HVAC Acronym

 HVAC – Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning.

 Heating – The temperature out side is less than inside.

 Ventilation – Sending the air out from the space and/or supplying the fresh air into the space.

 Air-Conditioning – It is a process by which the temperature, humidity, flow and purity of the air is controlled
simultaneously – to get the required conditions.

Definition and Purpose.

HVAC is the technology to control indoor environmental comfort, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid
mechanics and heat transfer.

The main purpose of a HVAC system is to help maintain good indoor air quality through adequate ventilation with
filtration and provide thermal comfort.

Modes of Heat Transfer

• Conduction: The heat transfer which takes place if the two bodies at different temperatures are in contact
with each other is called conduction. It is also true if a substance is heated from one end - heat transfer takes
place to the other end by conduction.

• Convection: When liquid or gas is heated, expansion takes place. Due to this it becomes lighter and rises up.
Its place is taken by colder or dense fluid. This is a continuous process and thus heat transfer takes place due
to these currents and heat is distributed through the mass.

 Radiation: The heat transfer which takes place from one body to another without affecting the medium
through which heat travels is called Radiation. Heat flow from sun to earth takes place in this fashion.

Types of Heat

 Sensible Heat: It is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of substance
from 0 C to the desired temperature without changing its state.
 “Sensible heat is the heat exchanged by a thermodynamic system that changes the temperature of
the system without changing some variables such as volume or pressure. As the name implies, sensible heat is
the heat that you can feel. “

 Latent Heat: Latent heat of a substance varies from its sensible heat as it does not cause any temperature
variation within the body but changes its state i.e.., from solid to liquid or liquid to gas.

Unit of Refrigeration

“The unit of refrigeration is termed as‘Tons of refrigeration’ or simply ‘Tons’ and it is equal to the amount of heat
extracted to enable 1 ton of ice to melt in 24 hours”

TR – Ton of Refrigeration

• 1 TR = 1000 kg of ice melting in 24 hours while conditioning.

• 2TR = 2000 Kg of ice melting in 24 hours while conditioning.

 1 TR = 12,000 BTU/Hr

1 TR = 3.517 KW

1 TR = 400 cfm

Vapor Compression Cycle ( VCC )

It is a process of removing heat from one substance and transferring it to another substance.

Major Components

• Compressor

• Condenser

• Expansion Valve

• Evaporator

 Compressor :
Compressors are used for converting the saturated vapor(vapor at boiling point) into superheated
vapor(vapor at a temperature above boiling point). Increasing the pressure & temperature of the
vapor.

 Condenser :
The purpose of a condenser in the VCC cycle is to change the hot gas being discharged from the
compressor to a liquid which can be used by the evaporator via expansion valve. The condenser
accomplishes this action by the removal of sufficient heat from the hot gas, to ensure its
condensation at the pressure available in the condenser. This heat is shifted to another medium, like
water or air, to cool the condenser.

 Expansion Valve :

• Expansion Valve divides the cycle into High Pressure Side and Low Pressure Side.
• The expansion valve removes pressure from the liquid refrigerant to allow expansion or change of
state from a liquid to a vapor in the evaporator. Under a greatly reduced pressure the liquid
refrigerant is at its coldest point as it leaves the expansion valve and enters the evaporator.
  Evaporator :
The evaporator works the opposite of the condenser, here refrigerant liquid is converted to gas,
absorbing heat from the air in the compartment to be conditioned. When the liquid refrigerant
reaches the evaporator its pressure has been reduced, dissipating its heat content and making it
much cooler than the fan air flowing around it.

Basics of Heat Energy

 Heat energy cannot be destroyed.

 Heat can be transferred from one substance to another.

 When a substance gains heat its temperature increases.

 When a substance looses heat its temperature decreases.

 Heat always flows from a higher temperature substance to a lower temperature

substance.

 Refrigeration is a method of removing heat.

