 9

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Lecture 1- Page 27
 Simple Frequency Table
Class Bars frequency
(f)
More 0–4 | 1
than or
equal 0 4–8 |||| 4
but less
than 4 8 – 12 |||| |||| 9

12 – 16 |||| |||| |||| |||| 20

16 - 20 |||| |||| |||| | 16

Σ 50 50
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 Relative Frequency Table
Class as a fraction %
frequency
0–4 0.02 2
4–8 0.08 8
8 – 12 0.18 18
12 – 16 0.40 40
16 - 20 0.32 32
Σ 1.0 100
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Lecture 1- Page 29
 Cumulative Frequency Table (More
than) (more than the lower limit)
Class lower limit Frequency ( f ) % Frequency

0 50 100

4 49 98

8 45 90

12 36 72

16 16 32

20 0 0
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 Cumulative Frequency Table (Less
than) (Less than the upper limit)

Class upper limit Frequency ( f ) % Frequency

4 1 2

8 5 10

12 14 28

16 34 68

20 50 100

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Lecture 1- Page 31
 Steps to Create Frequency Tables

◼ Sort raw data in ascending order:

12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58

◼ Find range: 58 - 12 = 46
◼ Select number of classes: 5 (usually between 5 and 15)
◼ The smaller the number of classes, the greater the loss of information
◼ Compute class interval (width): 10 (46/5 then round up)
◼ Determine class boundaries (limits): 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60

◼ Compute class midpoints: 15, 25, 35, 45, 55

◼ Count observations & assign to classes

Dr. Ahmed Helmi

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