Objectives of a building When our gains heat, our hypothalamus sensors works

1. To create shelter from the climate
2. To facilitate human activities within the building
3. To enhance thermal comfort
INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG
- Man-adaptive behavior
- Climate- what we expect
- Building- determined by envelope (skin of the
building)
Air becomes stagnant kapag nasa loob ng building lang.
Thermal comfort is part of indoor air quality.
THE HUMAN BODY
Thermal and atmospheric conditions in enclosed space
must ensure
1. Health and comfort of occupants
2. Proper functioning of sensitive electronic
equipment (computers in terms od temperature
and humidity)
Body’s core temperature is kept at approx. 37°C. It
would be dangerous to the heart if this temperature is
not maintained.
and sweating occurs as its defense if excessive heat is
experienced. Skin vasodilatation- pores open
When our body experiences heat loss, it sends signals to
our brain and our body shivers as its defense.
Skin Vasoconstriction- pores close
METABOLISM
Human body is a heat generator
People oxidize the food taken into the body, converting
it into electrochemical energy
Metabolic rate- rate at w/c we generate heat depends
mostly upon our level of muscular activity.
20% mostly ang ginagamit lang for muscular activity
The total hear produced by an average adult with a
body surface area of 19.6ft or 1.8m- is about 360 Btu/h
(106W)

TWO MOST IMPORTANT SET OF SENSORS

1. Hypothalamus-Sensor- heat sensor w/c starts
the body’s cooling function when exceeds 37°C
2. Skin-sensors- cold sensors w/c start body’s
defense against cooling down when below 34°C
Signal from these two sensors is the basis for evaluation
of thermal environment.
Body Heat Comfort zone- 20°C-25.5°C
Conduction
-heat is transferred directly from molecule to molecule
w/in or between materials.
Ex. Fire of a Candle to hand
Convection
-heat is exchanged between fluid (typically air) and a
solid. Warm air, and thus expands & rises; cold air
settles below because it is dense.
It is caused by air movement.
Radiation
-heat flows via electromagnetic waves from hotter
surfaces to detached colder ones- across empty space
and potentially great distances.
-it occurs between bodies that exist in line of sight
-cannot go around corners.
(hindi siya lumiliko)(umbrellas can protect us from
radiation of sun)
Evaporation
-one-way thermal process involving heat loss only.
(cooling mechanism)
-latent heat- liquid is exchanged to vapor
As air and surface temperatures approach our own
body temperature, we lose the options of convection,
conduction, and radiation. Evaporation becomes
essential, so access to dry, moving air is greatly
appreciated. Humidity is the ratio of amount of water in
air based on a certain temperature.
HEAT
- A form of energy that flows from a point at one
temperature to another that has a lower
temperature. Heat travels from hot to cold.
- British thermal unit (Btu)
- In some places, they use the unit of Watts.
FORMS OF HEAT
Sensible Heat- causes a change in temperature when it
is added or removed.
Latent Heat-causes a change of state in substance.
(from solid to liquid to gas or vapor). Temperature is
constant when it is added or removed
Enthalpy-sun of sensible and latent heat of a substance.
AIR CONDITIONING-part of refrigeration where thermal
energy (heat) is taken away from the air.
Refrigeration-take thermal energy away from a place
and gives off its energy to a place w/ higher
temperature.
AIR CONDITIONING DOESN’T REMOVE COOL AIR.
- It remove heat of a space.
REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS (4)
VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
Mechanical compression- one method for
removing heat from where it is not wanted and
releasing it elsewhere.
*Freon is a brand name that has CFC’s
CFC’s are now obsolete because it destroys the ozone
layer of our environment. Most now uses HFC-134a (a
non-toxic hydrofluorocarbon).
1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Receiver
4. Metering Device
5. Evaporator
4 phases
1. Compression
2. Condensation
 3. Metering
4. Evaporation

VAPOR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

- All processes in vapors compression
refrigeration system
- Refrigerant used ammonia

HVAC
Air movement- within the parameters of 50mm to 100
mm
HVAC SYSTEMS UNITS AND RATINGS
1. Cooling Capacity/ Cooling load
a. BTUh- 1pound of water-32 degrees F- 212 Above is air cooled package system
degrees F= 180 degrees F. We need 180
BTUh Compressor mostly produces noise, that’s why it is
b. Ton of cooling mostly located outside.
c. Ton of refrigeration-cooling equipment
*tonner.
One ton of refrigeration effect= 2000lb x 144 Btu/lb /24
hours= 288,000 Btu/ 24 hours= 12, 000 Btu/hr.