WINNDOW ‐ AC
SPLIT ‐AC
CENTRALIZED AC – CAV CONTROL CENTRALIZED AC – VAV CONTROL

AIR HANDLING UNIT

FCU
In depth classification of ac
1. Window AC System
2. Split AC System [0.5 – 3TR]
• Wall Mounted System
• Cassette System
• Tower System
• Hide Away System
• Multi Split System
• Ducted Split AC System.
3. Packaged AC System [5 – 100 TR] {All Air System}
4. Central Air Conditioning / All Air System [ > 100 TR]
Chilled Water System
• Fan coil Unit System
• Air Handling Unit (AHU) System
5. Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit / All Water System
6. Chilled Water System / Air ‐ Water System
7. VRV / VRF AC System
• Multi Split System
• Ducted Split AC System
• Air Handling Unit (AHU) System

 According to Location of Air Cooling

1. Local Cooling Comfort System
2. Centralized Air Conditioning System  According to Heat Exchange
1. Direct Refrigeration System
 2. Indirect Refrigeration System

Multi‐Split Systems
• Multiple evaporator units connected to one external condensing unit.
• This type of system was designed mainly for small to medium commercial applications.
• Each indoor unit has its own set of refrigerant pipe work connecting it all the way to the outdoor unit.
Advantages:
• No need of duct work installation.
• System efficiency better when compared to an individual Split unit.
• Less Space Requirement.
Drawbacks:
• Individual system control is not possible.
• The entire system will either turn OFF or ON completely in response to a single thermostat. Hence this
system is not suitable for areas/rooms with variable heat gain/loss characteristics. [Similar to single Light switch]
VRF AC System
• Benefits
• Energy efficiency — no ducts, zoning capability and higher efficiency variable speed compressors
• Ease of installation — retrofits and room additions
• Comfort — higher heating supply air temperature and ability to solve comfort issues in problem areas
• Space — solution for limited access attics or where space is not available for a duct system
• Aesthetics — eliminate unsightly window units; flexible indoor design options such as wall hung or
ceiling mounted
• Sound — quieter operation especially compared to window units

Classification of AC Systems as per Heat Exchange

1. Direct Refrigeration System
1. Window AC System
2. Split AC System
3. Multi‐Split / VRV / VRF AC System
2. Indirect Refrigeration System
1. All Air System
2. All Water System
3. Air‐Water System
 Duct Types
1. Metal [GI, BI, SS, AL] [Needs external insulation]
2. Non‐Metal [Phenolic foam] [Already Insulated]
3. Flexible Duct [Flexible plastic with glass wool insulation] [Used only for final air terminal
connection]

 Duct Insulation
1. Material of Duct Insulation – [Exterior]
Thermal Insulation : Fiber Glass Insulation

2. Material of Duct Insulation – [Interior]

Duct Liner/ Acoustic Liner : Closed Cell – Elastomeric Foam Rubber Insulation
 Shapes of Duct

1. Circular
2. Rectangular
3. Flat Oval

Finding the best shape.[Ref : Aspect Ratio Table]

Effects of High Aspect Ratio
1. High aspect ratio results in higher friction losses.
2. High aspect ratio results in higher sheet metal cost owing to greater perimeter and necessarily
heavier gauges to provide rigidity.
3. High aspect ratio result in higher Installation costs owing to greater bracing, shorter sections
and hanger cost.
4. High Aspect ratio result in higher heat losses or gains and higher duct insulation costs.
  Duct Accessories
Dampers

1. VCD – Round VCD/RING

2. FD [MFD]
3. SMFD

Air Terminals

1. Diffusers
2. Grills
3. Diffuser Connection from duct.

 Sound attenuators At AHU

 Cross talk Sound Attenuators [when there is no Return Air Duct]
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM

Chilled Water System

1. Introduction to Chilled Water System

CHILLED WATER SYSTEM

2. Classification of Chillers and its arrangement.

3. Classification of Pumps & its arrangement.

4. Types of Cooling Tower

5. Piping Arrangement and Connections

6. Chilled Water System Operation

7. Chilled Water System Design

What is Chiller Plant?

• Major Components

– Building or Process cooling load

– Water cooled chiller – (this can be air‐cooled)

– Cooling Tower

– Pumps and Piping

– Control

Why use Chilled Water?

 Chilled water is a great way to move energy around a

building

 A 2” pipe moves as much energy as a 42”

Duct

 A chilled water coil With Valve can offer excellent

Control

 Locate Equipment Away from Occupants

 Service

 Sound

 Safety

Classification of Chillers

• As per Evaporator

– Flooded Evaporator [Ref. in Shell, Water in

tube]

– DX Evaporator [Ref. in tube, Water in shell]

CHILLED WATER SYSTEM

• As per Condenser

– Air Cooled

– Water Cooled
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM

Chiller Arrangement

Parallel Arrangement [App : Human Comfort]

Series Arrangement [App : Industrial, Machine Comfort]

CHILLED WATER SYSTEM

Classification of Chiller Pumps

1. Primary Pump [Indoor Units to Chiller]

2. Secondary Pump [Chiller to Indoor Units]

3. Condenser Pump [Cooling Tower to

Condenser ]

4. Booster Pump [Within Pressure Vessel circuit]

5. Re‐circulating Pump [Between AHUs]

6. Primary Pump [Indoor Units to Chiller]

7. Secondary Pump [Chiller to Indoor Units]

8. Condenser Pump [Cooling Tower to

Condenser ]

9. Booster Pump [Within Pressure Vessel circuit]

10. Re‐circulating Pump [Between AHUs]

Pumps Arrangement

1. Parallel

2. Series
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
 Ventilation System
Types of Cooling Tower

Types of Cooling Tower

• Natural Draft [Uses buoyancy effect]

• Mechanical Draft [Uses power-driven fan motors to force or draw air through the tower]

– Induced Draft

– Forced Draft [Centrifugal & Axial]

Natural Draft
• Natural Draft utilizes buoyancy via a
tall chimney. Warm, moist air naturally rises due to
the density differential compared to the dry, cooler
outside air. Warm moist air is less dense than drier
air at the same pressure. This moist air buoyancy
produces an upwards current of air through the
tower
 Ventilation System

Types of Cooling Tower

Induced Draft
• 1. A mechanical draft tower with a fan at the discharge
(at the top) which pulls air up through the tower. The fan
induces hot moist air out the discharge.

• 2. Axial fans are always used for this type of draft..

• 3. This fan/fin arrangement is also known as draw-

through.

Forced Draft – Centrifugal Fan

• 1. Forced draft means an exhaust fan placed at
the base of the cooling tower which then causes
overpressure.

• 2. Both axial and centrifugal fans can be used.

• 3. This fan/fin geometry is also known as blow-

through.

Forced Draft – Axial Fan

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COMPARISION – OPEN & CLOSED TYPE COOLING TOWER

Open Type Cooling Tower Closed Type Cooling Tower

Water Consumption High Less

Maintenance Cleaning Times More Less
Cost Material Replacement
High Less
Cost
Scaling Occurs Negligible
In PipeLine Corrosion Occurs Negligible
Pollution Yes No
Pumping Cost High Less
Operating Cost
Electricity High Less
Very Expensive [can
Construction Cost 3 times less than Closed Type.
be recovered in 3 Years]
Construction Complexity Very Simple Complex
Initial Cost
Service Life Less More

Recovery Value Almost Nill Very High - Less operating cost

WATER TREATMENT
 Ventilation System


“Buildings consume over 20% of the world’s water and HVAC systems form a bulk of the
use. An effective water treatment system ensures that minimum amount of water is
used in the HVAC system to obtain the desired outputs”

• Water Treatment. [Automatic & Manual Dosing] – with Make Up Water Tank.

A. Issues in OPEN LOOP [Need High Quantity of Make up Water]

1. Dissolved Solids [Scaling due to salts]

2. Corrosion [Localized Cathodic and Anodic sites form due to impurities in the
metal or defects on the piping surface]

3. Micro Biological Contaminants [legionella bacteria, fouling of the surfaces]

B. Issues in CLOSED LOOP . [Need very low Quantity of Make up Water]

1. As the system is isolated from external contamination agents, the water quality
at the time of filling up the system is critical.

2. This system doesn’t have issues of Scaling, formation of microbiological

contaminants and Corrosion of system pipe internal surfaces is
also drastically reduced due to the absence of oxygen in the system.

3. Care is thus required at the time of initial charging of the system and when there
is need to add water due to a leak in the system of during routine
draining of the system for preventive maintenance.

VALVES
• Isolating Valves - ON/OFF - Gate Valve, Butterfly Valve.