T=HA/288000
T= tons of refrigeration effect
HA-heat-absorbing ability in Btu
2. COP (Coefficient of Performance
-the higher the efficiency
3. EER –

A mini-split type system- can only cool one room

Ducted split-type(two-piece system)
On both ends, cold air is released. In cooling tower, hot
- Cooling capacity are fixed rated capacities of 3,
air is released.
5,7, 10, and 15 tons.
Central systems (Central Hydronic Systems)
- Needs a cooling tower

AHU- air handling Unit

FCU-Fan coil unit. Uses only refrigerant to cool air.

Chiller is where the condenser, evaporator,

Condensate air from the cooling tower goes to the shell
site of the condenser. Then it became a condensate
water from the compressor tube and became a
condensate air. It goes up to the cooling tower.

Basic All air System

CWP- condensate water pump

CWR-condense water return pipe
AHU- air handling unit- each storey of the building
would have this, so that the sectional of the

Basic Air Water System


CFM- cubic foot per minute/ ton
High demand 350 sf/ton
Low demand- 250 sf/ton
400 CFM- rule of thumb to melt one ton of ice.
- It is the air volume required
500 ft/ min.- air velocity
Atleast equal or above the capacity of the chiller.
Alternating current
-works 5o Hertz per second. It is mostly in household
electricity
Direct current- mostly have/ based on batteries
From the powerplant, electricity is generated, then
travels to a step-up transformer which is located in a
switchyard. Then electricity is transmitted to power
lines to transmission towers. It will be distributed to a
step-down transformer, for its voltage to be lower
down. Then another, secondary substation having a
step-down transformer. That is distributed to the
residential houses
Voltage is the pushing force of electrons in a circuit.
Work/ Charge(Q)
Energy= (V x Q)
Current(I) is charge/ time
How is electric service availed
1. Overhead service drop
2. Underground

Single- phase power supply- mostly supplies homes and

residences.
Three-phase supple- run the high loads mostly in
industrial and businesses settings.

Single Phase Supply- loads/ home appliances that

generally heat and lights with some having electric
motors.
- Mostly used 120 V or 240 V. In PH we mostly
use 240 V.
 - Neutral line- White Indicates a single conductor having flame-
retardant, moisture and heat-resistant
Three Phase Power supply thermoplastic insulation. The wire is rated
Delta-Delta Connection- 240 or 480 V 75°C wet or dry.THW cable and wires are used
Delta-Wye Connection- 240 and 480 V generally in building wiring, feeder and
3-wire system- only supplies one voltage branch circuits, and internal secondary
industrial distribution.
c. THHN-thermoplastic high heat resistance
nylon
It indicates a single or stranded conductor
having flame-retardant and heat-resistant
thermoplastic insulation with a jacket of
SMALL ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
extruded nylon or equivalent material. The
-120/240 volts typically at 60-200 amps

LARGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Usually 2400, 4800, 7200, 13400 V.
1. Switchboard distributed to the panel board->
circuit panels
2. Transformer-> switch gear->feeder ->
Transformer -> Branch Panel -> Circuit
1. Switchgears- on and off of electrical power
supply.
Can be outdoor or indoor.
2. Switchboard-large single panel.
Aim- to take the electrical power from the main supply
source and then distribute power to the appropriate
circuits within the building.
wire is rated 90°C dry only.
Bus Ducts- comes in segments. Have a male and female
segments. Preferable to carry large amounts of current.
Like in high-rise building connecting the basement to
switchboard.
Conduit- to protect the enclosed wiring from
mechanical injury and damage from the surrounding
atmosphere. The wires will be inserted in a conduit.

3. Panel Board *Ladders are for cables only not for wires.
Electrical distribution system which serves as a
smaller scale of a switchboard. Double receptacle outlet
Where the main circuit breaker or with main 80% lang dapat ng circuit and number
lugs only. Main lug only panel downstream. of Amp na pwede.
Fuse can be changed while Circuit breakers can be
turned on manually.

Wire-Single conductors No.8 AWG and smaller

Cable- single insulated conductor No. 6 AWG or larger
- Or can be assembled several conductors can be
considered as cable.
Building Wires in the Philippines
- Usually rated at 600v
- Thermoplastic Insulated
a. TW (60 deg. C)- thermoplastic water- 100 watts- maximum load for each household lighting
resistant outlet.
b. THW thermoplastic heat resistant & water
resistant.