• Regulating Valves - Controlling Valves[Flow] – [Globe Valve, Ball Valve, Angle

Valve, DRV, PRV] • Special Valves - NRV, STR

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• Direct and Reverse Return Horizontal Piping System

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
 Ventilation System


 Ventilation System

 EQUIPMENT SUPPORTS

PLINTH: 150 mm [6 inches]

• High Budget – Inertia Base [Car leaf Spring]
• Medium Budget – Vibration isolator [spring – 4‐6 No’s]  Low Budget
‐ Neoprene Rubber

 DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM

Definition
• District Cooling Systems (DCS) is a system which distribute chilled water or other media, usually
provided from a dedicated cooling plant, to multiple buildings for air conditioning or other uses.

Objective:

 To provide centralized production of chilled

water by using district cooling plant.
 The generated chilled water will then be
channeled to various building blocks through pre –
insulated seamless underground pipes.

DCS – Components:
 Central Chiller Plant – generate chilled
water for cooling purposes
 Distribution Network – distribute chilled
water to building
 User Station – interface of building air‐
conditioning circuit

“District cooling costs less than personal Acs”

Advantages:
 1. Improved energy efficiency
 2. Protect environment
 3. Save spaces
 4. Improved urban view
 5. Reduce manpower for operation and maintenance
 Ventilation System

Chilled Water System Operation / Water Distribution Schemes.

 Constant Volume Chilled Water Systems

 Primary/Secondary Chilled Water Systems

 Variable Primary Flow Chilled Water Systems

v CONSTANT VOLUME CHILLED WATER SYSTEMS

 A constant flow system is the simplest chilled water distribution scheme.

 Here, a set of constant speed pumps distributes fixed quantity of water at all
times and the temperature varies to meet the load.

 The system uses 3‐way control valves at air handler coils that allow some
water to bypass the cooling coil during part load conditions.

 At low loads, the chilled water flow through the cooling coil is restricted (in
response to supply air
temperatures to the space)
but the total quantity
returned to the chiller
remains constant.

ADVANTAGES
 Lowest installed cost

 Less plant space than P/S

 Easy to Control & Operate

 Easy to Commission
 Ventilation System


DISADVANTAGES
 Highest Plant Energy Cost (must run all, even at low loads)
 Low Delta T Syndrome.

v PRIMARY/SECONDARY CHILLED WATER SYSTEMS

• A primary‐ secondary pumping scheme divides the chilled water system into two distinct
circuits
(loops) that are hydraulically separated by a neutral bridge (de‐coupler).

• 1. Primary circuit is the place where chilled water is produced and its principal components are
the chiller and pumps. The primary pumps are typically constant volume, low head pumps
intended to provide a constant flow through the evaporator of the chiller. These are usually
placed in tandem with each chiller though can also be arranged in common header.

• 2. Secondary circuit is responsible for the distribution of the chilled water to the terminal units.
Among the components of the secondary circuits are pumps, terminal units such as fan‐coils
and air handling units (AHU) and control valves. The secondary pumps runs at variable speed
and are sized to move the flow rate and head intended to overcome the pressure drop of
secondary circuit only.

• 3. Neutral bridge consists of two tees that are typically located at the suction header of the
secondary pumps and at the suction header of the primary pumps and connected by a de‐
coupling pipe. This de‐coupler separates the primary and secondary loops. This common pipe is
designed for negligible pressure drop at design flow. A well designed, low‐pressure‐ drop
common pipe is the heart of primary‐secondary pumping, allowing the two pumps to operate
independently. Advantages

 Easy to Control

 Easy to Commission

 Loop separation

 Easier trouble‐shooting

 Lower Plant Energy

 Ventilation System


 Versatile – multi‐circuit
capability

Disadvantages

 Medium Pump Energy Cost

 Highest Installed Cost (Sec

Pumps, Piping, etc.)

 Potential for higher plant energy loss because of Low Delta T syndrome

v VARIABLE PRIMARY FLOW CHILLED WATER SYSTEMS

 In a variable primary flow (VPF) system, chilled water flow is allowed to vary throughout
the loop, including the chiller evaporators. In this system, the secondary pumps are
eliminated, the primary
pumps provide variable
flow to supply system
demand to the extent
tolerated by the chillers,
and the decoupling
bypass of the
primary/secondary
system has
been replaced by a
bypass with a normally
closed control valve that
opens only to maintain
minimum flow
through active chillers.

 The function of the bypass line VPF

arrangement should not be confused with that of the de‐coupler of primary/secondary
arrangement. The bypass in this case is a smaller pipe sized for the minimum flow of the
largest chiller. It contains a normally closed control valve that modulates open only when
the low flow limit is reached.

Advantages :
 Ventilation System


 Lower Installed Cost (approx. 5% compared P/S)

1. No secondary Pumps or piping, valves, electrical, installation, etc.

2. Offset somewhat by added 2W Bypass Valve and more complex controls

 Less Plant Space Needed

 Best Chilled Water Pump Energy Consumption (most optimum configuration)

1. Variable Speed Drive [VSD] energy savings

2. Lower Pump Design Head.

3. Higher Pump Efficiency

 Lower potential impact from Low Delta T (can over pump chillers if needed)

 Disadvantages:

• Requires more robust (complex and properly calibrated) control system

• Requires coordinated control of chillers, isolation valves, and pumps

• Potentially longer commissioning times to tune the system

• Need experienced facility manager to operate/maintain properly

Effect of Low Delta T Syndrome

• To Check the Load on chiller.

• Effect of ΔT change on the capacity of chiller.

 Ventilation System

PSYCHROMETRICS;

•Psychrometric is the science dealing with the physical and thermodynamic properties of air‐water
vapor mixtures.
 Ventilation System


•Psychrometric Chart contains Relation between Properties of air and moisture.

Dry bulb temperature

wet bulb temperature

dew point temperature

relative humidity

humidity ratio

• Dry Bulb Temperature [DBT]

• Dry bulb temperature: It is the temperature of air measured by an ordinary thermometer.

 Ventilation System

Ordinary thermometer

Wet Bulb Temperature: It is the temperature of the air measured by a thermometer whose
bulb is covered with a wet wick or cloth. The wet-bulb temperature of the air is recorded after
rapidly moving the thermometer in the air and allowing the temperature to stabilize. It is called
the wet-bulb temperature because the bulb of the thermometer is wet when the temperature
reading is taken.

Wet Bulb Thermometer

 Ventilation System

Dew Point Temperature:

• The Temperature at which condensation of moisture begins when the air is cooled.
(or)

• It is the temperature of the air when it is fully saturated and the moisture condenses on
a surface.
 Ventilation System

D Relative Humidity: It is the ratio of the actual moisture present in the air to the maximum
moisture the air can hold

Amount of moisture that a given amount of air is holding

%RH =

Amount of moisture that a given amount of air can hold

Humidity Ratio

•Humidity ratio describes the actual weight of water in an air‐water vapor mixture.
• r Also, Humidity ratio can be expressed as “grains of moisture per pound of dry air” (or) “Pounds
of moisture per pound of dry air”
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
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•
•
•
•

KITCHEN VENTILATION SYSTEM

 Hood or Canopy
 Types of Hood
 Dimension of Hood
 Grease Filter
 Volume of Air to Exhaust  No. of filters to be used

 Types of Hoods:
 Ventilation System


 Type I ‐ With Grease filters
[Used over cooking equipment producing heat and grease laden effluent]
 Type II – Without Grease filters
[Used over non‐grease producing cooking equipment exhausting heat and condensation]

Dimension of Hood
6” Over Hang on all open sides for standard 4’ height
 Ventilation System


 Grease Filters
o Why use Grease filter?
• While cooking, oil evaporates.
• Rise within the hood and stick around the hood walls and duct.
• It will then, condenses and drops back.
• Grease Filters will collect this evaporated oil and stores within it.

Volume of Air to Extract

Case (i) :‐ For Canopy hood less than 8’ length

a) Hood open on all sides

Ex. cfm = 150 x A
 Ventilation System


a) Hood open on 3 or less sides
Ex. cfm = 100 x A

Case (ii) :‐ For Canopy hood 8’ or longer

Ex. cfm = 50 x P x D

where,

A = Area of hood [ft2]

P = Perimeter of Hood [ft]
D = Distance of Cooking surface from hood [ft]

 Grease Filters
Design of hvac of single line diagram (sld)

A 2D line diagram is used to make the desing for our given data for building by using autodesk autocad software

Below shows the 2D line diagram with all required dimensions representations.